英文写作教程如何组织篇章省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

第四章第四章怎样组织篇章怎样组织篇章第1页 篇章写作就是在连句成段连句成段基础上，再按文章宏观结构宏观结构与整体组织整体组织技巧，缀缀段成篇段成篇，来反应一个完整事件完整事件或证实一证实一个论点个论点过程。篇章由段落组成，大致分为引言段引言段、扩展段扩展段还有结尾段结尾段三大部分【见书见书pp109-125,pp109-125,自学自学】。第2页4.1 篇章衔接和连贯篇章衔接和连贯(p125)不论英语还是汉语,篇章写作都考究语篇衔接衔接(cohesion)与连贯连贯(coherence)【又叫“形式衔接形式衔接”】，即篇章组成组成要符合其形式规范形式规范，上下文上下文过渡要伎俩齐备伎俩齐备，“起起”、“承承”、“转转”、“合合”逻辑分明，句、段、篇有机有机相连相连，结构完整结构完整。衔接衔接是篇章有形网络有形网络，也是组成篇章主要前提主要前提，舍此文章无以成篇；而后第3页者(“连贯连贯”)则是指篇章中语义关联语义关联，是“意义意义”连贯连贯(故有“语义连贯语义连贯”之说)，就是说，细节细节安排有条理有条理，叙述层次叙述层次清楚清楚，段落联络自然段落联络自然，句子连贯句子连贯，说话要有条理条理和层次层次，要有序化有序化，不该说话不说，该说一定要讲清楚，不能语无伦语无伦次、顾此失彼次、顾此失彼。“连贯连贯”是篇章无形网无形网络络，是组成语篇最主要条件最主要条件。哪怕第4页文章在结构上怎样完美“衔接衔接”，只要上下文句子意义分离意义分离，逻辑紊乱逻辑紊乱，甚至东扯西拉东扯西拉，就不可能连句成篇，写出好文章来。所以，“连贯连贯”是篇章底层结底层结构构，经过逻辑推理逻辑推理来到达语义上下连接语义上下连接。在连句成段连句成段、组段成篇组段成篇过程中,尤其要注意意义连贯意义连贯，近似于汉语所说文章要有“文脉文脉”、“意脉意脉”。第5页 道理都懂道理都懂。何况我们还有汉语写作功底。但问题是，一到详细英语写作，我们经常忘了这些。其原因原因在于，一是一是不不熟英语篇章衔接伎俩和技巧熟英语篇章衔接伎俩和技巧，经常造成结构逻辑缺失、语义残缺不全结构逻辑缺失、语义残缺不全；二是二是在表示思想时往往是思维巨人思维巨人、言语矮子言语矮子，心里有话道不出心里有话道不出，陷入有口难言有口难言尴尬境地。第6页 因为本章重点谈篇章“衔接衔接”与“连贯连贯”，这里主要谈谈第一个问题第一个问题，第二个问题以后再论及。不妨先看个例子：第7页1.衔接伎俩缺失衔接伎俩缺失(p127例)：例1.Making cities greener can bring us a lot of benefits.It can improve our environment(?)they can provide us with clean air.(?)With trees around the city,the acid rain and dust storm will disappear.(?)Making cities greener also means making cities beautiful.(?)Singapore is known as a beautiful garden(?)Making cities greener can benefit us economically第8页 英语英语重“形合形合”(hypotaxis)，汉语汉语重“意合意合”(parataxis)，上段文字中上下文缺失逻辑语义逻辑语义，必须用英语对应小小零件零件补全补全。其实，只要填上几个小小连连接词接词，上下文便自然衔接衔接：第9页 Making cities greener can bring us a lot of benefits.First,It can improve our environmentAs a result,they can provide us with clean air.Furthermore,with trees around the city,the acid rain and dust storm will disappear.Second,Making cities greener also means making cities beautiful.For example,Singapore is known as a beautiful gardenFinally,Making cities greener can benefit us economically第10页 英语是一个语法关系配合制约严谨语法关系配合制约严谨、形态标识鲜明形态标识鲜明、逻辑关系外显逻辑关系外显语言，说话考究层次分明层次分明、条分缕析条分缕析，丝丝入扣丝丝入扣，表现为一个严谨缜密严谨缜密逻辑理性思维逻辑理性思维。因而，它有一套远比汉语完备得多语法伎完备得多语法伎俩和规则俩和规则。写作时若忘了这一点，一味按汉语习惯行事，必定造成篇章衔接逻篇章衔接逻辑缺失辑缺失、语义不全语义不全结果。第11页2.说话语无伦次说话语无伦次：例2.【书书p136材料三例材料三例】My parents have just bought a new house.There are three bedrooms and a sitting room in the house(?).I can see a park from my bedroom window.Many people(?)take a walk there.【跳跃式思维，杂乱无序跳跃式思维，杂乱无序】修改以下修改以下：第12页(1)My parents have just bought a new house.In the house,there are three bedrooms and a sitting room.From my bedroom window,I can see a park.In the park,there are many people taking a walk there.(2)My parents have just bought a new house in which there are three bedrooms and a sitting room.When entering my bedroom,I can see through the window a park where many people take a walk there.第13页(3)My parents have just bought a new house.The house consists of three bedrooms and a sitting room,with one aspect of which facing a park(逻辑层次逻辑层次更清楚更清楚).When I enter my bedroom,I can see through the window a park where many people take a walk there.第14页 例3.I waited for my brother to arrive on a bus from Kansas.I saw a family.There were four of them.(?)A man,a woman,(?)two little girls.They waited for their bus and stood still.(?)I had to wait at bus station for my brother because my dad had to work.(?)When the loudspeaker announced the next bus,(?)the family left.(?)【语言零碎，衔接伎俩不全，东扯西拉语言零碎，衔接伎俩不全，东扯西拉】第15页【改写改写】While I waited for my brother to arrive on a bus from Kansas,I saw a family.There were four of them-a man,a woman,and two little girls.They stood still(while)waiting for their bus.When the loudspeaker announced the next bus to arrive,the family headed for the bus and left.【衔接伎俩补全衔接伎俩补全，逻辑连贯统一逻辑连贯统一】第16页4.2 篇章发展篇章发展(p129)分三步三步走。首先写好“引言段引言段”(确定主题)，然后在后续段落后续段落中深入分析和阐述，发展发展和深化主题思想深化主题思想，最少可写一到两段一到两段，层层深入摆事实、讲道理层层深入摆事实、讲道理，做到以理服人，最终得出结论，写好结结尾段尾段。第17页 那么，一篇文章各段落终究该怎样展开呢？不妨先看一个例子【书中例子书中例子自学自学】：第18页 例1.Some people prefer to spend most of their time alone.Others like to be with friends most of the time.Which way do you prefer?Write a composition of at most 300 words to state your view.标题标题：Alone Or With Friend？第19页Tips for writing:依据这一题目，显著有两种写法两种写法，一是按常规顺写按常规顺写：“spending time with friends”比“spending time alone”好；一是逆行逆行，写“独处”好处，可令人耳目一新，往哪个方向要依据自己能力来决定，没把握时最好随大流没把握时最好随大流顺写顺写。第20页 1)写好引言段写好引言段：可：可复述复述或或改写改写原文原文题目题目中句子：中句子：“Some people prefer to while others”，然后说，然后说“说说with friends比比alone要要好是因为好是因为，说说alone不好不好是因为是因为”，再提出，再提出你观点你观点【顺向【顺向】：】：“我我认为认为with friends比比alone好好”，或，或反之反之，如如“人们人们都说都说with friends比比alone好好，但我认为但我认为未必尽然未必尽然”，然后提出，然后提出你观点你观点：“alone比比with friends要好要好”。第21页2)扩展段扩展段(展开主题展开主题)：(1)最好写2到到3点理由点理由来支持你观点(一段陈说一个一段陈说一个)，相互间要逻辑紧密逻辑紧密，比如，选取2到到3个个说明“spending time with friends”好详细例子详细例子，分段叙述分段叙述，如“spending time with friends can make us no more feel lonely”，或者或者：第22页“spending time with friend can give good opportunities for us to learn from each other”，甚至还可用可用Confucius“When three men are walking together,there is one who can be my teacher.”作为佐证佐证。第23页 若逆向叙述逆向叙述，也要选取2到到3个个说明“spending time alone”好好详细例子详细例子，分分段叙述段叙述，如可讲“Spending time alone is good for contemplation)，段中就要紧紧围绕“利于思索利于思索”来阐述阐述并列举事实列举事实，而不要再说“人要耐得住寂寞人要耐得住寂寞”(A person with an ambition is able to resist loneliness)之类话(当然也可放在后面深后面深入引申入引申)。第24页 一样，第二段第二段则要讲深一点理由深一点理由，比如“Spending time alone is good for self-cultivation”或“relax oneself”等等。第25页 第三段第三段则可则可转换角度转换角度，使，使立论立论“hold water”：认可有：认可有不好地方不好地方(“Staying alone is often accompanied with loneliness”)，然，然后用后用反驳法反驳法(后有叙述后有叙述)谈你对谈你对“孤独孤独”不一不一样了解样了解(如如“凡成大事者须耐得住寂寞凡成大事者须耐得住寂寞(Anyone who wants to succeed in life tends to resist loneness)”，甚至还可，甚至还可引用名人事例引用名人事例来来佐证，这就佐证，这就强化强化了你观点，使叙述了你观点，使叙述层层深入层层深入，合情合理合情合理，含有说服力含有说服力。第26页(2)所选事例要所选事例要切题切题，要有，要有说服力说服力(注意恰注意恰当当引用名人名言引用名人名言、名人事例名人事例)。语言表示要。语言表示要有有层次层次，注意句与句之间，注意句与句之间逻辑关系逻辑关系，不要，不要序序言不达后语言不达后语，语气要集中语气要集中，详略要得当详略要得当。(3)方法上可用方法上可用列举法列举法(见前见前3.2)，正面说明正面说明，也可用也可用反驳法反驳法，逆向阐述逆向阐述，还可用，还可用对比法对比法(“独处独处”有那些弊病，有那些弊病，“与朋友在一起与朋友在一起”有哪些好处有哪些好处)，逐一对比逐一对比,等等。等等。第27页3)结尾段结尾段:结束语要结束语要简明扼要简明扼要，总结正文总结正文或或重述命重述命题题，快速导向结论语快速导向结论语，比如：，比如：“不论人们持不论人们持何观点何观点，既然既然与友相处与友相处/独处独处有如此多好处，有如此多好处，为何不为何不？”，要提出，要提出概括性结论概括性结论、提议提议、预言预言等等等等(如如“spending time with friends好好处大于处大于alone”、“伴随今天生活节奏加紧伴随今天生活节奏加紧(with the quickened tempo of life)，更应多更应多多与朋友相处多与朋友相处”【顺向顺向】或】或“人要善于独处、人要善于独处、耐得住寂寞才能有所作为耐得住寂寞才能有所作为”【逆向逆向】，等等】，等等)。第28页 这么，一篇文章得以有序展开，大这么，一篇文章得以有序展开，大功告成！功告成！【注注：举例仅为启发思绪，抛砖引玉，：举例仅为启发思绪，抛砖引玉，不是规范模式，不可盲目照搬！不是规范模式，不可盲目照搬！】不妨做个练习，看篇章该怎样详细不妨做个练习，看篇章该怎样详细展开：展开：第29页 Nowadays many people prefer lucky numbers.They say lucky numbers will bring them good lucks.Therefore,whenever dealing with numbers,theyll choose numbers like“8”or“6”,leaving aside the numbers of“4”or“13”.What do you think of this phenomenon?Write a composition of at most 300 words on this issue.标题标题：On“Lucky Numbers”第30页Tips for writing:1)引言段引言段首先确定主题句确定主题句，再简述简述一下这种社会现象社会现象(可复述题目内容复述题目内容)，随即引入正题引入正题。比如：第31页【引言段引言段】【】【主题句主题句】Some people take it for granted that some numbers can bring them good luck.【例例1】For instance,the so called lucky numbers such as “6”,“8”or“9”are widely preferred by many people.When they choose a telephone number,or car license plate number,or even the room number in the hotel theyll stay in,etc.,theyll try their best to get such lucky numbers,leaving aside the numbers like“4”or“13”because the former sounds第32页like Chinese meaning“death”while the latter indicates a bad luck for long in the western countries.【例例2】Especially when such numbers are put in a row like“518”,“5148”,“6666”,etc.,each indicating respectively“Ill get rich”,“Absolutely get rich”,and“Sail smooth to success”,they are even more scrambled for by many people who are crazy for luck numbers.第33页【扩展段扩展段1:承上启下承上启下】Such a phenomenon exists nearly everywhere in our life.【例举例举】A good case in point is the number“14”when putting together in a row,reading:Jan.14th,which sounds like a Chinese sentence“爱您一身一世”(Ai nin yi shen yi shi),meaning“Ill love you all my life”.It is said that many young people were piling into wedding that day because they considered it a unique chance of their lifetime.第34页【扩展段扩展段2】【主题句主题句】Yet some other people dont think in this way.【例举例举】They argue that such numbers are nothing but a kind of symbol just for counting.Numbers have nothing to do with luck.It is superstitious or even ridiculous to connect ones luck with such numbers.So,they laugh at those who think numbers can bring them good luck and think such a behavior really very foolish.第35页 4)结尾部分结尾部分要语气集中语气集中，注意简明简明扼要总结扼要总结正文或重述命题重述命题，并快速导向快速导向结论语结论语。自己结论不可偏激不可偏激，不能绝对绝对贬低贬低或一味必定一味必定，要依据自己前面阐述前面阐述做到合情合理合情合理：第36页【结尾段结尾段】Even though the phenomenon of peoples preference to lucky numbers is probably superstitious or foolish,it will not affect the whole situation in the society.【结论结论1】Therefore,it is not wise to say absolutely yes or no to such a phenomenon,nor necessary to follow or laugh at it.【结论结论2】What is more,in the第37页modern society,people have rights to choose their own life styles and concepts.Whether or not people believe in lucky numbers,it is just a life style,about which we should not be fussy.With a normal attitude towards such a phenomenon,well find our life more colorful and interesting.第38页4.3 篇章模式篇章模式(p130)前面例证分析实际已展示了篇章展开一些模式。总体上讲，大致有以下5种模式：1)叙事模式叙事模式2)提问提问回答模式回答模式3)主张主张反主张模式反主张模式4)概括概括详细模式详细模式5)问题问题处理模式处理模式 第39页1)叙事模式叙事模式(p130)：说起来其实很简单，并非像课文里所说那样，6大成份大成份面面俱到且千篇一律。其关键在于，文章展开须按事件事件次序次序(sequence of events)或时间次序时间次序(chronological order)，尤其在“记记叙文叙文”(narration)【下章有叙述下章有叙述】写作中，这种模式尤为显著。比如：第40页2)问答模式问答模式(p131)：即先设问先设问，再回答再回答。这种模式很吸吸引眼球引眼球，能一下子抓住读者兴趣读者兴趣，引人入胜,大多用于论说文(argumentation)。比如：第41页【引言段引言段】What is meant by a good teacher?In my opinion,a good teacher is one who possesses a good sense of duty,good morality,profound knowledge,and an amiable personality.All of these are qualities required for a good teacher.第42页【扩展段扩展段(4段段,平行结构平行结构)】：(1)To be a good teacher,he must be very responsible to【用词改变用词改变】his work,because Otherwise he will(not)(2)To be a good teacher,he must be a man of high moral principles【用词改变用词改变】,because.Otherwise he will(not)(3)To be a good teacher,he must be a very learned man【用词改变用词改变】,because Otherwise he will(not)第43页 (4)To be a good teacher,he must be approachable and patient to his students【用词改变用词改变】,because Otherwise he will(not)【结尾段结尾段】All in all,with in mind all the good qualities mentioned above,you may be a good teacher.【结论结论】第44页3)正反模式正反模式(p131)第45页4)概括概括详细模式详细模式(p132)。第46页5)问题问题处理模式处理模式(p134)第47页。第48页。第49页。第50页。第51页。第52页。第53页。第54页。第55页