牛津高中英语语法——从句专题讲课讲稿.doc

牛津高中英语语法——从句专题

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高中英语语法——从句专题
（1）表语从句
1． 定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。
2． 构成：关联词+简单句
3． 引导表语从句的关联词的种类：
(1) 从属连词that。如：
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如：
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。
注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：
All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday.
这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。
能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如：
It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。
如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
解释：
1． 连词because可引导表语从句。如：
I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。
2． 在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如：
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。

（2）主语从句
1． 定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。
2． 构成：关联词+简单句
3． 引导主语从句的关联词有三类：
(1) 从属连词that。 如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。
(2) 从属连词whether。如：
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。
(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。如：
What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。
Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。
Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。
解释：
1． 主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：
A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。
B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如：
It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遗憾我们不能去。
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。
C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。如：
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。
D. It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。
E. It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。
F. 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？
G. 当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：
How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！
2．注意连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever等引导主语从句的含义
Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢迎。
Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖

（3）宾语从句
1． 定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
2． 构成：关联词+简单句
3． 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：
(1) 从属连词that。如：
He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。
注： that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。
1． Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。)
大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
2．I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。)
对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。
3．That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe. (that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。)
我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。
4． We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。)
鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。
(2)从属连词if/whether。如：
I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。
I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
连接副词 where, when, how, why。
如：
Who or what he was, Martin never learned.
他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。
I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。
I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。
You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
(1) 介词宾语从句
宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如：
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
他对那天发生的事感到很不快。
I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。
I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。
有时介词可以省略。如：
I don’t care (for) who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。
Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。
解释：
1．如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如：
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
他已表明他不会屈服。
2．作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：
He is a good student except that he is careless.
他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。
You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。
介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如：
Are you sorry for what you've done?
你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？
3．某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，连词that可省略。如：
I am not sure what I ought to do.
我不能确定我该做什么。
I'm afraid you don't understand what I said.
恐怕你没领会我说的意思。
I'm surprised that I didn't see all that before.
我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。
4．连词whether (…or not)或if引导的宾语从句
if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。如：
I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。
用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用whether。试比较：
Please let me know if you want to go.
Please let me know whether you want to go.
if从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声”。
5．宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：
I don’t think you are right. 我认为你错了。
I don’t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。
I don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是吗？
6． 宾语从句的时态变化规律：
(1) 当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。
(2) 当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如：
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
老师说地球绕着太阳运行。

（4）同位语从句
1． 定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。
2． 用法：同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，关联词多用从属连词that。如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
你在哪儿听说我不能来？
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。
注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。
连接代词who, which, what和连接副词where, when, why, how亦可引导同位语从句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it.
那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.
李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。

注意：在一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如：
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.
这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。
区分：同位语从句与定语从句
一：两者的相似点
1．同位语从句与定语从句都可以译成定语
同位语从句：
The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.
我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞。
定语从句：
The news that you told us is really encouraging.
你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞。
2．同位语从句与定语从句都可以用that引导
同位语从句：
The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering.学生应该学些实用的东西的建议值得考虑。
定语从句：
The suggestion that is worth considering is that the students should learn something practical.值得考虑的建议是学生应该学些实用的东西。
3.同位语从句与定语从句和其它名词性从句一样也要用陈述语序
同位语从句：
Have you any idea where have they gone？ (语序错误)
Have you any idea where they have gone？ 你知道他们去哪里了吗？
定语从句：
Do you remember the day when did you join our club?（语序错误）
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
你记得自己什么时候参加我们俱乐部的吗
二.同位语从句的独特用法
虽然同位语从句与定语从句有以上相似之处，但是有些用法是同位语从句独有的，不能用于定语从句。这些用法包括：
1.同位语从句有时也可以用whether来引导,但是定语从句则一般不用whether来引导。例如:
The problem (of) whether they could finish the project is very important.
他们是否能够按期完成那个项目,这个问题非常重要。
2.某些名词后的同位语从句，其谓语动词应用虚拟语气形式：（should） + 动词原形。常见的名词有advice, suggestion, order, demand, proposal, request等。例如：
The advice that he (should) be invited to the party was taken.
应该邀请他到晚会的建议被采纳了。
三.同位语从句与定语从句的区分方法
1.从从句与先行词的关系区分同位语从句与定语从句
从语义角度看，同位语从句与先行词之间存在的是同位或等同的关系，而定语从句与先行词之间存在的是所属关系，表示“……的”，起修饰限定作用。例如：
同位语从句：
The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy.
她考试及格的消息使她父母很高兴。（that之后是news的具体内容）
定语从句：
The news that he told us interested all of us.
他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（that之后是对news的解释）
2.从引导词的作用区分同位语从句与定语从句
从语法角度来看，引导同位语从句的that是连词，只起语法作用，用来连接同位语从句，在从句中不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，它除了起引导从句的语法作用之外，还要在从句中充当句子成分主要是作主语或宾语。例如：
同位语从句：
The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody．
他实验成功这个事实使我们大家很高兴。（that只起连接作用）
定语从句：
The fact that (which) we talked about is very important．
我们所谈论的那个事实很重要。（that在从句中作about的宾语）
3.从先行词的词性区分同位语从句与定语从句
从先行词的词性来看，同位语从句的先行词大都为抽象名词，而定语从句的先行词可以是名词，也可以是代词。例如：
同位语从句：
There is no doubt that the price of wheat will go up.
毫无疑问，小麦的价格将会上涨。(doubt为抽象名词)
定语从句：
Those who were against the plan raised their hands.
那些反对这个计划的人举起了手。(Those为代词)
4.从that可否省略区分同位语从句与定语从句
从that可否省略来看，同位语从句的that一般不可以省略，但是定语从句中的关系代词如果在从句中充当宾语，在非正式用语中常常可以将关系代词that省略。例如：
同位语从句：
We heard the news that our volleyball team had won the match.
我们听说了我们排球队获胜的消息。（that不可省略）
定语从句：
This is the very book (that) I’m looking for.
这正是我要找的那本书。（that作for的宾语，可以省略）
5.从引导词与先行词的关系区分同位语从句与定语从句
who, which, what, when, why, how, where等词都可以用来引导同位语从句，但它们的用法和用作关系代词或关系副词时引导定语从句的用法不同：引导同位语从句的关联词是对先行词的具体内容进行进一步的解释说明，与先行词不存在指代关系；而引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词不但在从句中充当成分，而且与其修饰的先行词指代的是同一个人或者事物。例如：
同位语从句：
He has solved the problem why the radio was out of order.
他解决了收音机为何出故障的问题。(why引导的是同位语从句)
定语从句：
The reason why he was late for class is quite clear.
他上课迟到的原因显而易见。(why引导的是定语从句)
A. 将下列横线上填上正确的关系词或连词。
1. I don't know _________ he'll come the day after tomorrow.
2. Kate knew nothing about it __________ I told her.
3. The teacher said __________ he wouldn't teach us the next year.
4. We could hardly understand __________ he was talking about.
5. He liked collecting stamps __________ he was a child.
6. Look after the children _________ I am out.
7. I can't understand the passage __________ there are few new words in it.
8. We'll go for a picnic __________ it won’t rain this Sunday.
9. He'll send us a message __________ he arrives in Sichuan
10. ______ it rained heavily, he came on time.
11. I asked her in English ________ she was, and she told me ________ she was an actress.
12. He asked ________ handwriting was the best in our class.
13. Don’t talk about such things of _______ you are not sure.
14. Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago?
15. I am sure ________ what he said is true.
16. I don't doubt ________ he'll come.
17. I'm sure he'll come to see me ______ he leaves Beijing
18. It was three days ________ he left Huangshi.
19. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist _______ were in the concert we attended last night.
20. We were watching TV ______ the telephone rang.
21. May the fourth is the day ______ we Chinese people will never forget.
22. ______ he came to study in the university, he has made much progress in the study of English.

B. 改正。
1. Teng Yi asked me why was I late for school.

2. I don’t know what he does yesterday.

3. Chen Xiang wondered where I have been.

4. He doesn’t know that when she can come back.

5. Wang Hao didn’t know if he can help me or not.

6. He Xuehai said she didn’t know how much did the computer cost.

7. The Blacks wonder how they can do to help you.

8. You are sure to pass the exam when you study hard.

9. There is only one thing which I can do.

C. 根据汉语完成句子
1．他父亲在一家汽车厂工作。
His father works in a factory ______ ______ _______.
2. 正在写字的那个男孩是我的弟弟。
The boy ______ ______ _______ is my younger brother.
3. 这就是我曾经住过的那个房间。
The is the room ______ ______ I once lived.
4. 我跟我父亲说我想要台电脑。
I said to my father that ______　______ ______ _______．

练习
1．____he does has nothing to do with me.
   A. whatever      B. No matter what         C. That        D. If
2.  The manager came over and asked the customer how____
   A. did the quarrel came about              B .the quarrel had come about
   C. had the quarrel come about              D. had the quarrel come about
3.  Energy is ____makes thing work..
   A. what          B. something              C. anything    D. that
4.  Information has been put  forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
   A. while         B. that                   C. when        D. as
5.  This is ___the shenzhou V Spaceship landed.
   A. there         B. in which               C. where       D. when
6.  They have no idea at all____.
   A. where he has gone                       B. where did he go
C. which place has he gone                 D. where has he gone
7.  The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.
   A.   that         B.  which                C. of which      D.  of that
8.  The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.
   A.  that ;had to leave                     B.  that; should leave
   C.  /; must leave                          D.  when; should leave
9.  ___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.
   A. There; that     B. It; that       C. there; whether      D. It; whether
10. The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.
   A. that            B. which               C. whether        D. if
11. Is _____he said really true?
   A. that  B.  what  C. why   D. whether
12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.
   A. That  B. Whether  C. If   D. Where
13. It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.
   A. while   B. if     C. that  D. for
14. _____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.
   A. Whether   B. This   C. who   D. If
15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.
   A. What  B. That   C. Whether   D. If
16. ____you don’t like him is none of my business.
   A. What  B. That    C. Who     D. How
17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.
   A. What; what  B. That; that   C. what; that  D. That ; what
18. ____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.
   A. What      B. It         C. All that     D. That
19. It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.
   A. believed   B.  think     C. say        D. hoped
20. ____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
   A. What    B. That     C. How    D. Where
21. _