紧固件产品等级和机械性能说课讲解.doc

紧固件产品等级和机械性能精品文档紧固件产品等级和机械性能一、 紧固件的分类：B大螺丝S小螺丝N螺帽E其它扣件二、 紧固件参照的标准：ISO、ASTM、DIN、JIS、ANSI/ASME、GB。三、 碳钢中各类元素对钢性质的影响：1、碳（C）、提高钢件强度，尤其热处理性能；但随含碳量的增加塑性和韧性下降，会影响到钢件的冷镦性能和焊接性能。2、锰（Mn）、提高钢件强度，并在一定程度上提高可淬性，即在淬火时增加了淬硬渗入的强度，锰还能改进表面质量，但是太多的锰对延展性和可焊性不利同时会影响电镀时对镀层的控制。3、镍（Ni）、提高钢件强度，改善低温下的韧性，提高耐大气腐蚀能力，并可保证稳定的热处理效果，减小氢脆的作用。4、铬（Cr）、提高可淬性，改善耐磨性，提高耐腐蚀能力，并有利于高温下保持强度。5、钼（Mo）、能帮助控制可淬性，降低钢对回火脆性的敏感性，提高高温下的抗拉强度有很大影响。6、硼（B）、能提高可淬性，并且有助于使低碳钢对热处理产生预期的反应。7、矾（V）、细化奥氏体晶粒，改善韧性。8、硅（Si）、保证钢件强度，适当的含量可以改善钢件塑性和韧性。四、 钢的种类和在紧固件行业的运用：普通钢： 含磷量不大于0.045%，含硫量不大于0.055%。优质钢： 含磷量不大于0.04%，含硫量不大于0.045%。工具钢： 磷、硫含量不大于0.04%。高优质钢：磷、硫含量不大于0.03%。含碳量小于0.25%的低碳钢，强度低、塑性、可焊性较好；含碳量在0.25-0.45%间叫做中碳钢，较高强度、塑性、可焊性较差，若经过热处理，则强度和硬度有显著提高，含碳量大于0.45%的钢叫高碳钢，塑性和可焊较差，热处理后有很高的强度和硬度。08、10、15、20、25等号钢含碳量较低，强度小而塑性好。可用于制造各种容器，或用来制造冲压件，焊接结构件及螺钉、螺母、垫圈和需要渗碳的零件。30、35、40、45、50等号钢含碳量中等，强度较高、韧性和加工性较好，通常要经过淬火，回火等处理，可用来制造轴类、齿轮、丝杆、连杆、套筒等。55、60、70等号钢含量较高，淬火后有较高弹性，可用于制造弹簧、轧辊和钢丝绳等。钢材中材质中的英文字母表示：A表示是铝（Al）脱氧钢；K表示是硅（Si）脱氧钢；CH表示冷打；F表示细晶粒；B表达加入含合金元素硼。合金钢：规定的最大含锰量超过1.65%，或者 规定的最大含硅量超过1.65%，或者规定的最大含铜量超过1.65%，或者含铬量低于4.0%，（超过4.0%将列为不锈钢），或钢中含有规定最小含量的铝、硼、钴、钶、钼、镍、钛、钒或锆或任何其它加入钢内达到特殊效果的元素。紧固件机械性能介绍：大螺丝机械性能采用的标准：ISO 898.1/GB 3098.1、JIS B1051、SAE J429、ASTM A354、ASTM A307、ASTM A449、ASTM A193、DIN 267.11、ASTM5074公制普通螺栓所用之材料：JISB1051/GB3098.1性能等级材料和热处理化学成份，%回火温度minCPmaxSmaxBmaxminmax3.6碳钢-0.200.050.060.003-4.6-0.550.050.060.003-4.85.60.13/0.150.550.050.060.003-5.8-0.550.050.066.88.8低碳合金钢(如硼锰或铬),淬火并回火或中碳钢,淬火并回火0.150.400.0350.0350.0034250.250.550.0350.0359.8低碳合金钢(如硼锰或铬),淬火并回火或中碳钢,淬火并回火0.150.350.0350.0350.0034250.250.550.0350.03510.9低碳合金钢(如硼锰或铬),淬火并回火0.150.350.0350.0350.00334010.9中碳钢淬火并回火,或中低碳合金钢(如硼锰或铬),淬火并回火或合金钢淬火并回火0.250.200.550.550.0350.0350.0350.0350.0034250.200.550.0350.0350.00312.9或合金钢淬火并回火0.280.500.0350.0350.0033801. 硼的含量可达0.005%,其非有效硼可由添加钛和(或)铝控制.2. 这些性能等级允许采用易切钢制造,其硫,磷,铅的最大含量为:硫0.34%;磷0.11%;铅0.35%.3. 为保证良好的淬透性,螺纹直径超过20mm的紧固件,需采用对10.9级规定的钢.4. 含碳量低于0.25%(桶样分析)的低碳硼合金钢的锰最低含量为:8.8级0.6%;9.8、10.9、10.9级0.7%.5. 该产品应在性能等级代号下增加一横线标志,其应符合10.9级规定的所有性能,而较低的回火温度对其在提高温度条件下,将造成不同程度的应力削弱.6. 用于该性能等级的材料应具有良好的淬透性,以保征紧固件螺纹截面的芯部在淬火后,回火前获得约90%的马氏体组织.7. 合金钢应至少含有以下元素的一种元素,其最小含量为:铬0.30%,镍0.30%,钼0.20%,钒0.10%.8. 12.9级的表面不允许有金相能测出的白色磷聚集层.公制螺栓机械性能：JIS B1051/ISO 898.1/GB 3098.1螺栓、螺钉和螺柱的机械和物理性能机械和物理性能性能等级3.64.64.85.65.86.88.89.810.912.9d16mmd16mm公称抗拉强度b公称 N/mm230040050060080080090010001200最小抗拉强度bmin N/mm233040042050052060080083090010401220维氏硬度HVF90Nmin95120130155160190250255290320385max220/250250320335360380435布氏硬度HBF=90D2min90114124147152181238242276304366max209/238238304318342361414洛氏硬度HRminHRB526771798289-HRC-2223283239maxHRB95.0/99.599.5-HRC-3234373944表面硬度HV0.3 max-10.9级表面硬度不超出390HV屈服点s, N/mm2公称180240320300400480-min190240340300420480-规定非比例伸应力p0.2,N/mm2公称-6406407209001080min-6406607209401100保证应力Sp/s或Sp/P0.20.940.940.910.930.900.920.910.910.900.880.88SP, N/mm2180225310280380440580600650830970破坏扭矩MB, NM Min-按国标GB3098.13执行断后伸长率q,% Min2522142010812121098断面收缩率x,% Min-52484844楔负载对螺栓螺钉实物进行测试应符合其最小抗拉强度冲击吸收功 Aku，J-25-3030252015头部坚固性不得断裂螺纹未脱碳层的最小高度E-H/22H/33H/4全脱碳层的最大深度G mm-0.015再回火后的硬度-回火前后硬度均值之差不大于20HV表面缺陷按国标GB/T5779.1或GB/T5779.3规定1. 因超拧造成载荷超出保证载荷时，对螺纹直径d16mm的8.8级螺栓则推荐参考GB/T3098.22. 9.8级螺栓仅适用于螺纹直径d16mm.3. 对钢结构螺栓8.8级为12mm.4. 最小抗拉强度适用于公称长度L2.5d的产品;最低硬度适用于长度小于2.5d和其它不能进行拉力试验产品.5. 对螺栓螺钉和螺柱的实物进行楔负载试验时,应按最小抗拉强度计算.6. 对于5.8级以下螺栓螺钉和螺柱末端测试的硬度的最大值为:250HV/238HB或99.5HRB.7. 最小屈服点仅适用于L6d的螺栓螺钉和螺栓.8.表面硬度不比心部硬度高出30个维氏硬度英制（SAE J429）螺栓所用材料：Grade12455.15.2788.18.2Material and TreatmentLow or medium carbon steelMediumCarbon cold drawn steelMedium Carbon steel quenched and temperedLow or medium carbon steelMedium Carbon alloy steel quenched and temperedSAE1541Low or medium carbon steelElement%CMin-0.280.150.150.280.280.280.15Max0.550.550.550.550.300.250.550.550.550.25Mn Min-0.74-0.74P Max0.0480.0480.0480.0480.0480.0480.0400.0400.0480.048S Max0.0580.0580.130.0580.0580.0580.0450.0450.0580.058B Min-0.0005-0.0005英制螺栓（SAE J429）的机械性质：强度等级Grade Designation产品Products规格Nominal Size Dia InFull Size Bolts，Screws，Studs，Sems机械性能Machine Test Specimen OfBolts，Screws，and StudsSurfaceHardnessCoreHardnessProofLoadTensileStrengthYieldStrengthTensileStrengthElongation伸长率Reduction Of Area断面收缩Rockwell30N MaxRockwellMinMax1Bolts螺栓Screws螺钉Studs螺柱1/4 thru 1-1/4330006000036000600001835-B70B1002Bolts螺栓Screws螺钉Studs螺柱1/4 thru 3/4550007400057000740001835-B80B100Over 3/4 thru 1-1/2330006000036000600001835-B70B1004Studs螺柱1/4 thru 1-1/2650001150001000001150001035-C22C325Bolts螺栓Screws螺钉Studs螺柱1/4 thru 18500012000092000120000143554C25C34Over 1 thru 1-1/2740001050008100010500143550C19C305.1d此螺丝有垫片Bolts螺栓Screws螺钉Studs螺柱No.6 thru 5/885000120000-59.5C25C40No.6 thru 1/2/5.2Bolts螺栓Screws螺钉1/4 thru 18500012000092000120000143556C26C367e此螺丝热处理后辗牙Bolts螺栓Screws螺钉1/4 thru 1-1/210500013300115000133000123554C28C348Bolts螺栓Screws螺钉Studs螺柱1/4 thru 1-1/212000015000013000015000123558.6C33C398.1Studs螺柱1/4 thru 1-1/21200001500001300001500001035-C32C388.2Bolts螺栓Screws螺钉1/4 thru 1120000150000130000150000103558.6C33C39Chemical化学成份Carbon:碳Manganese min锰Phosphorus max磷Sulfur ,max硫Boron ,min硼Type1Heat analysisProduct analysis0.28-0.550.25-0.580.600.570.0400.0480.0500.058-Type2Heat analysisProduct analysis0.15-0.380.13-0.410.700.670.0400.0480.0500.0580.00050.0005强度等级Grade Designation产品Products规格Nominal Size Dia. InFull Size Bolts，Screws，Studs，Surface HardnessHardness硬度ProofLoadTensileStrengthYieldStrengthElongation in 4D min %Reduction of Area ,min %Rockwell30N MaxBrinellHB布氏RockwellHRC洛氏TYPE2Bolts螺栓Studs螺柱1/4 thru 185ksi120ksi92ksi1435/255to32125to34TYPE1over 1 thru 1-1/2over 1-1/2 thru374ksi55ksi105ksi90ksi81ksi58ksi14143535/223to285183t23519to30-英制螺栓（ASTM A449）的化学成份和机械性质：配合的螺帽为ASTM A563中的产品：These values are the as the over-tapping required for zinc coated nuts in Specification ASTM A5631/4至1-1/2英寸普通产品配合的螺帽为ASTM A563的B普通螺帽（hex）；1-1/2至3英寸普通产品配合的螺帽为ASTM A563的A重型螺帽（heavy hex）；1/4至3英寸镀锌产品配合的螺帽为ASTM A563的DH重型螺帽（heavy hex）英制螺栓（ASTM A307）的化学成份和机械性质：Chemical化学成份Carbon:碳Manganese min锰Phosphorus max磷Sulfur max硫Boron min硼Grade AHeat analysisProduct analysismax0.29max0.33max 0.90max 0.93max 0.04max 0.041max 0.15-GradeBHeat analysisProduct analysismax0.29max0.33max 0.90max 0.93max 0.04max 0.041max 0.05max 0.051-备注: 1lbf=4.448N 1 ksi=6.9Mpa 1lbf=0.4593kgf强度等级Grade Designation产品Products规格NominalSize Dia InFull Size Bolts，Screws，Studs，Surface HardnessHardness硬度ProofLoadTensileStrengthYieldStrengthElongation in2 in min %Reduction of Area min %Rockwell30N MaxBrinellHBRockwellHRBGrade ABolts螺栓Studs螺柱Less than 3xdia3xdia and longer/Min60ksi-18/121-241max24169-100max100Grade BLess than 3xdia3xdia and longer/60-100ksi-18/121-212max21269-95 max95Grade CAll/58-80ksi36（50）ksi23/No hardness requiredResulfurized steel is not subject to rejection based on product analysis for sulfur配合的螺帽为ASTM A563中的产品： 1/4至1-1/2英寸普通产品配合的螺帽为ASTM A563的A 普通螺帽（hex）；1-1/2至4英寸普通产品配合的螺帽为ASTM A563的A重型螺帽（heavy hex）；1/4至4英寸镀锌产品配合的螺帽为ASTM A563的A重型螺帽（heavy hex）英制螺栓（ASTM A354）的化学成份和机械性质：Chemical化学成份Carbon:碳Manganese min锰Phosphorus max磷Sulfur max硫Boron min硼For size through 1-1/2 inHeat analysisProduct analysis0.30-0.530.28-0.55/max 0.035max 0.040max 0.040max0.045/For size Large than1-1/2 inHeat analysisProduct analysis0.35-0.530.33-0.55/max 0.035max 0.040max 0.040max0.045/强度等级Grade Designation产品Products规格NominalSize Dia InFull Size Bolts，Screws，Studs，Surface HardnessHardness硬度ProofLoadTensileStrengthYieldStrengthElongation in2 in min %Reduction of Area min %Rockwell30N MaxBrinellHBRockwellHRCGrade BCBolts螺栓Studs螺柱1/4 to 2-1/2Over 2-1/2105ksi95ksi125ksi115ksi109ksi99ksi16165045/255-331235-31126-3622-33Grade BD1/4 to 2-1/2Over 2-1/2120ksi105ksi150ksi140ksii130ksi115ksi14144040/311-363293-36333-3931-39These values are the as the over-tapping required for zinc coated nuts in Specification ASTM A563译文：这些值为镀锌产品的要求，在ASTM A563中对螺帽有具体要求。英制螺栓（ASTM A193）的机械性质：Grade and ClassDiameterin.Tensile StrengthksiYield Strength0.2% OffsetElongation in4D min %Reduction of Area min %Hardness硬度MaxReferTonoteMinMinMinMinBrinellRockwellB5To 1/4 incl.100801650-1B6To 1/4 incl.110851550-1B6XTo 1/4 incl.90701650-C261B7To 2-1/2 incl.1251051650-C351Over2-1/2 to 4115951650-C35Over 4 to 7100751850-C35B16To 2-1/2 incl.1251051850321C351Over2-1/2 to 2110951745321C35Over 4 to 7100851645321C35B7MTo 4 incl.100801850235B991,2Over 4 to 7100751850235B99Classes 1 and 1D: B8,B8M,B8P,B8LN,B8MLNall75303050223B963,4Class1: B8C,B8Tall75303050223B964Class 1A:B8A,B8CA,B8MA,B8PA,B8TA,B8LNA,B8MLNA,B8NA,B8MNA,B8MLCuNAall75303050192B903Classes 1B and 1D: B8N,B8MN,B8MLCuNall80353040223B963.4Class 1C and 1D: B8Rall100553555271C283Class 1C: B8RAall100553555271C283Grade and ClassDiameterin.Tensile StrengthksiYield-Strength0.2% OffsetElongation in4D min %Reduction of Area min %Hardness硬度MaxReferTonoteMinMinMinMinBrinellRockwellClass 1C and 1D: B8Sall95503555271C283Class 1C: B8SAall95503555271C283Class 2: B8,B8C,B8P,B8T,B8NTo 3/4Over 3/4 to 1Over 1 to 1-1/4Over1-1/4 to1-1/2incl.1251151051001008065501215202835354545321321321321C35C35C35C353,5Class 2: B8M,B8MN,B8MLCuNTo 3/4Over 3/4 to 1Over 1 to 1-1/4Over1-1/4 to1-1/2incl.1101009590968065501520253045454545321321321321C35C35C35C353,53Class 2B: B8,B8M2To 2 incl.Over 2 to 2-1/2incl.Over2-1/2 to 3 incl.959080756555253030404040321321321C35C35C353,5Class 2C: B8M3To 2 incl.Over 28585656030306060321321C35C353,5NOTES:1. The minimum temperature for Grades B5, B6X,and B7 shall be 1100F; for Grade B16, 1200F;译文：等级为B5，B6X和B7的最小回火温度为1100F，而等级为B16的最小回火温度为1200F2. To meet the tensile strength requirements, the hardness shall be over Brinell 201(Rockwell B94)minimum. 译文：硬度一定要在201布氏（94HRB）硬度以上，抗拉强度一定能达到。3. Class 1 is solution treated-Class 1A is solution treated in the finished condition for corrosion resistance; heat treatment is critical due to physical property requirements. Class 2 is solution treated and strain-hardened. Austenitic steels in the strain-hardened condition may not show uniform properties throughout the section particularly in sizes over 3/4 in .in diameter. 译文：Class 1将其视为1级对待，Class 1A的材料应进行表面处理,具有防腐蚀性能，Class 2类的各等级的材料应接受碳化物固溶处理后应变硬化奥氏体钢,尤为3/4以上的螺栓,经硬化后可能出现整个面上各部分性能不均匀现象.4. For diameters 3/4 in. and smaller, a maximum hardness of Brinell 241(Rockwell B 100) is permitted. 译文：直径为3/4或更小的产品，硬度要求为最大241布氏（100HRB）硬度。5. For diameters 1-1/2 in. and larger, center(core) properties may be lower than indicated by test reports which are based on values determined at mid-radius. 译文：直径为1-1/2或更大产品，芯部性能低于试验报告所点明的性能,因为试验报告依据的数值是在半径中点处测定的。螺栓机械性质之检测方法：1 机械加工试件的拉力试验：a）抗拉强度bb）屈服点或规定非比例伸长应力p0.2;c）断后伸长率55=（LU-L0）/L0100%d）断面收缩率g：g=（S0-SU）/S0100%如果由于螺栓长度较短而不能确定断后伸长率时，则断面收缩率应按L03d0进行测量。对d16mm，并经热处理的螺栓、螺钉和螺柱，当加工试件时，其杆部直径的减小量不应超过试件原有直径的25%（截面积约为44%）。对4.8、5.8和6.8级（冷成型）的产品，应进行实物拉力试验。以确定其抗拉强度。应按螺纹的应力截面积As计算抗拉强度b，As为：As=（d2+d3）2/16式中：d2螺纹中径的基本尺寸，mm；d3外螺纹小径的基本尺寸（d1）减去螺纹原始三角形高度（H）的1/6值，既：d3= d1-H/6 mmH-螺纹原始三角形高度（H=0.866025P），mm；P-螺距，mm；-圆周率，=3.1416对螺栓、螺钉和螺柱实物进行试验时，承受拉力载荷又未旋合的螺纹长度应大于等于一倍螺纹直径（1d）；对螺柱的拧入机体端应拧紧在专用夹具中。当试验拉力达到规定的拉力载荷时，不得断裂；载荷大于该值，直至拉断，断裂应发生在杆部或未旋合的螺纹长度内，而不应发生在头与杆的交接处。为避免试件承受横向载荷，试验机的夹头应能自动定心。试验时，夹头的移动速度不应超过25mm/min。2 扭矩试验（详见GB3098.13）该试验适用于螺纹公称直径:3mmd10mm,且由于长度太短而不能实施拉力试验的螺钉和螺栓产品:最小破坏扭矩:MBmin=BminWpmin式中, Wpmin=/16d13minBmin=xbmin式中 MBmin最小破坏扭矩 B扭转强度WP抗扭截面模数；d1min外螺纹小径最小值；b抗拉强度 X强度比/b（附表）强度比常数值性能等级8.89.810.912.9比值X0.840.8150.790.75最小破坏扭矩螺纹规格螺距mm最小破坏扭MB min，N。m螺纹规格螺距mm最小破坏扭MB min，N。m性能等级性能等级8.89.810.912.98.89.810.912.9M 10.250.0330.0360.0400.045M 50.87.68.39.310M1.20.250.0750.0820.0920.10M 61.013141617M 1.40.30.120.130.140.16M 71.023252831M 1.60.350.160.180.200.22M 81.2533364044M 20.40.370.400.450.50M 81.038424652M 2.50.450.820.901.01.1M 101.566728190M 30.51.51.71.92.1M 101.08492102114M 3.50.62.42.73.03.3M101.25758291102M 40.73.63.94.44.9最小破坏扭矩值适用于6g、6f和6e的螺纹.3.硬度试验:常规检查在去除试件的镀层或其它涂层并经适当处理后进行.螺栓、螺钉和螺柱的硬度应在头部、末端或杆部进行测定。对所有性