2023年专四语法总结.doc

专四必备语法一、时态、语态时态、语态需要掌握要点：1.体现未来时形式： (1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般目前时替代未来时，但要注意区别从句类型，如：Ill tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉她你什么时候再来 。(宾语从句)比较：Ill tell him when you ring again.你再打 时我告诉她。(状语从句)(2)在make sure，make certain，see (to it) 后that从句中，谓语动词用一般目前时替代未来时，如：See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didnt know the answer to last time.(include 不能用will include或其她形式)2.完毕时是时态测试重点，注意与完毕时连用句型和时间状语： (1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +体现过去发生状况从句，主句用过去完毕时。如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.(体现19时已发生状况) (2)by +未来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般目前时从句，主句用未来完毕时。如：By the time you arrive in London，we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或详细数字)years/days/months，主句用目前完毕时，但在it is +详细时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多时候不用完毕时。如：The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.It is four years since John left school.(4)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高档+that定语从句中，谓语动词常用目前完毕时。如： It isnt the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.(5)在no soonerthan，hardly/scarcelywhen句型中，主句常用过去完毕时。 3.完毕进行时指动作在完毕时基本上还要继续下去。如： The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages，but nothing has happened. 时态、语态答题思绪：(1)先根据选项区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出或暗示时间状语，缩小选用范围，进而选出对旳答案；(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语关系，确定句子是积极语态还是被动语态。 二、不定式 1.不定式做主语(1)引导逻辑主语介词：不定式逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列体现人性格行为特性形容词做表语时，不定式逻辑主语则由of引导：absurd，bold，brave，courageous，careful，careless，clever，wise，foolish，silly，stupid，good，nice，kind，thoughtful，considerate，greedy，generous，honest，modest，polite，rude，cruel，selfish，lazy，wicked，wrong。如：Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.Its clever of you to have invented such a device.(2)不定式做主语补足语：掌握常用不定式做主语补足语句型。注意不定式体现动作发生时间，并采用对应形式。如：be said / reported / thought / believed / known / supposed + to do sth. 2.不定式做宾语掌握规定接不定式做宾语动词：afford，arrange，attempt，claim，desire，determine，expect，fail，guarantee，endeavor，intend，pledge，pretend，resolve，request，swear，tend，venture。如：Even though the children pretended to be asleep，the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room. 3.不定式做定语(1)被修饰名词前有序数词、形容词最高档或next，last，only，not a，the，very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一种登上月球女性(2)假如其动词规定不定式做宾语，对应名词一般用不定式做定语。如：tendency to dotend to do，decision to dodecide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used. (3)假如其形容词形式规定接不定式做补语，对应名词一般用不定式做定语。如：ambition to do “干雄心”be ambitious to do“有雄心干”curiosity to do “对好奇心”be curious to do“对好奇”ability to do“做能力”able to do“有能力做”According to Darwin，random changes that enhance a species ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation. (4)体现方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词波及：way，method，reason，time，place，chance，occasion，opportunity，evidence，power，right，movement，drive (运动)，effort等。如：I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.(5)不定代词something，nothing，little，much，a lot习惯上用不定式做定语。如：Though we have made great progress，there is still much to be improved. 4.不定式做状语不定式做状语重要体现目、程度、成果、方式。(1)in order to(do)，so as to(do)构造引导目状语，so as to不能置于句首。如：(2)soas to，suchas to，enoughto，tooto构造做程度状语。如：The solution works only for couples who are self-employed，dont have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together.The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.(3)不定式做成果状语只能出目前句子末尾，体现不快乐成果，有时用only加强语气。常用不定式动词有find，hear，see，be told，form，give，make，produce等。如：Greatly agitated，I rushed to the apartment and tried the door，only to find it locked.(4)not/never too to，too not to，but/only tooto，too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 体现必然意义。如：I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再听到你消息，我太快乐了。三、动名词 1.必要接动名词做宾语动词牢记下列规定接动名词做宾语动词：acknowledge，advocate，anticipate，appreciate，avoid，admit，confess，consider，delay，deny，enjoy，escape，excuse，fancy，favor，finish，forgive，imagine，involve，justify，mention，pardon，practice，postpone，recall，recollect，risk，resist，suggest，tolerate。如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. 2.动名词做介词短语考生尤其要识别下列短语中to是介词，不是不定式符号：object to，resort to，react to，contribute to，look forward to，be accustomed to，be committed to，be exposed to，be subjected to，be devoted to，be dedicated to，be opposed to，be reconciled to，be contrary to，be (get) used to，come close to，get down to，give oneself up to，preferto，see to，set to，take to，in addition to，with regard to，with a view to，on the way to。如：四、分词分词起形容词和副词作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上应清晰： 目前分词体现积极，体现动作在进行。 过去分词体现被动，体现动作结束了状态或成果。 1.分词做定语，弄清目前分词与过去分词区别分词短语做定语相称于省略了定语从句，考生应掌握：(1)目前分词与被修饰词之间具有积极意义。如：Its easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相称于the changes which take place.)There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相称于which gave.)How many of us attending，say，a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?(相称于How many of us who will attend.)(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：Good news was sometimes released prematurely，with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered. (相称于recapture of the port which had been announced)Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system，so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out. (相称于each new phone which is added to)The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature. (相称于description which was based on)(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：deceased，departed，elapsed，faded，fallen，gone，grown-up，retired，returned，risen，set，vanished，much-travelled，newly arrived，recently come。如：an escaped prisoner一种逃犯a retired worker一位退休工人a faded curtain一种褪了色窗帘a newly arrived student一种新来学生 2.分词做状语，注意区别分词一般式与完毕式 (1)体现时间，多置于句首，注意假如分词体现动作时间先于谓语动词，要用完毕式。如：Having completed one task，we started on another one. (complete先于start之前发生) (2)体现原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据状况有时要用完毕式，有时用一般式。如：He wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society，being considered insufficiently popular with all members.There seemed little hope that the explorer，having been deserted in the tropical forest，would find his way through it.(3)体现伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词一般式。如：Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.Anna was reading a piece of science fiction，completely lost to the outside world.(4)体现到果，置于句尾，用分词一般式。如：The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down，them unusable.(5)体现补充阐明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词一般式。如：The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports，each making one major point in contrast with the other.Ford tried dividing the labor，each worker assigned a separate task. 3.分词独立主格构造分词逻辑主语一般为句子主语，否则分词短语要有自己逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格构造。分词独立主格构造只是句子一种某些。如：All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm，we decided to take the train.Darkness setting in，the young couple lingered on merrymaking. 五、非谓语动词其她考点 1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别动词使用方法mean to do想要(做某事) propose to do 打算(做某事)mean doing意味(做某事) propose doing提议(做某事)forget to do忘掉(要做事) remember to do记得(要做某事)forget doing忘掉(已做事) remember doing记得(已做过事)go on to do继而(做另一件事) stop to do停下来去做另一件事go on doing继续(做本来事) stop doing停止正在做事regret to do(对将要做事)遗憾 regret doing(对已做过事)懊悔 2.不定式习常使用方法句型：cannot help but do cannot but docannot choose but do can do nothing but dohave no choice/alternative but to do上述句型意思靠近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如：Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction. When I consider how talented he is as a painter，I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift. 3.动名词习常使用方法句型：be busy/active doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.Its no good/use/picnic doing sth. have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.spend/waste time doing sth. There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.cannot help doing sth. There is no doing sth.I know it isnt important but I cant help thinking about it.Alice was having trouble controlling the children because there were so many of them.There is no use crying over spilt milk. 4.there be 非谓语动词使用方法(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词持续规定。如：The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect规定接不定式做宾语)(2)做目状语或程度状语时用for there to be，做其她状语用there being。如：For there to be successful communication，there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.(for there to be在句中做目状语)It isnt cold enough for there to be a frost tonight，so I can leave Jims car out quite safely.(for there to be在句中做程度状语)There being no further questions，well stop here today. (there being做原因状语)(3)引导主语用for there to be。如：It is unusual for there to be no late comers today.(4)做除for外介词宾语，用there being。如：He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought. 六、虚拟语气 1.主从句谓语动词时态(1)掌握主从句谓语动词规范搭配：主句从句与目前事实相反would/情态动词过去式+dowere (不分人称)/did与过去事实相反would/情态动词过去式+have donehad done与未来事实相反would/情态动词过去式+doshould do / were to do如：If the doctor had been available，the child could not have died.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened，should there be a sudden loud noise.(2)区别主从句体现不一样步间概念：主从句谓语动词所指时间不一样，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际状况来调整。如：Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public，our company would not be so thriving as it is.(主句与目前事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)Had Paul received six more votes in the last election，he would be our chairman now.(主句与目前事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)(3)识别事实和假设混合句：Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.(句子前半某些为假设状况，而“父母病了”是事实) I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible，but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.(前半某些为假设，后半某些是事实) 2.名词性从句虚拟形式名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形体现虚拟。考生应熟悉： (1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中动词用虚拟形式：desire，advise，recommend，command，direct，order，ask，demand，request，require，insist，maintain，move，propose，prefer，urge，vote。如：In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable，desirable，insistent，preferable，urgent，appropriate，compulsory，crucial，essential，imperative，important，necessary，obligatory，possible，probable，proper，vital，advised，arranged，commanded，demanded，desired，ordered，proposed，recommended，requested，required，suggested。如：The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：insistence，preference，recommendation，suggestion，proposal，motion，desire，requirement，request，order，necessity，importance，regulation，rule，resolution，understanding。如：John Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious，as well as worldly，frame of reference.They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule. 3.含蓄虚拟条件句谓语动词形式含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句体现，而是暗含在其她构造中。考生应熟悉：(1)连词but，but that，or，or else；副词otherwise，unfortunately等体现转折假设。如：A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately，it was never done.Victor obviously doesnt know whats happened；otherwise he wouldnt have made such a stupid remark.(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用有：without，but for，under more favorable conditions等。如：But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were +不定式完毕式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：I intended to have called on you，but I was busy at that time.(4)情态动词完毕式暗示虚拟语气。如：I should have called to make an airline reservation，but I didnt. 4.常用虚拟形式句型(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完毕式体现虚拟句型：would rather would as soon as though suppose had rather would sooner as if supposingIf only It is (high) time that(从句中动词只用过去式)如：His wife would rather they didnt talk about the matter any more.Id rather you went by train，because I cant bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.If I were in a movie，then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.(2)If it were not for (与目前事实相反) If it had not been for (与过去事实相反) 相称于but for。如：If it had not been for his help (= but for his help)，we would not have succeeded.(3)If only谓语动词视状况选用恰当形式。如：If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.(4)lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.(5)whetheror有时谓语用be原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种使用方法常常采用倒装构造。如：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions，be they Christian，Islamic，Buddhist，Jewish，and so on.The business of each day，be it selling goods or shipping them，went quite smoothly. 七、情态动词注意情态动词完毕式使用方法有两方面含义： 1.体现已经发生状况(1)must have +过去分词，体现对已发生状况必然推测，译为“(昨天)一定”。如：My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room，for the first man I met asked sympathetically：“Are you feeling all right?”(2)cant/couldnt have +过去分词，体现对已发生状况否认推测，译为“(昨天)一定没”。 如：Mary couldnt have received my letter；otherwise she would have replied before now.(3)may/might have +过去分词，体现对已发生事情做不必然、也许性很小推测，或实际上主线没发生，译为“也许”。如：At Florida Powers Crystal River plant，a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician. 2.体现虚拟语气(1)neednt have+过去分词，体现做了不必做事，译为“其实没必要”。如：As it turned out to be a small house party，we neednt have dressed up so formally.(2)should /should not have +过去分词，体现应当做某事