Formation-of-A-Contract-中文翻译.docx
《Formation-of-A-Contract-中文翻译.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Formation-of-A-Contract-中文翻译.docx(4页珍藏版)》请在咨信网上搜索。
1、FORMATION OF A CONTRACT合同的形成1. A contract is an agreement giving rise to obligations which are enforced or recognised by law.合同指的是阐述缔约各方应履行的义务的约定,其内容已得到法律认可,可强制执行。2. In common law, there are 3 basic essentials to the creation of a contract: (i) agreement; (ii) contractual intention; and (iii) consid
2、eration.根据普通法的规定,合同的创建需要满足三大基本要素:(1)缔约方约定;(2)订约意图;(3)对价。3. The first requisite of a contract is that the parties should have reached agreement. Generally speaking, an agreement is reached when one party makes an offer, which is accepted by another party. In deciding whether the parties have reached
3、agreement, the courts will apply an objective test.合同的第一个必备要素是缔约方已达成约定。通常而言,当一方提出要约而另一方接受该要约时就视为已达成了约定。为确定缔约方是否已达成约定,法院会组织一次客观测试。A. OFFER要约4. An offer is an expression of willingness to contract on specified terms, made with the intention that it is to be binding once accepted by the person to whom
4、it is addressed. 1 There must be an objective manifestation of intent by the offeror to be bound by the offer if accepted by the other party. Therefore, the offer or will be bound if his words or conduct are such as to induce a reasonable third party observer to believe that he intends to be bound,
5、even if in fact he has no such intention. This was held to be the case where a university made an offer of a place to an intending student as a result of a clerical error.2要约表达了达成特定条款的意愿,且具备这样的意图:一旦受要约人接受了该要约,将对要约人产生法定约束效力。1要约人意图的客观表现在于,一旦另一方接受该要约,要约人将受到该要约函的约束。因此,若要约人的言语或行为让理智的第三方旁观者相信其将受到合同提议的约束,即
6、便要约人并无此类意图,该要约仍对其有约束效力。举个例子,由于笔误原因,某个大学错误地向某个对该校有兴趣的学生提供了一份录取通知书,此时该录取通知书是有法律效力的。25. An offer can be addressed to a single person, to a specified group of persons, or to the world at large. An example of the latter would be a reward poster for the return of a lost pet.要约函的对象为单个人士,或特定群体人士或社会所有人士,比如主人
7、张贴悬赏通告以找回丢失的宠物时,悬赏要约就是针对社会所有人士的。6. An offer may be made expressly (by words) or by conduct.要约可通过口头明确表达出来,或者用行为表达。7. An offer must be distinguished from an invitation to treat, by which a person does not make an offer but invites another party to do so. Whether a statement is an offer or an invitatio
8、n to treat depends primarily on the intention with which it is made. An invitation to treat is not made with the intention that it is to be binding as soon as the person to whom it is addressed communicates his assent to its terms. 要约应与邀约区分开来。在邀约中,邀请方并未提供一份具有约束效力的要约而是邀请另一方这么做。要约和邀约的区别主要在于其意图。邀约并不具备这
9、样的意图:只要接收方同意邀约中的条款的话,该邀约将对邀请方产生法定约束效力。B. ACCEPTANCE受约8. An acceptance is a final and unqualified expression of assent to the terms of an offer. Again, there must be an objective manifestation, by the recipient of the offer, of an intention to be bound by its terms. An offer must be accepted in accor
10、dance with its precise terms if it is to form an agreement. It must exactly match the offer and ALL terms must be accepted.受约指的是受要约人最终完全同意该要约的所述条款。因此,受要约人意图的客观表现在于:其打算接受相关条款的约束。要构成约定,受要约人需要接受要约的具体条款。必须完全同意该要约,且必须接受其所有条款,才能构成约定。9. An offer may be accepted by conduct (for example, an offer to buy good
11、s can be accepted by sending them to the offeror).受要约人可用行动表明其接受要约(例如,若打算接受货物采购要约的话,受要约人可直接向要约人发货)。10. Acceptance has no legal effect until it is communicated to the offeror (because it could cause hardship to the offeror to be bound without knowing that his offer had been accepted). The general rule
12、 is that a postal acceptance takes effect when the letter of acceptance is posted5 (even if the letter may be lost, delayed or destroyed6). However, the postal rule will not apply if it is excluded by the express terms of the offer. An offer which requires acceptance to be communicated in a specifie
13、d way can generally be accepted only in that way. If acceptance occurs via an instantaneous medium such as email, it will take effect at the time and place of receipt. Note that an offeror cannot stipulate that the offerees silence amounts to acceptance.接受要约本身并不会产生法定效力,只有当受要约人告知要约人其将接受要约后,接受要约才会产生法定
14、约束效力(原因是:如果要约人不知道其要约已被接受的话,将很难受到该要约的约束)。因此,普遍的做法是,当受要约人为接受函贴上邮政邮票时5,将视作受要约人已接受该要约(即使该函件后来遭到遗失、递送延误或完全被破坏6)。但是,若要约明确拒绝采取邮寄方式时,则该规则不适用。若要约规定接收函必须以特定方式递送时,将视作只有通过该方式递送时接收函才对要约人产生约束效力。若接收函是通过邮件等即时通讯传达的,其其将在要约人收到邮件的时间和地点生效。应注意的是,要约人不得认为受要约人的沉默等同于接受提议。11. A communication fails to take effect as an accepta
15、nce where it attempts to vary the terms of an offer. In such cases it is a counter-offer, which the original offeror can either accept or reject. For example, where the offeror offers to trade on its standard terms and the offeree purports to accept, but on its own standard terms, that represents a
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- Formation of Contract 中文翻译
1、咨信平台为文档C2C交易模式,即用户上传的文档直接被用户下载,收益归上传人(含作者)所有;本站仅是提供信息存储空间和展示预览,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上载内容不做任何修改或编辑。所展示的作品文档包括内容和图片全部来源于网络用户和作者上传投稿,我们不确定上传用户享有完全著作权,根据《信息网络传播权保护条例》,如果侵犯了您的版权、权益或隐私,请联系我们,核实后会尽快下架及时删除,并可随时和客服了解处理情况,尊重保护知识产权我们共同努力。
2、文档的总页数、文档格式和文档大小以系统显示为准(内容中显示的页数不一定正确),网站客服只以系统显示的页数、文件格式、文档大小作为仲裁依据,平台无法对文档的真实性、完整性、权威性、准确性、专业性及其观点立场做任何保证或承诺,下载前须认真查看,确认无误后再购买,务必慎重购买;若有违法违纪将进行移交司法处理,若涉侵权平台将进行基本处罚并下架。
3、本站所有内容均由用户上传,付费前请自行鉴别,如您付费,意味着您已接受本站规则且自行承担风险,本站不进行额外附加服务,虚拟产品一经售出概不退款(未进行购买下载可退充值款),文档一经付费(服务费)、不意味着购买了该文档的版权,仅供个人/单位学习、研究之用,不得用于商业用途,未经授权,严禁复制、发行、汇编、翻译或者网络传播等,侵权必究。
4、如你看到网页展示的文档有www.zixin.com.cn水印,是因预览和防盗链等技术需要对页面进行转换压缩成图而已,我们并不对上传的文档进行任何编辑或修改,文档下载后都不会有水印标识(原文档上传前个别存留的除外),下载后原文更清晰;试题试卷类文档,如果标题没有明确说明有答案则都视为没有答案,请知晓;PPT和DOC文档可被视为“模板”,允许上传人保留章节、目录结构的情况下删减部份的内容;PDF文档不管是原文档转换或图片扫描而得,本站不作要求视为允许,下载前自行私信或留言给上传者【胜****】。
5、本文档所展示的图片、画像、字体、音乐的版权可能需版权方额外授权,请谨慎使用;网站提供的党政主题相关内容(国旗、国徽、党徽--等)目的在于配合国家政策宣传,仅限个人学习分享使用,禁止用于任何广告和商用目的。
6、文档遇到问题,请及时私信或留言给本站上传会员【胜****】,需本站解决可联系【 微信客服】、【 QQ客服】,若有其他问题请点击或扫码反馈【 服务填表】;文档侵犯商业秘密、侵犯著作权、侵犯人身权等,请点击“【 版权申诉】”(推荐),意见反馈和侵权处理邮箱:1219186828@qq.com;也可以拔打客服电话:4008-655-100;投诉/维权电话:4009-655-100。