2023年四级真题详解段落匹配.doc

Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

本文关键简介了少数人拥有超强记忆原因，讨论了她们幸运和不幸。

The Blessing and Curse of the People Who Never Forget
拥有超强记忆之人福和祸

A handful of people can recall almost every day of their lives in enormous detail—and after years of research，neuroscientists are finally beginning to understand how they do it.
有少数人几乎能回忆起她们生活中每天大量细节。通过数年研究后来，神经科学专家最终开始理解她们是怎么做到。

HSAM
E) ‘Highly superior autobiographical memory’ (or HSAM for short), first came to light in the early s, with a young woman named Jill Price. Emailing the neuroscientist and memory researcher Jim McGaugh one day, she claimed that she could recall every day of her life since the age of 12. Could he help explain her experiences?
E）（43）这种“超级自传体记忆”（简称HSAM）初次进入公众视野是在二十一世纪初。一天，一位名叫古尔·普莱斯年轻女士给研究记忆神经科学专家吉姆·麦克高夫发邮件，声称她可以回忆起12岁以来毎一天生活。麦克高夫能否协助解释她经历？
43. A young woman sought explanation from a brain scientist when she noticed her unusual memory.
43.【定位】由题干中A young woman，explanation 和 brain scientist 定位到文章E）段。
E） 【精析】细节归纳题。定位段提到，—位名叫吉尔·普菜斯年轻女士给研究记忆神经科学专家吉姆·麦克高夫发邮件，声称她可以回忆起12岁以来每一天生活。麦克高夫能否协助解释她经历？题干中her unusual memory 是对定位段中 she could recall every day of her life since the age of 12概括。整个题干是对定位段概括归纳，故答案为E）。

36. People with HSAM have the same memory as ordinary people when it comes to impersonal information.
拥有“超级自传体记忆”者在记忆非个人信息方面和一般人同样。
37. Fantasy proneness will not necessarily cause people to develop HSAM.
幻想倾向不一定会导致大家形成“超级自传体记忆”。
38. Veiseh began to remember the details of his everyday experiences after he met his first young love.
在碰到自己初恋后，维瑟开始能记住生活中每个细节。
人名，专有名词易定位 —— B）C）段
39. Many more people with HSAM started to contact researchers due to the mass media.
得益于大众传媒更多“超级自传体记忆”者开始和研究者获得了联络。
40. People with HSAM often have to make efforts to avoid focusing on the past.
“超级自传体记忆”者不得不努力不去关注过去。
41. Most people do not have clear memories of past events.
大部分人对过去发生事件没有淸晰记忆。
42. HSAM can be both a curse and a blessing.
“超级自传体记忆”是福也是祸。
43. A young woman sought explanation from a brain scientist when she noticed her unusual memory.
一位年轻女士发现自己超常记忆力向脑科学家寻求解释。
44. Some people with HSAM find it very hard to get rid of unpleasant memories.
部分“超级自传体记忆”者发现忘掉不快乐记忆很困难。
45. A recent study of people with HSAM reveals that they are liable to fantasy and full absorption in an activity.
一项有关拥有“超级自传体记记”者研究表明她们有幻想倾向和全神贯注于某种活动倾向。

A) For most of us, memory is a mess of blurred and faded pictures of our lives. As much as we would like to cling on to our past, even the saddest moments can be washed away with time.
A）（41）对于大多数人而言，记忆就像一本逐渐模糊褪色人生画册。不管我们多想要抓住过去，虽然最痛苦时刻也会伴随时间而消逝。

41. Most people do not have clear memories of past events.
41.【定位】由题干中Most people， memories和 past定位。
A）【精析】细节归纳题。定位段指出，对于大多数人而言，记忆就橡一本逐渐模糊褪色人生画册。不管我们多想要抓住过去，虽然最痛苦时刻也会伴随时间而消逝。也就是说，大部分人对过去发生事件没有淸晰记忆。题干是对定位段概括，故答案为A）。

B) Ask Nima Veiseh what he was doing for any day in the past 15 years, however, and he will give you the details of the weather, what he was wearing, or even what side of the train he was sitting on his journey to work. “My memory is like a library of video tapes, walk-throughs of every day of my life from waking to sleeping,” he explains.
B）不过，假如你问尼玛·维瑟过去23年中任意一天在做什么，她会告诉你从当日天气状况到她衣着，甚至她去上班时坐在火车哪一侧等所有细节。“我记忆就像一种寄存录像带图书馆，完全记录我生活中从睁眼醒来到入睡每一天，”她解释道。

C) Veiseh can even put a date on when those tapes started recording: 15 December , when he met his first girlfriend at his best friend’s 16th birthday party. He had always had a good memory, but the thrill of young love seems to have shifted a gear in his mind: from now on, he would start recording his whole life in detail. “I could tell you everything about every day after that. ”
C）（38）维瑟甚至能说出这些“录像带”开始录像时间： 12月15日。那天，她在最佳好友16岁生日晚会上遇见了她初恋女友。她之前记忆力一直所有很好，不过年轻爱情冲动似乎拨动了她脑中某个机关。从那后来，她开始能记录毕生中每个细节。“我能告诉你从那后来每天发生所有事。”

38. Veiseh began to remember the details of his everyday experiences after he met his first young love.
38.【定位】由题干中Veiseh和first young love定位到文章C）段。
C）【精析】细节归纳题。定位段关键简介了维瑟超强记忆启动经历：在最佳好友生日晚会上碰到自己初恋后，维瑟开始能记住生活中每个细节。题干是对定位段概括总结，故答案为C）。

D) Needless to say, people like Veiseh are of great interest to neuroscientists （神经科学专家） hoping to understand the way the brain records our lives. A couple of recent papers have finally opened a window on these people’s extraordinary minds. And such research might even suggest ways for us all to relive our past with greater clarity.
D）毋庸多言，那些想理解大脑怎样记录人类生活神经科学专家对维瑟这样人抱有极大爱好。近来部分学术论文最终揭开了这些人不凡记忆力冰山一角，这些研究甚至也许指导我们找到措施去愈加淸楚地重现我们过去生活。

A）—D）段以尼玛·维瑟超强记忆力为例，阐明科学家对超强记忆爱好，及对此研究意义。

E) ‘Highly superior autobiographical memory’ (or HSAM for short), first came to light in the early s, with a young woman named Jill Price. Emailing the neuroscientist and memory researcher Jim McGaugh one day, she claimed that she could recall every day of her life since the age of 12. Could he help explain her experiences?
E）（43）这种“超级自传体记忆”（简称HSAM）初次进入公众视野是在二十一世纪初。一天，一位名叫古尔·普莱斯年轻女士给研究记忆神经科学专家吉姆·麦克高夫发邮件，声称她可以回忆起12岁以来毎一天生活。麦克高夫能否协助解释她经历？

F) McGaugh invited her to his lab, and began to test her: he would give her a date and ask her to tell him about the world events on that day. True to her word, she was correct almost every time.
F）麦克高夫邀请她来她试验室，并开始对她进行测试：她给出一种日期，让她说出那天发生世界大事。成果不悖其言，她几乎每次所有能答复对的。

G) It didn’t take long for magazines and documentary film-makers to come to understand her “total recall”, and thanks to the subsequent media interest, a few dozen other subjects (including Veiseh) have since come forward and contacted the team at the University of California, Irvine.
G）（39）没用多长时间，杂志和纪录片导演便来理解她“全面回忆”。得益于这些媒体后续爱好，几十个其他受试者（包括维瑟）自告奋勇，和加利福尼亚大学欧文分校研究团体获得了联络。
39. Many more people with HSAM started to contact researchers due to the mass media.
39.【定位】由题干中contact, due to和media定位到文章G）段。
G）【精析】同义转述题。定位段指出，得益于这些媒体后续爱好，几十个其他受试者（包括锥瑟）自告奋勇，和加利福尼亚大学欧文分校研究团体获得了联络。题干中 due to the mass media 是对定位句中 thanks to the subsequent media interest同义转述；题干中researchers对应定位句中the team。故答案为G）。

H) Interestingly, their memories are highly self-centred: although they can remember “autobiographical” life events in extraordinary detail, they seem to be no better than average at recalling impersonal information, such as random （任意选择） lists of words. Nor are they necessarily better at remembering a round of drinks, say. And although their memories are vast, they are still likely to suffer from “false memories”. Clearly, there is no such thing as a “perfect” memory—their extraordinary minds are still using the same flawed tools that the rest of us rely on. The question is, how?
H）(36) 有趣是，她们记忆是高度自我中心化：尽管她们可以很详细地记住“自传式”生活事件， 不过在记忆非个人信息方面，例如随机排列单词，她们似乎不比一般人强。再如，她们也不能愈加好地记住一圈饮料次序。尽管这些人记忆力很强大，她们仍然很也许会承受“虚假记忆”之苦。很明显，世上不存在什么“完美无瑕”记忆——她们产生不凡记忆力工具和我们一般人所依托是同样有瑕疵。问题在于，怎么会这样？

36. People with HSAM have the same memory as ordinary people when it comes to impersonal information.
36.【定位】由题干中memory和impersonal information定位到文章H）段第一句。
H）【精析】 同义转述题。定位句阐明了拥有“超级自传体记忆”者记忆特性是高度自我中心化；尽管她们可以很详细地记住“自传式”生活事件， 不过在记忆非个人信息方面，例如随机排列单词，她们似乎不比一般人强。题干中have the same memory as ordinary people 是对定位句中 seem to be no better than average 同义转述，故答案为H）。

E）—H）段简介这项研究起始状况，提出“超级自传体记忆”（HSAM ） 这一概念，指出拥有超强记忆人其记忆是高度自我中心化。

I) Lawrence Patihis at the University of Southern Mississippi recently studied around 20 people with HSAM and found that they scored particularly high on two measures: fantasy proneness (倾向）and absorption. Fantasy proneness could be considered a tendency to imagine and daydream, whereas absorption is the tendency to allow your mind to become fully absorbed in an activity—to pay complete attention to the sensations (感受）and the experiences. “I’m extremely sensitive to sounds, smells and visual detail,” explains Nicole Donohue, who has taken part in many of these studies. “I definitely feel things more strongly than the average person. ”
I）（45）南密西西比大学劳伦斯·帕特西斯近来研究了差不多20位拥有“超级自传体记忆”者，发现她们在幻想倾向和专注力两方面得分尤其高。幻想倾向可以理解为想象和做白日梦倾向，而专注力则是使自己思维全神贯注于某种活动（对感受和经历投人所有关注）倾向。“我对声音、气味和视觉信息很敏感，”尼古拉·唐纳休解释道，她参与了不少这样研究，“我对事物感受确实比常人更强烈。”
45. A recent study of people with HSAM reveals that they are liable to fantasy and full absorption in an activity.
45.【定位】由题干中fantasy，absorption和in an activity定位到文章I）段第一，二句。
I）【精析】同义转述题。定位句指出，南密西西比大学劳伦斯·帕特西斯近来研究了差不多20位拥有“超级自传体记记”者，发现她们在幻想倾向和专注力两方面得分尤其高。幻想倾向可以理解为想象和做白日梦倾向。而专注力则是使自己思维全神惯注于某种活动（对感受和经历投人所有关注）倾向。题干是对定位句同义转述，故答案为I）。

J) The absorption helps them to establish strong foundations for recollection, says Patihis, and the fantasy proneness means that they revisit those memories again and again in the coming weeks and months. Each time this initial memory trace is “replayed”, it becomes even stronger. In some ways, you probably go through that process after a big event like your wedding day—but the difference is that thanks to their other psychological tendencies, the HSAM subjects are doing it day in, day out, for the whole of their lives.
J）帕特西斯说，专注力协助她们筑建起记忆牢固基础，幻想倾向则意味着她们能在接下来几周或多种月一再重现这些记忆。初次记忆轨迹每被“重播”一次，记忆就变得越来越强大。某种程度上，在某件大事，例如你婚礼过后，你也也许会经历这种“重播”过程——但不同样是，拥有“超级自传体记忆”者会在毕生中每一天所有进行“重播”，这是她们其他心理倾向导致。

K) Not everyone with a tendency to fantasise will develop HSAM, though, so Patihis suggests that something must have caused them to think so much about their past. “Maybe some experience in their childhood meant that they became obsessed (着迷）with calendars and what happened to them,” says Patihis.
K）（37）不过，不是每一种有幻想倾向人所有能发展出“超级自传体记忆”，因此帕特西斯认为一定存在触发她们不停回忆过去开关。“也许她们童年时代某种经历使得她们着迷于日历和发生过事情，”拍特西斯说。

37. Fantasy proneness will not necessarily cause people to develop HSAM.
37. 【定位】由题干中Fantasy和develop HSAM定位到文章K）段第一句。
K）【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到，不是毎一种有幻想倾向人所有能发展出“超级自传体记忆”。题干中Fantasy proneness是对定位句中a tendeocy to fantasise同义转述；题干中not necessarily对应定位句中Not everyone。故答案为K）。

I）—K）分析拥有超强记忆原因，指出拥有超强记忆人具有更强幻想倾向和专注力。

L) The people with HSAM I’ve interviewed would certainly agree that it can be a mixed blessing. On the plus side, it allows you to relive the most transformative and enriching experiences. Veiseh, for instance, travelled a lot in his youth. In his spare time, he visited the local art galleries, and the paintings are now lodged deep in his autobiographical memories.
L) （42）我所采访拥有“超级自传体记忆”者肯定所有会赞同这种能力福祸相依。好方面是它可以使人重温最变化人生、最丰富经历。例如维瑟，她年轻时候去了诸多地方，空闲时间就去参观当地美术馆，而那些画作目前深深扎根于她自传体记忆中。

42. HSAM can be both a curse and a blessing.
42.【定位】由题干中HSAM和blessing定位到文章L）段第一句。
L）【精析】同义转述题。定位句提出了文章专题：“超级自传体记忆”是福也是祸。下文分别举例解释福和祸详细内容。题干中both a curse and a blessing 是对定位句中 a mixed blessing 同义转述，意为“祸福相依”，故答案为L）。

M) “Imagine being able to remember every painting, on every wall, in every gallery space, between nearly 40 countries,” he says. “That’s a big education in art by itself.” With this comprehensive knowledge of the history of art, he has since become a professional painter.
M）“想象一下可以记起近40个国家每一种美术馆中每一面墙上每一幅画，”她说。“这自身就是宏大艺术教育。”凭借着对艺术史渊博学识，她因此成了一名专业画家。

N) Donohue, now a history teacher, agrees that it helped during certain parts of her education: “I can definitely remember what I learned on certain days at school. I could imagine what the teacher was saying or what it looked like in the book. ”
N）唐纳休目前是一名历史老师，她同意“超级自传体记忆”对她教育特定方面有协助：“我能淸楚记得某些天在学校学到东西。我能想象老师在说什么，和书本上看起来是什么样。”

O) Not everyone with HSAM has experienced these benefits，however. Viewing the past in high definition can make it very difficult to get over pain and regret. “It can be very hard to forget embarrassing moments,” says Donohue. “You feel the same emotions—it is just as raw, just as fresh... You can’t turn off that stream of memories, no matter how hard you try. ” Veiseh agrees: “It is like having these open wounds—they are just a part of you,” he says.
O）（44）但不是每个拥有“超级自传体记忆”人所有能体会这些好处。对过去记得太淸楚就会很难从痛苦和遗憾中解脱出来。“很难忘掉那些尴尬瞬间，”唐纳休说，“你会体会那些同样鲜活情绪……不管多么努力去尝试，你所有无法关掉回忆闸门。”维瑟同意地说道：“就像带着永远无法愈合伤口——它们已经成为你一部分。”
44. Some people with HSAM find it very hard to get rid of unpleasant memories.
44.【定位】由题干中HSAM和find it very hard定位到文章O）段第一、二句。
O）【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到，不是每一种拥有“超级自传体记忆”人所有能体会这些好处。对过去记得太淸楚就会很难从痛苦和遗憾中解脱出来。题干中 get rid of 和 unpleasant memories 分别对应定位句中get over和pain and regret.。题干是对定位句同义转述，故答案为O）。

P) This means they often have to make a special effort to lay the past to rest. Bill, for instance, often gets painful “flashbacks”, in which unwanted memories intrude into his consciousness, but overall he has chosen to see it as the best way of avoiding repeating the same mistakes. “Some people are absorbed in the past but not open to new memories, but that’s not the case for me. I look forward to each day and experiencing something new. ”
P）（40）这意味着她们常常不得不付出格外努力来放下过去回忆。例如：比尔就常常遭遇痛苦“闪回”，不想要冋忆入侵她意识，不过总体上她选择视其为防止犯同样错误最佳措施。“有人沉浸于过去而不乐意启动新记忆，但我不会这样，我期盼每一天，期盼体验新鲜事物。”

40. People with HSAM often have to make efforts to avoid focusing on the past.
40.【定位】由题干中have to make efforts和the past定位到文章P）段笫一句。
P）【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到，这意味着她们常常不得不付出格外努力来放下过去回忆。根据上下文可知，原文中they指就是题干中 People with HSAM。题干中 avoid focusing on the past 是对定位句中 lay the past to rest 同义转述，故答案为P）。

L）—P）段论述拥有超强记忆能力福祸相依，并举例阐明。