英文版IT项目管理论文.doc

Project management case studies and learning experience
1 Introduction to Project Management
Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet the needs of the project. The project manager should not be confined to trying to meet the specific scope of the project, time, cost and quality objectives, as well as the need to promote the whole process to meet the needs and expectations of the project activities involve or affect.
1.1 Project Integration Management
Project Integration Management is the entire life cycle of the project, bringing together the knowledge areas of project management, integration execution and control of all project plans to ensure that all the work and activities of the various elements of the project coordinated. Integrated management of the project from a global, integrated view through the various elements of the organic coordination of the project (schedule, cost, quality and resources), trade-offs and choices, the specific objectives and programs of the mutual influence of the project to eliminate as much as possible the limitations of the individual management of the project, in order to achieve the maximum to meet the needs of the project stakeholders and the purpose of the hopeful.
1.2 Project Scope Management
The scope of the project management affect the success of information systems projects. In practice, the "demand spread" is one of the most common causes of information systems failure, information systems projects are often started in the project, plan, execute, or even end, constantly adding new features, whether it is the customer's requirements or project staff on the new the test of the technology, may lead to uncontrolled information system project scope, so that the information system projects have been severely affected in terms of time, resources and quality.
1.3 Project Time Management
The primary task of project management is to develop an idea of ​​a good project plan to determine the project's scope, schedule, and cost. The completion of the project in the given time the important binding targets of the project, and the ability to deliver progress is an important measure of project success flag. Therefore, progress control project control is the soul of the project. Project management with a creative process, project uncertainty is large, the control of the progress of the project is the most difficult in the project management.
1.4 Project Cost Management
The cost of the project is the sum of the whole process of the project cost of the various costs. Cost management of the project is very important for the organization, cost management is not just the cost of the project monitoring and recording, but the need for cost data analysis to discover the pitfalls and problems of the project's cost, suffered a possible loss in the project take the necessary action.

The project cost management hopes to save the cost of the project, but that does not mean to blindly reduce costs. For example: In the information systems project, reducing test can undoubtedly reduce the cost of the project, but not tested, like many information systems have been, as a test, may have disastrous consequences for the project, and ultimately, or makes the cost of the project was greatly enhanced, or project to the brink of failure.
1.5 Project Quality Management
Quality is the entity to meet the characteristics of explicit or implicit demand capacity sum, express or implied demand according to the needs of the project to develop the foundation documents. Information system project, the general system requirements specifications as the foundation documents of the project requirements.

Quality management as part of the project management has a very important position. Quality management, quality management process through the implementation of the project, using some basic project management tools and techniques to ensure the quality of the information system. Time, cost, and quality are the three main objectives of the project management, if the quality can not meet the requirements, even if the progress is even faster, cost savings, the project does not make sense.
1.6 Project Human Resource Management
The people decided the key to the success of organizations and projects. Especially in the field of information systems, the qualified candidates is difficult to find and retain a project. Effective management of human resources, project managers think the most difficult thing. Project Human Resource Management for the most effective use of the process involved in the project staff. It includes all stakeholders of the project, as patrons, customers, partners, suppliers / subcontractors, project team members. Discussion of patron, partner, customer management is beyond the scope of this chapter, the chapter will focus on the project team of human resource management.

Project Human Resource Management, including the preparation of three main process of the formation of the project team and project team building. The main content of the human resources planning, including the identification, recording and distribution project roles, responsibilities, consult reporting relationships, the output of this process, including the allocation of roles and responsibilities matrix reporting relationships, as well as the project's organizational structure; project team formed mainly recruitment and human resources needed assigned to the project work, project personnel is key to the success of the information system project; project team building, including the training of the project team the ability of the individual and the collective, in order to improve the performance of the project. For many information system projects, whether training team and collective capacity, is also the success of the project to be considered one of the factors.
1.7 Project Communications Management
Communication is passed between interpersonal and communication of information is essential to success of the project, but also very important. The main purpose of the communication interaction the two sides to establish a relationship of mutual understanding of each other and respond to each other, and look forward to each other through the act of communicating with the process of acceptance and reach a consensus.

Information system project, the communication between the project stakeholders throughout the entries from the entire life cycle, many experts believe that an important reason for the information systems project failure is the failure to communicate.
1.8 Project Risk Management
The projects need to achieve the project objectives within a limited time at a limited cost, risk will affect it. The purpose of risk management is to minimize the negative impact of the risk on the project objectives, to seize the opportunity of the risks and increase the project stakeholders income. Must be assessed as project management, project risks, develop risk response strategies, and targeted allocation of resources, and develop plans to ensure that the project smoothly.
1.9 Project Procurement Management
Project Procurement is the process of the products and services needed to purchase items from outside the project. The procurement process involves both have different goals or more parties, the mutual influence of the parties under certain market conditions and constraints. Through procurement management and operation of processes and standardization, to reduce costs and increase the role of profit. Project procurement management process including procurement plan, contract preparation, tendering, supplier selection, contract management and contract closeout, etc..
2 IT Project Management Case Study
2.1 Case Scenarios
A regional government departments to build a comprehensive network applications-oriented restructuring and consolidation of the existing distribution of multiple management systems and services on each server platform, the entire project by the government's information department in charge of unified planning, phased construction, the leading group composed by the principal leaders of various build units, tender to select an IT technology company responsible for the construction of the system.
2.2 Case Study
The needs analysis can be broadly divided into three steps.
(1) demand for the collection of information.
(2) demand information analysis finishing, finishing work to do analysis of the collected information.
(3) needs assessment information.

Every stage of the development process to go through the review, confirm that the task is completed, to avoid errors and omissions or corrective work. The needs assessment by produce specification is a sign of the end of the requirements analysis phase, 'This review may result in the needs analysis process backtracking, even repeated. However, we must let the expected target to achieve, to the requirements analysis phase of the work was temporarily a paragraph.

From a customer perspective, identifying needs is the first activity of the project initiation process and throughout the project life cycle, customers by identifying the business or market demand, the opportunity to determine the direction of investment and project opportunities, in the process, will give the project objectives,feasibility analysis and project to provide direct and effective basis for the writing of the book provide a basis for the request for proposal.

From the point of view of the construction side, identifying needs is to get the customer's request for proposal, or just to get the initial customer demand intention, the project team angle to identify the actual problems of the customers from the technology, application and project implementation, the basic intent and trueideas, so as to achieve effective communication with customers, an accurate analysis of the needs and problems, and to devise a feasible and reasonable, the right technology and provide the basis for the implementation of the solution. Started early in the software project, the user will be presented to the developer described demand content including: preliminary outlook of the target product description of the work environment and the user of the target product, aimed solely to explain their needs to the developers. Requirements specifications and requirements description is completely different, it is by software developers formed after the needs analysis document, its content is more systematic, accurate and comprehensive. Software testing is a planned, organized and systematic software quality assurance activities, rather than casual, loose, messy implementation process. In order to regulate the content of software testing, methods and processes, to test the software before, you must create a software test plan.

Software test plan is a programmatic document guiding the testing process includes product overview, test strategies, test method, the test area, the test configuration, the contents of the test cycle, test resources, test the exchange, risk analysis. With the software test plans, project members involved in the testing, especially test managers can explicitly test task and test methods to maintain test implementation process smooth communication, tracking and control the progress of the test and respond to various changes in the testing process.

The division of the testing phase should be divided with the development phase corresponding needs analysis corresponding confirmation test, corresponding to the outline design integration testing with the detailed design of the corresponding unit test.

Unit test module testing usually placed in the coding phase, to complete the test after he wrote the module code in this module, check whether it implements the module functions and algorithms specified in the detailed design specification by the programmer. The unit tests to verify the correctness of the detailed design (each module) test, usually done by members of the development group's self-test and cross test. General testing process for the: writing software unit test instructions, software unit testing, writing software unit test reports.

In addition to unit testing, integration testing and validation testing. Integration testing, also known as assembly and testing in the development environment, validate to outline design correctness test. Integration testing in accordance with the test plan and use cases, completed by a member of the test group. Confirmation test in the operating environment, user participation tests verify the correctness of requirements specifications, a major test software functionality and user needs are the same.
3 IT Project Management Learning Experience
The learning experience sum up in the following points:

1) Project management just begun our side, think project management is the project manager of a project to project involves work resources to effectively manage. Project management only superficial understanding should be based on correct understanding of IT projects targeting system management method, the high efficiency of the project through a temporary flexible organization, specialized in the process of learning, however, gradually found coordination and optimization plan, organize, direct and control, in order to achieve the dynamic management of the whole process of the project and the project objectives.

2) Team is the success of the project management environment good project team, there should be a common recognition of a clear goal, a reasonable division of labor, good communication between team members trust each other and can actively participate in the team. We usually work in our company is a large project team, each department and each job group is a small project team.
3) The project manager is the the soul project manager of the project management is a project management role, it is the responsibility of people to achieve the project objectives and, at the same time is the heart and soul of a team. The project manager is not necessarily the strongest people in the team, but it is the most significant responsibility. He should have strong willpower, cohesion, compressive strength, will not easily be outside world and the influence of others.

4) Communication is bridge project management bridge communication is essential to the success of the project. Work to do at each stage of the project to achieve the desired results, it is necessary to establish channels of communication between the internal project team and the project team and the external environment, the rapid and accurate transmission of information so as to achieve the harmonization of the members; clear project members their respective responsibilities, to understand the contribution of their work done by the achievement of project objectives.

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