高考英语语法复习题3.doc

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高考英语书面表达题技巧突破指南

㈠对高考英语书面表达题的基本认识
书面表达题旨在测试考生的英语表达能力，看其是否能够运用学过的英语知识和掌握的技能进行思想交流。从历年高考试卷来看，书面表达是指导性写作，即按照题目所给的目的、时间、对象、地点、内容、长度等条件去完成写作。它不同于命题作文，可以随意发挥；也不是简单的句子翻译。必须做到行文切题，紧扣中心思想，不漏要点，并且意思连贯，文理通顺，语言准确、得当。
㈡书面表达题的题型特征
从近些年的高考英语书面表达题来看，我们基本上可以将书面表达题大致归纳为两种写作类型：一类是文字性提示／表格提示写作；另一类是看图作文。
⑴文字提示/表格提示写作
对于文字提示的写作，要注意根据表达的需要选择恰当的时态。如对于表格提示的写作，特别要注意重新组织所给的材料，不能依据表格逐条地翻译。
⑵看图写作
看图写作比文字提示写作更能考察学生的思维能力和语言组织能力。大致可分为三种类型：①写信。英语书面表达几乎都是要求写书信，运用的时态多是一般现在时态，间或使用一般过去时。。②写日记。写日记一般是叙述过去的事件，所以句子的时态多是一般过去时，看图作文须注意的问题：①仔细观察几幅图画，弄清故事的开头和结尾，理清事件的发展过程; ②确定好表达要点, 要点不仅仅体现在图画中，还体现在所给题目要求的文字中。
㈢解书面表达题的基本技巧及范例
⒈基本技巧：
⑴首先要认真审题。读懂题目所给信息，初步确定要点内容，并可用序号标出以免遗忘。
⑵列题纲使用要点条理化，序化，统筹安排布局。
⑶勿要直译，需意译。尤其对看图情景作文要构建完整故事结构，不可逐句罗列了事。
⑷要刻意把好语言关。要用自己最熟悉的句型结构和词语，力求文理通顺，语言准确。没有把握的词句不要写，确有把握的的可以锦上添花。
⑸遇到一时想不起的词语，需变通。可以用同义近义词代替，也可以用否定词加反义词来表达，亦可变换句式。不可钻牛角尖，更不能生造词语，汉化表达。
⑹注意文章的长度。看具体内容而定，如果内容多，应多用复杂句式，如果内容不多，为了达到词的限数应多用简单句式，并适当增补合理内容。
⑺注意保持卷面整洁，书写工整清楚，书写的好坏会直接影响阅卷老师的情绪。
⑻最后应注意复查全文。看内容要点有无遗漏，标点、格式、大小写是否规范，是否有语病等。
⒉经典范例：
假设你是李华，你的澳大利亚朋友Dick听说中国的中小学正在减轻学生的学习负担，来信询问有关情况。请你根据下表提供的信息，写一封回信，谈一谈减负给你的学习和生活带来的变化。
周末活动（减负前）
周末活动（减负后）

白天：上课、做作业
白天：参观博物馆，学习电脑、绘画等

晚上：做作业
晚上：看新闻、读书、看报

就寝时间：11:30
就寝时间：10:30

注意：1.词数100左右。2.开头已为你写好。
生词：reduce learning load减轻学习负担
Dear Dick,
     How nice to hear from you again.  ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________   

Best wishes,
Li Hua
解析
高考书面表达试题要求考生根据以表格的形式提供的情景用英语写一篇100个单词左右的书信，给澳大利亚朋友Dick介绍减负给自己学习和生活带来的变化。写作过程中所需要的生词已给出，短文的开头也已经为考生写好。
写作过程：
⑴认真审题，明确要求。
①由汉语提示可知，应用第一人称完成短文；
②在写作过程中，要突出减负给学习生活带来的便利；
③在写作过程中，要根据表格中的中文提示，写成一篇行文连贯、条理清楚的文章而不宜将表格中的中文直译成英语。
⑵审视表格，列出要点。
①过去忙于上课、做作业；
②现在有时间看新闻、参观博物馆等；
③现在有时间看新闻、读报纸；
④不必再熬夜。
⑶依据要点，编拟提纲。
①     I used to have to do endless homework and attend classes even
at weekends.
②Now I have more free time to read books, visit museums even
and so on.
③In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers.④I can go to bed earlier.
⑷按照文体，组织语篇。
One possible version:
Dear Dick,
How nice to hear from you again. You want to known what is going on in schools in China? In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load. I don’t know about others, but I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well. Now I have more free time, I can follow my own interests such as reading books, visiting museums, and taking computer lessons. In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers. What’s more, I can go to bed earlier.
As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.
Best wishes,
                                                                  Li Hua
（四）解书面表达题必要的知识储备
从知识储备的角度来说，我认为解书面表达题除了具备必要的词汇量、一定的语法知识和语言组织能力外，还要着重注意以下两点：
⒈掌握下面几种常用的英文文体的格式
⑴书信格式示例 ：   
25 Tianshui Road
Lanzhou, China
January 3rd, 2003
208 Hope Road
Sydney, Australia
Dear Laura,
    How are you getting on now?___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
                                                                        Yours,
                          Zhou Lan
⑵通知格式示例：
①书面通知格式示例
NOTICE
In order to arouse the students’ interest in learning English, the Student Union has decided to set up an English Club with the help of the teachers of English.
__________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
                                                                 Student Union
November 9, 2004
②口头通知格式示例
Boys and girls,
    May I  have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.
    The Students’ Union is going to hold a party on Sunday evening, November 12th, to welcome our friends from the United States.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
That’s all . Thank you!
⑶致词(speech)格式示例：
①欢迎词格式示例
Ladies and gentlemen/ Mr President/etc,
Welcome to-------
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
That’s all. Thank you.
②欢送词格式示例
Dear friends,
___________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Good luck to -----/ Goodbye, dear friends.
⒉了解下面一些可能在英语书面表达中使用到的重要句型
1）以形式主语it引导的有关句型。
（1）“It is / was＋被强调的部分＋that(who)+剩余的部分.”例如：
①It wasn’t until he came back that I went to bed.“直到他回来我才睡觉”(一定要注意被强调句型谓语动词否定的转移及形式)。
②It was because he was ill that he didn’t come to school today.“只因为他有病了今天没有来上学”（只能用because而不能用for, as 或since）
③It is I who am a student. “我确实是个学生”。
（2）“It happened（chanced）that +clause. = sb. happened /chanced sth. =sb.did sth. by chance.”  例如：
It happened that he was out when I got there.“当我到那儿时，碰巧他不在”＝He happened to be out when I got there.= It chanced that he was out when I got there= He was out by chance when I got there.
（3）“It seems that sb. do/ be doing/ have done/ had done= Sb. seems to do/ be doing/ have done/ had done”（还有动词appear可这样使用）例如：
It seemed that he had been to Beijing before.“好像你以去过北京”＝He seemed to have been Beijing before.
（4）“It is high time (time/ about time) (that) 主语＋should do / did+其它”（注意从句中的谓语动词用的是虚拟语气）  例如：
It is high time that we should go / went home.我们该回家了。
（5）“It is / was said ( reported…)＋that+从句.”  例如：
It was said that he had read this novel.“据说他读过这篇小说”＝He was said to have read this novel.
（6）“It is impossible / necessary/ strange…that clause.”(从句中的谓语用should＋do / should have done，其形式是虚拟语气) 例如：
It is strange that he should have failed in this exam.真奇怪，他这次考试没有及格。
（7）“It is + a pity/ a shame…that clause.” (注意从句中的谓语动词用should do或should have done的形式，但should可以省略)   例如：
He didn’t come back until the film ended. It was a pity that he should have missed this film. “他直到电影结束才回来。他没有看到这部电影真可惜”
（8）“It is suggested / ordered/ commanded /…that +clause.” (从句的谓语动词用should do, 但should可以省略) 例如：
It is suggested that the meeting should be put off.“有人建议推迟会议”。
（9）“It is/was＋表示地点的名词＋where+从句” （注意本句不是强调句型，而是以where引导的定语从句）  例如：
It was this house where I was born.请比较：It was in this house that I was born.(后一句是强调句型。)
（10）“It is / was +表示时间的名词＋when+从句” （注意本句型也不是强调句型，而是以when引导的定语从句）  例如：
It was 1999 when he came back from the United States. 请比较：It was in 1999 that he came back from the United States.
（11）“It is well-known that＋从句”  例如：
It is well-known that she is a learned woman.“众所周知，她是个知识渊博的妇女”。
（12）“It is +段时间＋since+主语＋did.” // “It was +段时间＋since+主语＋had done.”  例如：
①It is five years since he left here.“他已经离开这儿五年了”。
②It was five years since he left here.（同上）
（14）“It +谓语＋段时间＋before+主语＋谓语”（before引导的是时间状语从句）  例如：
①It wasn’t long before the people in that country rose up.“没有多久那个国家的人民就起义了”
②It will be three hours before he comes back.“三个小时之后他才能回来”
（15）“It is +形容词＋for+ sb.+ to do.”  例如：
It is impossible for me to finish this work before tomorrow.“我明天之前完成此工作是不可能的”
（16）“It is +（心理品质方面的）形容词＋of + sb. +to do.”= “主语+ be +形容词＋to do.”(常用的形容词有：kind, stupid; foolish, good, wise等)   例如：
It is kind of you to help me.＝You are kind to help me.“你真好给我提供了帮助”
2）定语从句中的有关句型：
（1）由as引导的非限定性的定语从句。例如：
As we have known, he is a most good student.“众所周知，他是个很好的学生”请比较：It is well-known that he is a most good student.（前一个是定语从句，而后者是个主语从句）
（2）由which引导的非限定性的定语从句。例如：
He is a professor, which I have been looking forward to becoming.“他是个教授，那是我一直盼望的职业”（因为先行词professor是表示职业的名词，因此引导词用which，而不用who。（注意：关于which和as之间的比较请看语法的定语从句部分。）
（3）由where, when引导的定语从句（其中包括限定性的或非限定性的） 例如：
①This is the house where I used to come.请比较：This is the house which / that I used to come to.
②This is the day when I joined the Party.请比较：This is the day which / that I joined the Party on.
[说明]：关于that与which之间的区别，请看语法中的定语从句。
3）让步状语从句中的有关句型：
“No matter what / which / who / where / when / whose＋从句，＋主句”（注意从句中的时态一般情况用一般现在时态）  例如：
①No matter what you do, you must do it well.请比较：Whatever you do, you must do it well. “无论你做什么，一定要做好”
②No matter where you go, please let me know.请比较：Wherever you go, please let me know.“你无论去哪儿，请通知我”
[说明]：这两种句型形式不同，而意义完全相同。
注意：I will tell whoever would like to read it.句中的whoever不能用whomever来代替，因为它既作动词tell的宾语，又作后面从句的主语。
4）条件状语从句的有关句型：
（1）“When / So long as / As long as / Once +从句，＋主句”（从句也可以放在主句之后）例如：
①As long as you give me some money, I will let you go.“只要你给我一些钱，我就让你走”
②Once you have begun to learn English, you should learn it well. “一旦你开始学习英语，你应该把它学好”
（2）“主句＋on condition that+从句”  例如：
I will go with you on condition that you give me some money.“我和你一起去的条件是你给我一些钱”
（3）“主句＋unless+从句.”(注意：由于unless本身是否定词，所引导的从句的谓语动词用肯定)   例如：
I will go there tomorrow unless it rains.“我明天去那儿除非下雨”
（4）“祈使句，＋and/ and then+主句”（注意：祈使句也可用一个名词短语）  例如：
①Use your head, and you will find a good idea.“动脑筋想一想，你就会想出一个好主意”
②Another word, and I will beat you.“你再说一句，我就揍你”
（5）“If +necessary / impossible/ important等，＋主句”  例如：
If necessary, I will do it. “如果有必要的话，我来做此事。”
5）原因状语从句的有关句型
（1）“主句＋in case+从句”（in case表示以免）   例如：
I will take my raincoat in case it rains.我要把雨衣带上以免下雨。
（2）“主句＋due to / because of / owning to / + the fact that +从句”   例如：
He did not come to school because of the fact that he was ill.“由于他有病了，所以没有来上学”
6）时间状语从句中的有关句型
（1）“When / While / As +从句，＋主句”（关于它们之间的区别请看语法）   例如：
When I was in the country, I used to carry some water for you.“当我在农村时，我常常给你打水”
（2）“主句＋after / before +从句.”   例如：
①They hadn’t been married four months before they were devoiced.“他们绘结婚不到四个月就离婚了”
②We went home after we had finished the work.“我们做完此工作就回家了”
（3）“主语＋肯定谓语＋until＋从句（或时间）” // “主语＋否定谓语＋until+从句”
例如：
①I worked until he came back.“我一直工作到他回来”
②I didn’t worked until he came back.“他回来我才开始工作”
（4）“As soon as / Immediately / Directly / Instantly / The moment / The instant / The minute +从句，＋主句.”  例如：
My father went out immediately I got home.“我一到家，我父亲就出去了”
（5）“No sooner +had + 主语＋done…than +主语＋did.” // “主语＋had + no sooner +done…than +主语＋did.”  例如：
①No sooner had I got to Beijing than I called you.“我一到北京就给你打电话了”
②I had no sooner got to Beijing than I called you. （同上）
（6）“Hardly +had +主语＋done…when / before + 主语＋did.” // “主语＋had +hardly + done…when / before +主语＋did.”  例如：
①Hardly had she had supper when she went out. “她一吃完晚饭就出去了”
②She had hardly had supper when she went out. （同上）
（7）“By the time+从句，＋主句.”（注意时态的变化）   例如：
①By the time you came back, I had finished this book.“到你回来时，我已经写完了这本书”
②By the time you come back, I will have finished this book.“到你回来时，我将写完这本书”
（8）“each / every time +从句，＋主句.”(这时相当于whenever 或no matter when引导的从句。从句也可放在主句之后)   例如：
Each time he comes to Harbin, he always drops in on me.“每当他来哈尔滨，总是随便来看看我”
7）地点状语从句的有关句型：
（1）“Where +从句，＋主句.”  例如：
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.“哪里没有雨水，种庄稼是很难的或者是不可能的”
（2）“Anywhere / wherever+从句，＋主句.”  例如：
①Anywhere I go, my wife goes too.“无论我去哪儿，我的妻子也去哪儿”
②I will go wherever you suggest.“你建议我去哪儿，我就去哪儿 ”
8）目的状语从句的有关句型：
（1）“主句＋in order that / so that +从句.”   例如：
I got up early in order that I could catch the first bus.“我起得很早，以便能赶上早班车”
（2）“主句＋for+sb. +to do.”（注意动词不定式复合结构在这儿作目的状语）  例如：
He came here for me to work out this problem.“他来这儿叫我帮他解出这道难题 ”
9）结果状语从句的有关句型：
（1）“主句＋so that+从句.”  例如：
It was very cold, so that the river froze.“天气很泠，因此河水结冰了”
（2）“So+形容词/ 副词＋特定动词＋主语＋…＋that+从句.”  例如：
So interesting is this book that I would like to read it again.“这本书那么有趣，我想再读一遍”
（3）“主语＋谓语＋such+名词＋that+从句.”  例如：
He made such rapid progress that he was praised by the teacher.“他进步很快，老师表扬了他”
（4）“Such was + 主语＋that +从句.”(这是个完全倒装句)   例如：
Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.“爆炸力这么大，所有的窗户都被震碎了”
10）比较状语从句的有关句型：
（1）“The +形容词比较级……，（主句）the +形容词比较级＋……”  例如：
The sooner you do it, the better it will be.“越早越好”
（2）“主语＋谓语＋as +形容词原级＋as +被比较的对象.”  例如：
He is as busy as a bee.“他非常忙”
（3）“主语＋谓语＋the＋形容词比较级＋of / between …”  例如：
He is the taller of the two.“他们俩人中他高”
（4）“主语＋谓语＋倍数＋as＋形容词原级＋as＋被比较的对象.”  例如：
This room is three times as large as that one.“这个房间是那个房间的三倍大”（这个房间比那个房间大两倍。）
（5）“主语＋谓语＋百分数/倍数＋形容词比较级＋than＋被比较的对象.”  例如：
①This city is twice larger than ours.“这个城市比我们城市大两倍”
②The early rice output in that commune was 200% more than that of 2000.“那个公社的早稻产量是2000年的两倍”
（6）“主语＋谓语＋the size / length/ width/ height +of +被比较的对象.”  例如：
Our building is twice the height of yours.“我们的大楼比你们的高两倍”
11）其它句型
（1）“It doesn’t matter wh-+从句”  例如：
①It doesn’t matter to me what you will do tomorrow.“你明天做什么与我无关”
②It doesn’t matter whether you will come or not.“你来不来无关紧要”
（2）“形容词/ 副词 / 名词（可数单数）+as / though +主语＋谓语，＋主句.”  例如：
①Young as he is, he knows a lot.“虽然他很小，但他知道得很多”
②Hard he works, I am sure that he can’t pass this exam.“虽然他学习很努力，这次考试他肯定不能及格”
③Child as he is, he knows a lot.“虽然他是个孩子，但他懂得很多”
（3）“Were / Should / Had +主语＋谓语，＋主句.”  例如
Were I you, I would have gone there yesterday.“如果我是你的话，昨天我就去那儿了”
（4）“Only +状语＋特定动词＋主语＋谓语…”  例如：
①Only by this means can I do this work well.“只有用那种方式我才能做好此工作”
②Only because he was ill did he not come to school.“只因为他有病了才没有来上学”
③Only then did I realize that I had been wrong.“只有那时，我才认识到我错了”
（5）“Not only +特定动词＋主语＋谓语…but also+主语＋谓语…”  例如：
Not only did he learned English well but also he spoke French very well.“他不但英语学得好，而且法语讲得很流利”
（6）whether….or…, neither…nor…, either…or…
（7）“主语＋doubt＋whether + 从句.”// “主语＋特定否定词＋doubt＋that＋从句.”  例如：
I don’t doubt that he will come this afternoon.“我确信他下午一定能来”
五）平时学生书面表达中常见的错误类型及应对策略
⒈常见错误：
⑴格式错误
有的考生不能正确地运用书信或日记的格式。A)书信常有五部分：①信头:右上角写上收信人的地址和写信日期; ②称谓; ③正文; ④结束语, 常用的有Yours sincerely/Yours truly/Yours faithfully…; ⑤签名。B)日记格式：顶格写上月、日、年和星期，右边写上天气情况。
⑵词序错误
①并列的人称代词做主语时，I没有放在最后。例如：I, you and he are all League members.
②没弄清英语中真正