现在完成时被动语态小结和专项练习.doc

现在完毕时（The present perfect tense）的用法小结
一、构成：助动词have / has＋p.p（动词的过去分词）
二、用法：现在完毕时既涉及过去，又联系现在。用法一：表达过去发生或已经完毕的某一动作对现在导致的影响或结果。常与just（刚刚），already（已经），never（历来没有），ever（曾经），before（以前），yet（仍然），once（一次），twice（两次），many times（很多次），how many times（多少次），so far（迄今为止），during the past（last）three years（最近三年来）等连用。
※    副词的位置：
①just常用于肯定句中，放在have / has后，He has just come .
②never表达否认, 放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great Wall.
③ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have / Has＋主语＋ever ＋过去分词？“…曾经……过吗？”用于询问某人过去的经历。Have you ever been to the farm？
④before用于句末，The woman has never heard of that before.
⑤yet 用于句末或not 之后.Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet.
⑥already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末.We have already finished it.
⑦so far用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon.
用法二：表达过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语有：
①    for＋表达一段时间的词语I have taught English for 19 years。
②    since＋表达过去时间点的词语He has been at this school since 1986.
③    since＋表达过去的时间状语从句I have lived here since I was born.
④    since＋一段时间＋ago. I have known him since 20 years ago.
三、现在完毕时态中可以和表达一段时间状语（for，since，how long, all one’s life）连用的动词必须是表达延续的情况或动作的动词，即延续性动词。如：be，have，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，talk，draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep，drive，write，do，clean等。
I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years. How long has he lived here?
四、延续性动词的现在完毕时可和涉及“现在”在内的（到说话时仍未结束）表达一段时间的状语连用。如this morning，today，this week，these days
He has been to Beijing three times this year. He has written two letters this morning.（说话时间在上午）He wrote two letters this morning.（说话时间在下午或晚上）
五、英语中尚有一些动词的意义决定它们所表达的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”，常见的有：come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，open，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，get up，become，borrow，lend，find，finish，receive等。这些动词可用于现在完毕时，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和表达一段时间的状语（how long，for，since）连用。
He has come back.（√）He has come back for two hours.（×）
※    但在否认句中，非延续性动词也可用表达一段时间的状语来修饰，如
I haven’t heard from my father for a long time. We haven’t seen him since 1999.
六、当终止性动词（非延续性动词）与表达一段时间的状语（how long，since，for， all one’s life）相矛盾时,改正错句的方法有如下几种:
（1）用副词ago把现在完毕时的句子改为一般过去时.
He has come back for two weeks.（错）改为:He came back two weeks ago.（正）
I have lost my bike for ten days. （错）改为:I lost my bike ten days ago. （正）
（2）用“It is / has been＋时间＋since＋一般过去时态”句型来改写。
He has joined the League for 3 years. （错）It is 3 years since he joined the League.
I have bought the book for 5 days. （错）It is 5 days since I bought the book. （正）
He has died for 20 years. （错）It is 20 years since he died. （正）
（3）用“时间＋has passed＋since＋一般过去时态”句型来改写。
He has left home for 20 years. 改为:Twenty years has passed since he left home.
He has lost his pen for 2 days. 改为:Two days has passed since he lost his pen.
（4）用系表结构来改写.
He has died for 20 years. 改为: He has been dead for 20 years.
The factory has opened since 1999. 改为:The factory has been open since 1999.
How long has he left? 改为:How long has he been away?
（5）用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。
He has bought the book for two weeks. 改为:He has had the book for two weeks.
常见的相应转换形式如下:
borrow / lend→keep, buy→have, finish / end→be over, arrive /come / go / move / reach /get to→be in /at / be here /be there, begin / start→be on , open→be open , close→be closed, die→be dead , leave→be away（from）,go to school→be in school / be a student, get up→be up, fall asleep→be asleep , fall ill→be ill, get to know→know, lose→be lost, become→be, return / come back / get back→be back, join→be in / be a…member, join the army→be in the army /be a soldier, receive / get a letter→have a letter , catch / get a cold→have a cold, begin to study→study,
他参军已有三年.He has joined the army for three years.（错）改为:
He has been in the army for three years / since three years ago.
He has been a soldier for three years / since three years ago.
He joined the army three years ago.
It is three years since he joined the army.
Three years has passed since he joined the army.
七、如何通过与一般过去时做比较,进一步掌握现在完毕时?
一般过去时和现在完毕时的动作都发生在过去,但意义却不同.

（1） 一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系。
现在完毕时表达过去发生的某一动作对现在导致的影响,强调的是现在。
如:I learned ten English songs（说明过去学过,现在是否记得,不是本句的内容）
I have learnt ten English songs.（learn发生在过去,但强调我现在懂英语歌曲）
I cleaned the blackboard half an hour ago.（只说明“擦”和其发生的时间）
I have cleaned the blackboard.（说明现在黑板是干净的）
The teacher has written some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在有单词）
The teacher wrote some new words on the blackboard（黑板上现在没有单词）
（2）一般过去时可以和表达过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday, last year, three days ago, just now, 等。现在完毕时不能和表达过去的时间状语连用,其时间状语可以是since…,for… , just, ever, never, before, already, yet , so far, all one’s life等
八、规则动词的过去分词和它的过去式相同,即在原形后加－ed（－d）。已学近80个不规则动词的过去分词约有半数也和它的过去式相同,分类如下,利于记忆:
①原形中的元音字母有变化:
get-got-got, sit –sat-sat win-won-won spit- spat- spat shine –shone- shone
find- found- found hold-held-held meet- met-met stand- stood-stood
understand-understood-understood feed- fed-fed hang-hung-hung
②原形中的辅音字母有变化:
make-made-made spill-spilt-spilt have/ has-had-had build-built-built
send-sent-sent lend- lent- lent spend-spent-spent
③在原形后加t或d:
spoil-spoilt-spoilt learn-learnt-learnt mean-meant-meant hear-heard-heard
pay-paid-paid say-said-said lose-lost-lost lay-laid-laid
④原形中的元音字母和辅音字母都有变化:
feel-felt-felt smell-smelt-smelt spell-spelt –spelt keep-kept-kept
sleep-slept-slept sweep-swept-swept leave-left-left sell-sold-sold
tell-told-told catch-caught-caught teach-taught-taught buy-bought-bought
bring-brought-brought think-thought-thought wear-wore-worn
⑤与原形相同:
hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurt let-let-let put-put-put read-read-read
set-set-set shut-shut shut cost-cost-cost cut-cut-cut
⑥尚有些不规则动词的过去分词与过去式不相同,为便于记忆,也分类如下:
1)原形中的元音字母有变化:
ring-rang-rung sing-sang-sung drink-drank-drunk swim-swam-swum
begin-began-begun sink-sank-sunk
2) 在原形上加－en:
eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen ride-rode-ridden write-wrote- written
 be-was/were-been rise-rose-risen forget-forgot-forgotten
3)在原形上加－n:
see-saw-seen give-gave-given drive-drove-driven take-took-taken
mistake-mistook-mistaken draw-drew-drawn blow-blew-blown
grow-grew-grown know-knew-known show-showed-shown throw-threw-thrown
4)在过去式上加－n:
steal-stole-stolen break-broken–broken choose-chose-chosen speak-spoke-spoken wake-woke-woken
6) 与原行相同:come-came-come run-ran-run become-became-become
7) 原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同的:
do-did-done go-went-gone fly-flew-flown lie-lay-lain
个别动词有两个过去式和过去分词,一个为规则变化,另一个为不规则变化:

learn learned-learned shine shined-shined smell smelled-smelled
learnt-learnt shone-shone smelt-smelt

wake waked-waked spell spelled-spelled
woke-woken spelt –spelt

现在完毕时专项练习
1. 现在完毕时的结构：______________________________
2. 至少写出10个短暂性动词和其相应的延续性动词：
____________________________________________________________________ ____________
典型例题解析
一. 选择填空
1.( ) Mr. Dong _______ actually _______ in Kowloon Walled City since he was very young.
A. have …lived B. has…lived C. have…live D. has …living
2.( )----Do you know Yao Ming very well?
----Of course !.I _________a lot of news about him on TV so far.
A. read B. am reading C. have read D. reads
3.( )---Now Nanjing is so beautiful that I can’t recognize it when I came back.
---Yes. Great changes _______________ in the past ten years.
A. has taken place B. have taken place C. took place D. take place
4.( )--Where is my English book ? --I __________it here but I can’t find it now.
A. putted B. have just put C. was putting D. am putting
5.( )It’s 7:30. I can’t believe you _______ cooking dinner yet, Sandy.
A. didn’t start B. haven’t started C. don’t start D. won’t start
6.( ) Mother ____me a new coat yesterday. I _______ it on. It fits me well.
A. had made…have tried B. made…have tried
C. has made…tried D. made…tried
7.( ) “He ____to draw horses already”. “When ______ he learn?” “Last year”
A.learned…has B. learned…did C. has learned…has D. has learned…did
8.( ) Tom _____up into the tree. Look, he ____ high up there !
A. has get…is B. has climbed…was C. got …was D. climbed…is
9.( ) ____ you _____ the text _____ ? Yes, we ____ it two hours ago.
A. Did…copy…yet…did B. Have…copied…already…have
C. Have…copied…yet…did D. Did …copy…ever…had
10.( ) ---Have you got the plan ready ______? ---No,_________.
A. already , not yet B. yet , not yet C. already , I haven’t D. ever , not yet
二. 用动词的对的形式填空
1. We ________________(study ) in Little Star English since two years ago.
2. ---__________Oxfam Trailwalker ___________(be) one of Hong Kong’s biggest fund-raising events since 1981? ---Yes , it__________.
3. Tsunami ______________(not happen) in the south-east of China recently.
4. My father ___________ (read) the novel twice.
5. --- The door is open. Who ______ (open) it? Do you know?---- Sorry, I don’t know.
6. ----She ______________(buy) a Hello Kitty for you , hasn’t she?
---Yes, she _______.She __________(buy) it in Sanrio Puroland last summer.
7. This is the nicest park I __________(see).
8. ---Are you sure you_______________(lose) your dictionary?
---Yes, I _______________(look) for it everywhere , but I still can’t find it.
9. The children _________ (enjoy) themselves in the party last Sunday morning..
10. They _________ (study) English for a long time.
三. 对下列句子划线部分提问：
1.Miss Brown has taught English for 15 years.( 改为一般疑问句句，并作肯定回答）
____________________________________________________________
2.The soldiers have already planted some trees on the river bank.（改为否认句）
____________________________________________________________
3.He has planted some trees in front of his house.
____________________________________________________________
4.Daniel has collected some Chinese stamps.
____________________________________________________________
5.The two Australian teachers have visited that village twice.
____________________________________________________________
6.My friend has been away for about a month.
____________________________________________________________
7.Millie hasn't come because he is ill.
____________________________________________________________
8.She will be back in two days.(用for two days 改写)
_____________________________________________________________
四.句型转换
1. The dress is very beautiful. I want to buy it very much. (同义句)
The dress is beautiful I want to buy it very much.
2. He can help us because he has organized a charity show before. (对划线部分提问)
________________ ____________ he _____________ us?
3. I wonder who can join in this party. (同义句)
I wonder who can ________ _________ _______ this party.
4. To join the Riding Club is fun. (用it改写)
____________ is ___________ __________ _________ the Riding Club.
5. We learnt Japanese last year. (同义句)
Japanese ______ ________ _____ _____ ______ ________ .
6. I have known Sandy since three years ago. (对划线部分提问)
___________ ___________ ____________ you ________ Sandy?
7. They borrowed the book three days ago. （同义句）
They ____________ _______________ the book ____________three days.
8. He is watching TV now. (用at that time改写)
He ______________ ____________ TV at that time.
9. I’ll show my friend these photos when I come back. (同义句)
I’ll show these photos my friend I come back.
10.Millie spent at least 50 yuan on the dictionary. (同义句)
Millie at least 50 yuan the dictionary.
Millie at least 50 yuan the dictionary.
The dictionary Millie at least 50 yuan.
五. 根据汉语提醒完毕句子
1．你最近收到你爸爸的来信了吗？
_______ you ______ ________ your father _________ ?
2. 我已经很长时间没有拜访过我姑姑了。
I ________ ________ my aunt ______ ______ _______ _______.
3. Simon曾经去过几次中国。
Simon _______ _______ _______ China for ______ ______ _______.
4. 他们已经去电影院了。
They ______ ______ ______ ______ the cinema.
5. Smith夫妇还没有回来。
The Smiths _______ _______ _______ ________.

被动语态（the Passive Voice)用法小结
一．语态
语态是表达主语和谓语的关系的。假如主语是动作的执行者，动词要用积极语态；假如主语是动作的承受者，动词就要用被动语态。
二．被动语态的基本结构 be + 过去分词（人称.数. 时态的变化都体现在助动词be的变化上）
三. 被动语态合用情况
1 当我们不知道动作的执行者时；2 我们不必提出动作执行者时；3 要强调动作承受者时；4 出于行文的需要
四. 积极句与被动句的转换
积极句的结构：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 其它成分
被动句的结构：宾语+be +动词过去分词+by +主语(宾格) +其它成分
可以省略
e.g. People use English freely. (积极句）
English is used (by people)freely. (被动句）
五．被动语态的几种时态（时态是表达行为．动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式）
１．一般现在时
结构：主语＋am / is / are +过去分词
e.g. 积极句：She cleans her room every day.
被动句：Her room is cleaned (by her) every day. (肯定句）
否认句：Her room isn’t cleaned (by her) every day.
一般疑问句：Is her room cleaned (by her) every day?
注意：被动句的be助动词的变化应按被动句中新主语的人称和数而变化，其时态应与积极句的时态一致．
2.一般过去时
结构：主语＋was / were +过去分词
e.g. 积极句：The workers made the VCD last week.
被动句：The VCD was made by the workers last week.(肯定句)
否认句: The VCD wasn’t made by the workers last week.
一般疑问句：Was the VCD made by the workers last week?
3. 一般将来时
结构：主语＋will be +过去分词
e.g. 积极句：My father will send me to America soon.
被动句：　肯定句：I will be sent to America by my father soon.
否认句：I won’t be sent to America by my father soon.
一般疑问句：Will you be sent to America by your father soon?
4. 现在完毕时
结构：主语＋have / has +been + 过去分词
e.g. 积极句: The boy has finished the work.
被动句:肯定句: The work has been finished by the boy.
否认句: The work hasn’t been finished by the boy.
一般疑问句: Has the work been finished by the boy?
六. 被动语态中的特殊情况
1.不及物动词带介词和介词宾语时，在变为被动语态时，仍然要带上介词。
e.g. The students listen to the teacher carefully in class.
被动句：The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class.
e.g. They look after the new students in the school.
被动句：The new students are looked after by them in the school.
2.当动词带有复合宾语(有宾补), 并且宾补是省去“to”的动词不定式时，在被动语态中应加上“to”。
例如：使役动词（make /let /have）或感官动词（hear ,see, listen to ,look at ,find ,watch,feel等）
e.g. They make us do all the work.
被动句：We are made to do all the work by them.
e.g. We often hear her sing songs.
被动句：She is often heard to sing songs by us.
e.g. I saw him walk to school.
被动句：He was seen to walk to school by me.
当动词带有复合宾语(宾补)，其宾补是带有“to”的动词不定式时，和一般的被动句变化同样。
e.g. Lily asks me to help Lucy.
被动句：I am asked to help Lucy by Lily.
3.当动词带双宾语时(一个宾语是指人，一个是指物)，将其中指人的宾语提前作被动句的主语时，另一个宾语按顺序照抄下来；如是将指物的宾语提前作被动句的主语，在被动句中则指人宾语前应加“to”或“for” 。常见的动词有teach ,give ,pass ,show ,buy, tell……
e.g. They give me some apples.
被动句：I am given some apples by them.
Some apples are given to me by them.
e.g. He told the child some stories.
被动句：The child was told some stories by him.
Some stories were told to the child by him.
e.g.Jack teaches us English.
被动句：We are taught English by Jack.
English is taught to us by Jack.
e.g. She bought me a book.
被动句：I was bought a book by her.(语法对的,不用)
A book was bought for me by her.
没有被动语态的动词
1.表达