The-Literature-of-Realism现实主义.doc
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1、The Literature of Realism现实主义Realism u Realism had originated in France as ralisme ,a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life.u Broadly defined as the faithful representation真实表示 of reality, based on the dogma教条 of objective reality客观现实, and was focuse
2、d on showing everyday, quotidian activities and life, primarily among the middle or lower class society, without romantic idealization or dramatizationu Realism is, in the broadest sense, simply fidelity to actuality in its representation in literature. u limited to the movement which arose in the n
3、ineteenth century, at least partially in reaction against Romanticism, which was centered in the novel, and which was dominant in France, England, and America from roughly mid-century to the closing decade, when it was replaced by Naturalism. American Realism(1865-1918)Backgrounds 1 The Civil War(18
4、61-1865) a deterioration(恶化) of American moral values2 Increasing industrialization and mechanization extremes of wealth and poverty3 The frontier was about to close. people began to feel a sense of suffering and unhappiness4 Influenced by European literature The Gilded Age(镀金时代)u Mark Twain called
5、the late 19th century the Gilded Age. u The period was glittering on the surface but corrupt underneath. u “an age of excess and extremes”-of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope. American Realismu Realism first appeared in America in the literature of loca
6、l color本土特色, and an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things immediately observable: the dialects方言, customs, sights, and sounds of regional America. u Some representative local colorists include: Bret Harte(18361902), the first American writer of local color to achieve wide po
7、pularity. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin Kate Chopin, The Awakening Mark Twain William Dean Howells(1837-1920)u the arbiter(仲裁者) of American Realismu He defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material”u subject matter: the experiences of the America
8、n middle classu his works: The Rise of Silas Lapham 塞拉斯拉帕姆的发迹 American Realism has its salient特色的 features: u Verisimilitude(逼真)of details derived from observation u representative in plot, setting and character u an objective rather than an idealized view of human experience The schools of American
9、 realismu Frontier Humor 边界u Middlewestern Realismu Cosmopolitan Novelists 世界性小说 Henry Jamesu Regionalism (local colorism) u Naturalism 自然主义代替现实主义Frontier HumorIt is the vital and exuberant丰富的 literature that was generated by the westward expansion 西进运动of the United States in the late 18th and the 1
10、9th centuries. The spontaneity自发性, sense of fun, exaggeration夸张, fierce凶猛的 individuality, and irreverence不敬行为 for traditional Eastern values in frontier humor reflect the optimistic spirit of pre-Civil War America. Frontier humor appears mainly in tall tales of exaggerated feats of strength, rough p
11、ractical jokes (especially on sophisticated Easterners and greenhorns), and tales of encounters with panthers, bears, and snakes. These tales are filled with rough, homely wisdom.Middlewestern Realismu It just refers to William Dean Howellss realism because he came from the American Midwest and care
12、fully interweaved交织 the life and emotions of ordinary middle-class there in his works.u Also because he was the champion of the realism, having helped to publish many realistic local color writings by Bret Harte, Mark Twain, and others.Cosmopolitan Novelists(世界小说)u Henry Jamess fame rested largely u
13、pon his handling of his major fictional theme, the international theme, that is the meeting of American and Europe, American innocence in contact and contrast with complications arising there from. So he was called the cosmopolitan novelist.Henry James: father of psychological realism心理描写 (1843 - 19
14、16)1. Brief account of his life: 1) He was born into a wealthy cultured family of New England. His father was an eminent philosopher and reformer, and his brother, William James, was to be the famous philosopher and psychologist. 2) Most of his life he settled down in Europe except for some visits t
15、o America. In 1915 he became the naturalized British citizen. He was not married but once loved his attractive cousin who died young.3) A voluminous writer, he was influenced by some English, European and American writers. One American author who exerted a measure of influence on James is Hawthorne
16、whose insight into the human psyche impressed the younger writer deeply. 2. His creative life The first period(1865-1882). The works in this period reveal James fascination with his “international theme”: How Americans behave in an international setting.Europeans/ AmericansInnocence vs Experience Ja
17、mes attitude towards European culture: decadence, heritage. The American (1877) The Europeans (1878) Daisy Miller (1878) The Portrait of a Lady (1881) Washington Square (1881) In these early works, James experiments with the limited point of view, and focuses on the “complex inner lives of his Ameri
18、can characters” which are “fully and realistically projected” The second period (1882-1895). During this time he focuses on tales and plays, but most of them prove a failure. Novels in the naturalistic mode: The Bostonians, 1886 波士顿人 Turning to three dominant subjects: Troubled writers and artistsGh
19、osts and apparitions, Doomed or threatened children and adolescents The Figure in the Carpet, 1896 地毯上的图案 What Mazie Knew, 1897 梅瑟所知道的 The Turn of the Screw, 1898 螺丝在拧紧 The Beast in the Jungle, 1903 丛林猛兽 The last one(1895-1909) Returning to international themes Novels complex and profound The Wings
20、of the Dove, 1902 鸽翼 The Ambassadors, 1903 奉使记 The Golden Bowl, 1904 镀金碗 Richness of syntax, characterization, point of view, symbolic romance, metaphoric texture, and organizing rhythms. famous for their intricate, dense narrative and “focus on the way in which people make their own realities throu
21、gh their perceptions and impressions”.3. His literary-aesthetic ideas(see his The Art of Fiction) 1) Art must be related to life. It must be life transformed and changed so that the art form would give the truthful impression of actuality. 2) Though closely related to life, art is important in its o
22、wn way. It is art that makes life, makes interest, makes importance. 3) He was concerned with point of view which is at the center of his aesthetic of the novel. 4. His political-social ideas and attitudes: 1) The spokesman of the wealthy. 2) Be conservative toward overzealous reformers (the similar
23、 way of Hawthorne) 3) But he was critical of U.S. imperialist behavior and Americans obsession with business, its extremes of wealth and poverty, its lack of culture and sophistication.4) Like Hawthorne, James regarded evil as essentially of inward cause and cure, advocated free willed renunciation
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