研究生英语综合教程省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

硕士英语综硕士英语综合教程合教程Integrated Course for Graduates第1页Unit 5 Medicine and Health第2页Part I Suggested Teaching PlanObjectivesStudents will be able to:1.understand the cultural background related to the content.2.grasp the main idea of the text.3.master the key language points,especially the usage of the key words and phrases,and learn how to use them in contexts.4.express themselves more freely on the theme of Medicine and Health after doing a series of theme-related reading,listening,speaking activities.5.Study“Writing Skills:Expository Essays(1)”carefully and then write an expository essay.Unit 5 Medicine and Health第3页Part I Suggested Teaching PlanUnit 1 Animals and PlantsTime Allotment1st period2nd period3rd period4th period5th periodStep 1Warming upStep 2Global analysis of Text AStep 3Language/culture study and practiceStep 3Language/culture study and practiceCheck on homeworkStep 4Discussion based on the video clipFurther reading:Text BStep 5Study the writing skills and write an essayUnit 5 Medicine and Health第4页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom ActivitiesUnit 1 Animals and Plants Language Study 1.assume vt.假定;认为;假设It is a misconception to assume that the two continents are similar.关于这两块大陆相同假设是一个误解。2.arm n.分支机构；部门1)Millicom Holdings is the British arm of an American company.米雷康姆控股有限企业是一家美国企业在英国分支机构。2).the research arm of Congress.国会研究部门Unit 5 Medicine and Health第5页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants3.rest on 依赖于，寄托于上1）Leadership does not rest on the exercise of force alone.领导才能并不但仅在于武力利用。2）His argument does not rest on reasoning or on experiment,but on authority.他论点不是依靠推理或者试验,而是靠权威。4.confound vt.使混同；挫败1）Dont confound the means with the end.不要把伎俩与目标混为一谈。2）Markets can confound traders.市场会挫败交易者。Unit 5 Medicine and Health第6页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants5.observe vt.观察；恪守1）The Royal Greenwich Observatory was founded to observe and catalogue the stars.当初创建皇家格林尼治天文台就是为了观察星体并对其进行编目。2）We must observe the correct protocol.我们必须恪守应有礼仪。6.under the auspices of 在赞助下The tournament was held under the auspices of the city council.这次锦标赛是在市议会赞助下举行。Unit 5 Medicine and Health第7页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants7.issue n.（报刊）期；问题1）The growing problem is underlined in the latest issue of the Lancet.最近一期柳叶刀杂志中强调了这一日益严重问题。2）A key issue for higher education in the 1990s is the need for greater diversity of courses.20 世纪 90 年代,高等教育一个主要议题是要使课程愈加多样化。8.release vt.释放；公布1）Fifty-five foxes were released from a fur farm by animal rights activists.动物权利保护主义者把55只狐狸从毛皮动物喂养场放了出来。2）Figures released yesterday show retail sales were down in March.昨天公布数据显示零售额在3月份有所下滑。Unit 5 Medicine and Health第8页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants9.sheer a.完全；陡峭1）Sheer chance quite often plays an important part in sparking off an idea.灵感激发通常纯粹是靠运气。2）There was a sheer drop just outside my window.陡坡就在我窗户外面。10.account for（在数量、百分比上）占；对负责；说明（原因、理由等）1）Computers account for 5%of the countrys commercial electricity consumption.计算机占去该国商业用电5%。2）The President and the President alone must account for his governments reforms.总统必须为他政府改革负责，而且是负全责。3）Ministers should be called to account for their actions.部长们应该对他们行为作出解释。Unit 5 Medicine and Health第9页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants11.work with 从事工作 He has always liked working with machinery.他总是喜欢搞机械。12.author vt.创作出版Then he opened a restaurant,authored a book,and landed his own radio show.以后他开了个餐馆，写了本书，还制作了自己广播剧。Unit 5 Medicine and Health第10页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsKey to the Exercises of Text A.Reading Comprehension 1.No.“Proof was lacking.”2.They chose 312,000 individuals in nine European countries as subjects and carried out a research for over 12 years.They used several models to evaluate possible associations between the sizes,types and density of particles in air,or traffic patterns and lung cancer cases.They observed a clear,positive correlation between the amount of particulate matter in air sampled near a persons address and the odds of developing lung cancer.Unit 1 Animals and Plants第11页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants3.She thought its an important statement while the unusual point is that it refers to air pollution in general,rather than pointing to a specific chemical or toxin.4.Potentially harmful chemicals enter air in cities from cars and trucks,industrial plants,and in rural areas from burning leaves and other sources.Pollutants vary not just by chemical composition,but by their size and capacity to penetrate deep in airways.Unit 5 Medicine and Health第12页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants5.Coal-fired power plants may account for as much as 40 to 50 percent of U.S.air pollution.Nitrogen oxides in and sulfur dioxide are main products of coal-power plants.Petrochemical plants generate thousands of distinct chemical compounds.6.Typically those byproducts of combustion occur in some 1,500 distinct forms.But all we know about this large class of agents is based on studies of only a dozen or so compounds.We need more data and research.Unit 5 Medicine and Health第13页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants7.Industrial facilities,plants8.The NTP is working with the NIH Chemical Genomics Center and EPAs Computational Toxicology Center to develop high through-put screening assays.The modern assays,with tiny wells and computerized readouts,enable scientists to analyze many combinations of compounds,at varying doses.Unit 5 Medicine and Health第14页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants9.One detail that might draw an oncologists attention is the relationship between air pollution and a particular form of lung cancer called adenocarcinoma.10.To carry out a study of sufficient statistical power,we need not to collect the past information,but to get the latest and prospective data.Unit 5 Medicine and Health第15页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsII.Vocabulary1.concentration2.hospitalization3.diameter4.penetrate5.particles6.pollutant7.contributor8.sulfur dioxide9.emission10.plantsUnit 5 Medicine and Health第16页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsIII.Translation(E-C)伯克利试验室科学家设计了一个评价方法来量化和比较70种化学污染物对健康危害。他们研究结果，证实了事先已知三种室内空气污染物二手烟、氡和甲醛，而且还发觉了两种新污染物丙烯醛和PM2.5（即直径小于2.5微米微小颗粒）。丙烯醛主要在烹饪肉类和油类食物时产生。丙烯醛是一个有基因毒性组织刺激剂，在第一次世界大战时曾被用作神经毒剂。PM2.5起源广泛，包含烹饪、一些清洁剂引发反应、各种形式燃烧，比如点蜡烛和焚香，以及常见全部室外污染，比如交通工具和工厂。长久暴露于PM2.5中对呼吸系统和心血管系统都有危害。当前，伯克利国家试验室科学家们正在试图找到处理这些危害方法。至于PM2.5他们正在进行深入研究来了解它大小分布和化学组成，目标是能够制订一个能够过滤PM2.5标准。Unit 5 Medicine and Health第17页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsIV.Translation(C-E)Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)is rooted in the ancient philosophy of Taoism and dates back more than 2,500 years.The ancient beliefs on which TCM is based mainly include:Yin and Yang theory,the Five Elementsmetal,wood,water,fire and earth,Zang Fu Organ theory and Meridians theory.TCM encompasses many different practices,including acupuncture,moxibustion,Chinese herbal medicine,Chinese therapeutic massage,dietary therapy,scraping,cupping and tai chi and qi gong.In the United States,the most commonly used approaches include Chinese herbal medicine,acupuncture,and tai chi.Unit 5 Medicine and Health第18页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom V.DiscussionTranscript of the video clipWHO confirms air pollution as leading cause of lung cancerThe World Health Organization has confirmed what many people choking on city smog have long suspected,that air pollution is a leading cause of lung cancer.The news will alarm billions of people in emerging economies,where the problem is often acute.But the announcement also coincides with a report this week revealing 400,000 Europeans are dying each year because of air pollution.Unit 5 Medicine and Health第19页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom The World Health Organizations cancer research arm says that after years of investigation and thousands of scientific papers the evidence is now indisputable.Outdoor air pollution is carcinogenic to humans,which makes this an IARC Group 1 carcinogen.(said Dr.Dana Loomis,Intl Agency for Research on Cancer,WHO.)In terms of danger,air pollution now ranks alongside asbestos,tobacco and UV radiation.It continues to be a major problem in emerging economies.But a new report shows that it is a killer even in the EU,which prides itself on tough efforts to eradicate air pollution.Approximately 400,000 people die early each year in Europe just due to air pollution,and this has also a cost in terms of extra medication,hospitalization and millions of lost working days.(said Louise Duprez,Policy Officer,European Environmental Bureau.)Unit 5 Medicine and Health第20页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom A report released this week reveals 90 percent of city dwellers are subject to levels considered dangerous by the WHO.The European Environmental Agency says its not just the cities,but also some rural areas that have significant levels of air pollution.The main driving forces are transport,cars and busses and trucks,obviously we have the burning of fossil fuels and this can be in industry and energy systems and we also have agriculture.(said Hans Bruyninckx,Executive Dir.,European Environmental Agency.)After decades of strenuous efforts to cut emissions Europes problem highlights challenges elsewhere.Unit 5 Medicine and Health第21页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Air pollution is probably even more of an issue in Asia,in Africa and in the Latin America at this moment.said Hans Bruyninckx,Executive Dir.,European Environmental Agency.The WHOs International Agency for Research on Cancer estimates there were 220,000 air pollution related lung cancers deaths in.The organization lists India and China as having the worlds most polluted cities,but environmental officials hope the new report will lead to greater reduction efforts around the globe.Unit 5 Medicine and Health第22页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Key to the Exercises of Text BI.Reading Comprehension1.F 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.F6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.TII.Use of English(omitted)Unit 5 Medicine and Health第23页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Text A参考译文参考译文空气中什么引发肺癌？空气中什么引发肺癌？许多人认为空气污染能会造成癌症，不过到当前为止仍缺乏证据。上个月，世界卫生组织癌症分支国际癌症研究会声称，空气污染是一个致癌原因。尽管医生和其它人长久凭直觉地认为差空气质量和恶性肿瘤相关系，不过几乎没有科学组织官方地认可这种关系。也就是说，证据不足。Unit 5 Medicine and Health第24页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 致癌原因这个新名称是以发表在柳叶刀肿瘤学杂志上大量分析资料为基础。“ESCAPE”（空气污染效应欧洲队列研究）试验从九个欧洲国家中对31余人进行了历时之久随访登记资料中得到数据。调查者用了几个模型来评定空气中颗粒大小、类型、密度或者交通方式与肺癌患病可能性之间关系。他们检验了可能混同数据社会和经济原因，比如每人水果消费量、年纪、性别和教育水平，而且评定了吸烟习惯。在研究群体中一共出现了2095例肺癌患者。Unit 5 Medicine and Health第25页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 调查者发觉，从一个人居所周围抽样得到空气中颗粒物质数量和患肺癌可能性有显著正相关。他们还发觉，一个人家周围道路交通车流量和患肺癌几率有较弱不过有统计学意义关联。哥伦比亚大学环境卫生科学教授Regina Santella说：“这是一个很主要陈说/观点？”。她认为，国际癌症研究机构决定不寻常之处是，它指是总体空气污染，而不是特指一个详细化学物质或者毒素，“这么公众轻易了解”。Unit 5 Medicine and Health第26页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Santella说：“确切地讲，空气中物质天天都会改变，在同一城市和邻里之间它都会不一样”。这是一个复杂问题，因为空气污染包含大量化合物。潜在有害化学物质从城市里汽车、卡车、工业厂房和农村地域燃烧树叶以及其它起源进入空气。污染物不但仅因化学成份而不一样，也区分于他们大小和进入下呼吸道能力。“比如，你可能想了解那些直径小于2.5微米颗粒。这些空气传输微小物质是造成健康问题主要原因，”Santella如是说。Unit 5 Medicine and Health第27页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 美国毒理学项目当前没有把空气污染列入肺癌和其它癌症病因。“我们没有把空气污染看做一个独立实体，”美国毒理学计划科学家、副主任John Bucher如是说。跨机构小组负责评定成千上万化学物质毒性并把这些数据公布于众。该小组下属于美国环境健康研究院，与环境保护局、食物与药品管理局、疾病控制与预防中心职业安全科合作。国家毒理学规划处通常每两年公布一次致癌物质汇报。上一次发行是在。审核下次发行资料会议因为政府停工被推迟了，Bucher说道。最新汇报将于年发行。Unit 5 Medicine and Health第28页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Bucher说:“国家毒理学计划不但仅是癌症计划，我们关注是全部危害健康问题。”该计划已经检验了空气污染中个别成份，包含汞、铅、臭氧、苯和其它分子。空气污染问题广泛，这是因为美国全国范围内不一样起源大量毒素出现。他说，美国高达40%到50%空气污染归咎于燃煤发电厂。在“ESCAPE（空气污染效应欧洲队列研究）”试验中，研究者检测了空气样本中一氧化氮浓度并没有发觉其和肺癌关系。国家毒理学计划没有尤其地研究空气污染中这类化合物，不过确实已经计划分析燃煤发电厂另一产物：二氧化硫。Unit 5 Medicine and Health第29页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 综合考虑，这些数据支持环境毒素在这种疾病中发挥作用观点。总体来说，肺癌依然是癌症相关死亡主要原因，在美国每年约160000人死于肺癌，在全球每年约760万人死于肺癌。Bernard Goldstein是一名医生、环境毒理学家也曾任匹兹堡大学公共卫生硕士院前主任，他写了数百篇文章并向国会证实环境问题。“当然，这是一件好事，”他说，他指是国际癌症研究机构把空气污染称作致癌物决定。“要把已知东西称作致癌物，你必须有足够大样本，现在我们有这些样本，而且信息学能帮我们分析数据。”Unit 5 Medicine and Health第30页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 知道什么环境原因引发癌症而且做到预防或许是一件不可能任务。大部分关于毒素暴露（基于对病人调查，在一些研究中是基于对照调查）临床数据是必定相关。暴露体/外来体，一个新主要理论概念，会反应暴露于化学物质、离子放射、颗粒或者包含细菌其它物质之后，遗传物质、蛋白质和其它分子（比如脂质）改变。实际问题是，极难知道一个人在出生前/早期胚胎时曾暴露于什么原因，比如，在妊娠早期（在子宫前三个月）或后期。你暴露体会受到你现在所呼吸空气和饮用饮料影响。Unit 5 Medicine and Health第31页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 石油化工厂产生大量不一样化合物。不是全部都有害。环境保护局提供了一份公布工厂排放物相互作用图。不过这些数据不能说明一切。多环芳香族碳氢化合物是代表空气污染另一主要原因。这些是经典燃烧产生副产品，有大约1500种不一样形式。“不过我们对这一大类物质了解都是基于对一部分化合物研究，所以，当前研究是不够。”Bucher说。为了得到对潜在毒素更准确更加快速处理方法，国家毒理学项目正在与国立健康研究院化学遗传学中心和环境保护局计算毒理学中心合作进行高通量筛选分析。这些技术不一定能证实一个化合物能引发癌症或其它疾病。“不过我们能测量大量化学物质怎样改变细胞基因表示，”Bucher说。当代分析技术加上微孔和计算机解析，使科学家能够分析很多不一样剂量化合物组合。“我们希望未来能够能用这些系统来了解化学物质是怎样影响引发疾病分子通路，”Bucher说。Unit 5 Medicine and Health第32页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 可能会引发肿瘤学家注意一个细节是空气污染和称作腺癌这一特殊类型肺癌之间关系。柳叶刀肿瘤学杂志报道，这种类型肺癌和空气污染关系更亲密。在肺癌非吸烟患者中，腺癌是最常见病理类型。“癌症发病需要20到30年，”Santella说。在她试验室里，研究人员研究化学物质是怎样改变以及结合到DNA上。“假如在诊疗时检测一个曾经可能暴露毒素，可能没什么用”她说到。“关于过去调查信息是不可靠”。假如你问癌症患者相关过去暴露原因，他们回答是受回想偏倚和记忆力限制。所以，“极难得到预期数据。”她说。“为了进行一个有充分统计学效力研究，你需要招募很多人然后等候，等候。”Unit 5 Medicine and Health第33页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Text B参考译文参考译文替换性药品普及，但它们真有效吗？替换性药品普及，但它们真有效吗？假如有谁想减脂、解肝毒、不得感冒、激发大脑、提升体能或者缓解压力，他所要做就是进一个售卖维生素商店逛逛。架子上排列着药品以其辅助功效招徕用户：如被吹捧为有辅助记忆功效银杏或玫瑰和橙油，有降脂功效大蒜，抗感冒紫锥菊，治疗肝炎奶蓟草以及抗抑郁圣约翰草。Unit 5 Medicine and Health第34页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 然而，问题是，哪种产品是有效？就算有效，我们又怎么知道呢？幸好有詹姆斯林德，我们得以找到答案。1740年，Lind登上英国索尔兹伯里皇家海军舰艇，决心要检测柑橘可否治疗坏血病，他这项举动将医学模式由以往基于个人信仰体系转化为一个循证体系。我们不再单纯相信某种疗法，而是能够经过测试来看它是否起效。自Lind时代起，尽管临床研究规模与费用剧增，但关于替换疗法观点是能够验证，完全可经过试验来验证。在这种意义上，就不再有“替换医学”这一说法。假如临床试验证实一个疗法是有效，那么它就是一个好医疗方法，假如无效，那么它就不能算作一个替换。Unit 5 Medicine and Health第35页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 如Hippocrates（希波克拉底）曾经用柳树叶子治疗头痛和肌肉痛。在19世纪早期，科学家们从其中分离出活性成份：阿司匹林。18世纪末期，William Withering用一个毛地黄植物治疗心衰病人，以后发觉毛地黄含有一个能够增强心肌收缩力药品洋地黄。最近又发觉，艾草这种被中医使用了上千年草药，含有以后被称作“青蒿素”一个抗疟疾药。“草药其实不上一个替换，”耶鲁神经学家Steven Novella写到，“它们被视为科学医学就算没有几百年也有几十年之久。草药就是药品，完全能够把它当药品来研究。”Unit 5 Medicine and Health第36页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 看看这些申明不过,在许多情况下天然产物经检测显示并未到达申明中效果。比如尽管主流医学还未找出治疗痴呆或者提升记忆力方法，替换医学医师就声称他们已经有处理方案：银杏。结果银杏成为最惯用却最无效十种药品之一。在至年间，美国国立卫生研究院资助了一项由华盛顿大学、匹兹堡大学、维克森林大学、约翰霍普金斯大学及加州大学戴维斯分校协作研究，来验证银杏是否对治疗痴呆或者提升记忆力有效。3000余名老年人被随即分组分别用银杏或者抚慰剂治疗，记忆力衰退和痴呆发病率两组相同。在20，一项基于2800余名成年人研究试验证实银杏并不能预防阿尔茨海默病（即老年痴呆）。Unit 5 Medicine and Health第37页Part II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 另一个例子是圣约翰草。在美国，每年有上千万人饱含重度抑郁折磨，且每年有35000人所以自杀。抑郁是一个非常严重疾病，为了治疗抑郁症，科学家们研发了能够转化脑内化学物质药品，比如5-羟色胺。这些被称为选择性5