2023年名词解释笔记总结.docx
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1、01. Humanism(人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had t
2、he ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been charac
3、teristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3 the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to na
4、me the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical p
5、eriods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classicism(古典主义)Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the trad
6、itional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)Enlightenment movement was a progress
7、ive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2 the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical a
8、nd artistic ideas.4it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope, Jonathan Swift, etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)In the field of literature, the enlightenment moveme
9、nt brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary Fren
10、ch ones.3 they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School(坟场派诗歌)The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostl
11、y devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present, with death and graveyard as themes.2Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism(浪漫主义)1In the mid-18th ce
12、ntury, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.3In t
13、he history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4 The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 18
14、37. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2 with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrong
15、s in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3 Byrons chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10. Critica
16、l Realism(批判现实主义)Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2 It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of
17、 social issues.3 Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4 Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Aestheticism(美学主义)The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement “art for arts sake” was set forth by a French p
18、oet, Theophile Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2 aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.3 According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objec
19、tive. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for arts sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4 This
20、is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for moralitys sake, or art for moneys sake.美学运动旳基本原则“为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔。高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论旳第一人是沃尔特。佩特。美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活。在美学主义看来
21、,所有旳艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观旳产物。艺术不应受任何功利旳影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作。他们还认为艺术不应只关注某些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽旳风格张扬美。这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜旳一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务旳维多利亚老式旳挑战。12.The Victorian period(维多利亚时期) (来源:自考 365 网 zikao365 )In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expre
22、ssion of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2 although writing from different points of view and with different
23、techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injusti
24、ce.3their truthful picture of peoples life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society.4 Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.13. Modernism(现代主义)Moderni
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