高中英语语法-非谓语动词-讲解及其练习题说课材料.doc
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1、高中英语语法 非谓语动词 讲解及其练习题精品文档高中英语语法 非谓语动词 讲解及其练习题非谓语动词是在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式,是动词的非谓语形式。在句中可起名词,形容词,副词的作用,在句中充当主语,宾语,表语,补语,定语或状语.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分3种形式:不定式,分词(现在分词、过去分词),动名词一、动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。1不定式的形式:(以动词write为例)否定式:not + (to) do(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,例如:Im gl
2、ad to meet you.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:I regretted to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the f
3、ilm.2不定式的句法功能:(1)作主语:To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.常用句式有:1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词
4、+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。(2)作表语:Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.(3)作宾语:常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, ma
5、nage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:I have no choice but to stay here.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:He gave us some advice on how to learn
6、 English.(4)作宾语补足语:在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不
7、定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如:I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.(5)作定语:动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:动宾关系:I have a meeting to attend.注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:He is the first to get
8、here.(6)作状语:表目的:He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.right:To save money, he has tried every means.wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.right:To learn English well, he n
9、eeds a dictionary.表结果:He arrived late to find the train gone.常用only放在不定式前表示强调:I visited him only to find him out.表原因:They were very sad to hear the news.表程度:Its too dark for us to see anything.(7)作独立成分:To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。If you dont want to do i
10、t, you dont need to.(9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题:1 “to” 是不定式符号还是介词,下列短语中的to 都是介词。agree to object to close to , come to , lead to , refer to , equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look fo
11、rward to2 带to 还是不带toI have no choice but to give inI cannot do anything but give inI saw him enter the classroom .( 但是: He was seen to enter the classroom .)动名词:动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。1动名词的形式:否定式:not + 动名词(1)一般式:Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。(2)被动式:He came to the party without being invited他未被邀请就来到了晚会
12、。(3)完成式:We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。(4)完成被动式:He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。(5)否定式:not + 动名词I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。(6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。His not knowing E
13、nglish troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。2动名词的句法功能:(1)作主语:Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。Its no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。(2)作表语:In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。(3)作宾语:They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。We have to prevent the air
14、 from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practise,
15、risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop(from),protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on(4)作定语:He cant wa
16、lk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗?(5)作同位语:The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。注意以下几个问题:1下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别,forget to do 忘记要做某事forget doing 忘记做了
17、某事remember to do记住要做某事remember doing 记着做了某事mean to do 有意要做某事mean doing 意味着做了某事regret to do 对要做的事表示后悔regret doing 对做过去的事后悔cant help to do不能帮助做某事cant help doing 情不自禁做某事try to do 尽力去做某事try doing 试着做某事learn to do 学着去做某事learn doing 学会做某事stop to do 停下来去做(另一件事)stop doing 停止做某事go on to do 接着做(另外一件事)go on do
18、ing 继续做某事used to do 过去做某事be used to doing 习惯做某事2动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别动名词作定语表达 n+ for doing 的含义现在分词作定语表达 n+which(who) be doing的含义如:a sleeping car = a car for sleepinga running horse = a horse which is running前者是动名词 , 后者是现在分词又如: drinking water , walking stick running water , sleeping boy3 动名词的逻辑主语:动名词的逻
19、辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。例如:His coming made us very happy .4 动名词主动形式表被动的情况:need doing , want doing , require doing例如: This room needs painting . 这个房间需要粉刷。三、分词:(一)现在分词现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。1、现在分词的形式:否定式:not + 现在分词(1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:They went to t
20、he park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球。(2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又
21、犯了同一个错误。2现在分词的句法功能:(1)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。In the following years he worked even harder.在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking t
22、o the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.(2)现在分词作表语:The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。(3)作宾语补足语:如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:Can y
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