自考英语词汇学笔记整理.doc
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1、自考英语词汇学笔记整理(含下载)Chapter 11 - The definition of a word comprises the following points:(1) a minimal free form of a language;(2) a sound unity;(3) a unit of meaning;(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and synt
2、actic function. 1 一个单词定义涉及以下几点: ( 1 )最小的自由形式的语言; ( 2 )固定的语音; ( 3 )固定的意义; ( 4 )在一个句子中可以单独运作的一种形式。词是语言中的最小的自由形式,词有固定的语音,固定的意义固定的句法结构2- Sound and Meaning: symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional.A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the w
3、ord just automatically suggest the animal in question.2 -声音和意义:象征性联系几乎总是任意和常规。 狗称为狗不是由于声音和三个字母构成单词只是自动显示该动物的问题。3- Old English, the speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from选自. t
4、he Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination. 3 -古英语,发言的时间是非常代表更忠实地以书面形式比今天。内部因素是,英文字母表选自从罗马人,在语言中它没有一个单独的字母表现每一个语音,使一些字母必须做的双重职责或结合在一起工作。Another reason is that the pronunciation has
5、changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.另一个因素是,已经改变的发音速度超过拼写数年来,在某些情况下,两国已制定相距甚远。A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the Engl
6、ish vocabulary. 第三个因素是,是由于早起誊录员导致的。 最后是借款,这是一个丰富了英语词汇重要的渠道,5 - Vocabulary: All the words in a language make up its vocabulary. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to a
7、ll the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words. 5 -词汇:所有的文字语言填补其词汇。 ? ?不仅不能提及的总人数中的词的语言,但它可以支持所有用在一个特定的历史时期的词。我们还用它来指所有的话,某一方言,这是一种特定图书,某一学科的话和所拥有的独立的个
8、人。一般估计,当今英语词汇超过万字。 words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words. 词用在一个特定的历史
9、时期。我们还用它来指所有的话,某一方言,这是一种特定图书,某一学科的话和所拥有的独立的个人。一般估计,当今英语词汇超过万字。words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day English v
10、ocabulary is over million words.词用在一个特定的历史时期。我们还用它来指所有的话,某一方言,这是一种特定图书,某一学科的话和所拥有的独立的个人。一般估计,当今英语词汇超过万字。words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The gen
11、eral estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words.词用在一个特定的历史时期。我们还用它来指所有的话,某一方言,这是一种特定图书,某一学科的话和所拥有的独立的个人。一般估计,当今英语词汇超过万字。6 - Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native
12、words and borrowed words by origin.6 -词也许落入基本词股票和nonbasic词汇的使用频率,把内容和功能的话的话的概念,并纳入本地话和外来词的来源。7 - The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the En
13、glish vocabulary, yet it is the most important part of it. These words have obvious characteristics.7 -基本词股票的基础,积累了数百年的词汇和各种形式的共同核心的语言。虽然词的基本词股票构成的一小部分英语词汇,但它是最重要的一部分。这些话具有明显的特点。8 - All national character. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around
14、us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the languageNatural phenomena/Human body and relations/Names of plants and animals/Action, size, domain, state/Numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions 所有的民族性格。词的基本词股票指最常见的事物和现象我们周边的世界,这是必不可少的所有的人谁的语言自然现象/人体关系/地名的植物和动物/行动,大小,网域,国家/数词,代词,介
15、词,连词9 - Stability. Words of the basic word stock have been in use for centuries.9 -稳定性。词的基本词库存已使用了数百年。10 - Productivity . Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words. They can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes.10 -生
16、产力。词的基本词股票大多根词或单音节词。他们可以分别单独使用,同时可以形成新词与其他根源和词缀。11 - Polysemy. Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undertone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous. 11 -多义词。词属于基本词股票往往拥有一个以上的意义,由于其中大部分潜在语义变化的过程中使用,并成为多义。12 - Collo
17、cability . Many words of the basic word stock quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like.12 - Collocability 。许多词的基本词股票相称多的一套表现形式,惯用用法,成语和谚语等。13 - Terminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas 13 -术语组成的技术名词,特别是学科和学术
18、的领域。14 - Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.14 -术语指的是专门的词汇,其中的成员特别是艺术,科学,行业之间的沟通,如在自己的业务。15 - Slang belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand b
19、etween the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant, jargon, and argot, all of which are associated with, or most available to, specific groups of the population.Slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words though so
20、me slang words are new coinages altogether. Slang is colourful, blunt, expressive and impressive. 15 -俚语属于不合标准的语言,一类,似乎站在一般标准之间的话涉及非正式的向任何人提供,并在组词如不能,行话和隐语,所有这些都是相关的,或最可以,具体的人口群体。 俚语创建改变或扩大现有的含义的话虽然有些俚语的话完全是新造词。俚语是丰富多彩的,生硬的,表现力和令人印象深刻。16 - Argot generally refers to the jargon of criminals16 -哤通常指行话罪
21、犯. 17 - Dialectal words are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. 17 -方言词用字只有讲方言的问题。18 - Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.18 - Archaisms字词或形式,一度被普遍使用,但现在只限于专业或有限地使用。19 - Neologisms are newly-created
22、words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.19 -新词是新成立的字或词句,或词已采用新的含义。20 - By notion, words can be grouped into content words and functional words. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals,
23、 which denote objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity.20 -通过概念,词可以分为文字和内容功能的话。内容词表达明确的概念,因此被称为实词。它们涉及名词,动词,形容词,副词和数字,这意味着物体的现象,采用行动,质量,状况,限度,数量。21 - Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to expr
24、ess the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. 21 -虚词没有自己的概念。因此,他们也呼吁空话。作为其重要职能是表达概念之间的关系,词与词之间的关系以及句子之间,他们被称为形式的话。介词,连词,辅助设备和物品属于这一类。22 - However,
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