科技英语翻译全省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

科技英语翻译课程讲课人 李清第1页第一讲科技英语特点第2页序言:任何作品都有特定文体，原文文体不一样，翻译方法也随之而异。试观察比较以下几个片断原文及其译文。It appears that youve got the offer of a very good job.A wonderful job.Are you going to take it?I dont think so.Why not?”I dont want to.第3页 译文:“听说有个很好工作要你去干。”“挺好工作。”“打算干吗？”“不。”“为何不干？”“不想干。”这是小说中一段对话，属于口语文体。其特点是：用词自由，句法结构简单，短句与省略句多，自然朴素，生活气息浓厚。在译文中深入表达汉语口语特点，省去主语“你”、“我”；将英语一个句子“I dont think so”干脆译成一个字“不”，显得简练有力。第4页 She was of a helpless,fleshy build,with a frank,open countenance and an innocent,diffident manner.Her eyes were large and patient,and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about.第5页译文:那妇人生着一副绵软多肉体格，一张坦率开诚面容，一个天真羞怯神气。一双大落落柔顺眼睛，里边隐藏着无穷心事，只有那些对于凄惶无告穷苦人面目作过同情观察人才看得出来。上面五十一个词片断，就利用了十个形容词，占五分之一。“and in then dwelt such a shadow of distress”是非常优美生动文学语言，译文保持了一格调。第6页 Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight,the first score launching a four-point first period outburst,to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6:4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a loss.第7页参考译文:在全国曲棍球联赛中克拉克约翰斯今晚初试锋芒，引发轰动。开场领先四分，首开统计。克拉克发挥中坚作用，约翰逊市高帽队终以6:4击败蒙特利尔市小鸭队，创造了连胜八场未负一场战绩。这是属于应用文新闻文体，其特点是简明扼要，短小精悍，结构紧凑，笔锋犀利。上述这则电讯只有一个句子，却把一场球赛描绘得淋漓尽致，富于吸引力。第8页 The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig.2.The full-scale reading of the meter alone may be 15 volts.With the multiplier 250 volts may be required to move the pointer to full-scale,135 volts across the multiplier and 15 volts across the meter.从上述一段科技文章，不难看出其文体与修辞伎俩与前面列举文艺小说，新闻报道等迥然不一样。科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有改变，惯用前置性陈说，即在句中将主要信息尽可能前置，经过主语传递主要信息。第9页 简而言之，科技文章特点是：清楚、准确、精练、严密。那末，科技文章语言结构特色在翻译过程中怎样处理，这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨问题。现分述以下。第10页一、大量使用名词化结构当代英语语法（A Grammar of Contemporary）在叙述科技英语时提出，大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简练、表示客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在事实。第11页 Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.阿基米德最先发展固体排水原理。句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，首先简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.地球绕轴自转，引发昼夜改变。名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表示概念愈加确切严密。If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler,the heat loss can be considerably reduced.炉壁采取耐火砖可大大降低热耗。科技英语所表述是客观规律，所以要尽可能防止使用第科技英语所表述是客观规律，所以要尽可能防止使用第一、二人称；另外，要使主要信息置于句首。一、二人称；另外，要使主要信息置于句首。第12页二、广泛使用被动语句 依据英国利兹大学John Swales 统计，科技英语中谓语最少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断印象。所以尽可能使用第三人称叙述，采取被动语态，比如：第13页 Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应该注意机器工作温度。而极少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine.你们必须注意机器工作温度。另外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态主要原因。第14页试观察以下短文主语。即使主语能够是人如“we”等,但绝大多数情况都防止使用类似人称主语。Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium.Such a device is called a capacitor,or a condenser,and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance.It is measured in farads.第15页 参考译文:电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开两块金属极板内。这么装置称之为电容器，其储存电能能力称为电容。电容测量单位是法拉。这一段短文中各句主语分别为：Electrical energy Such a device Its ability to store electrical energy It(Capacitance)它们都包含了较多信息，而且处于句首位置，非常醒目。四个主语完全不一样，防止了单调重复，前后连贯，自然流畅。足见被动结构可收简练客观之效。第16页三、使用 动词非谓语结构（非限定动词）如前所述，科技文章要求行文简练，结构紧凑，为此，往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词+动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这么可缩短句子，又比较醒目。试比较以下各组句子。第17页A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.直流电是一个总是沿同一方向流动电流。Radiating from the earth,heat causes air currents to rise.热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。A body can move uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that motion.假如没有改变物体运动原因，那么物体将作匀速直线运动。Vibrating objects produce sound waves,each vibration producing one sound wave.振动着物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波。第18页In communications,the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another.在通讯系统中，电子学要处理问题是怎样把信息从一个地方传递到另一个地方。Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.结构材料选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性。第19页There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another.将能量从一个形式转变成另一个形式有各种不一样方法。In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn,messages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving set.使无线电波依次对每一个声音作出对应改变时，信息就由广播电台传递到接收机。第20页四、后置定语 大量使用后置定语也是科技文章特点之一。常见结构大致有以下五种：第21页1、介词短语 The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.因为摩擦而产生力称之为摩擦力。A call for paper is now being issued.征集论文通知现正陆续发出。第22页2、形容词及形容词短语In this factory the only fuel available is coal.该厂唯一可用燃料是煤。In radiation,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy,similar in nature to light.热能在辐射时，转换成性质与光相同辐射能。第23页3、副词 The air outside pressed the side in.外面空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.向上力与向下力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。第24页4、单个分词，但仍保持校强动词意义。The results obtained must be checked.取得结果必须加以校核The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.产生热量等于浪费了电能。第25页5、定语从句During construction,problems often arise which require design changes.在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计问题。The molecules exert forces upon each other,which depend upon the distance between them.分子相互间都存在着力作用，该力大小取决于它们之间距离。Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.我们几乎没有注意很奇异物质改变天天都在眼前发生。To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235,in which all the atoms are available for fission.制造原子弹，我们必须用铀235，因为铀全部原子都会裂变。第26页五、惯用句型 科技文章中经常使用若干特定句型，从而形成科技文体区分于其它文体标志。比如It-that-结构句型；被动态结构句型；分词短语结构句型；省略句结构句型等。举例以下：第27页It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one.显然，润滑好轴承，比不润滑轴承轻易转动。It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting.看来这两个科学分支是相互依存，相互作用。It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.已经证实，感应电压使电流方向与产生电流磁场力方向相反。It was not until the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy.直到十九世纪人们才认识到热是能量一个形式。第28页Computers may be classified as analog and digital.计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times.新型晶体管开关时间缩短了三分之二。（或-缩短为三分之一。）This steel alloy is believed to be the best available here.人们认为这种合金钢是这里能提供最好合金钢。Electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed as light.电磁波传送速度和光速相同。Microcomputers are very small in size,as is shown in Fig.5.如图5所表示，微型计算机体积很小。第29页In water sound travels nearly five times as fast as in air.声音在水中传输速度几乎是在空气中传输速度五倍。Compared with hydrogen,oxygen is nearly 16 times as heavy.氧与氢比较，重量大约是它十六倍。The resistance being very high,the current in the circuit was low.因为电阻很大，电路中经过电流就小。Ice keeps the same temperature while melting.冰在溶化时，其温度保持不变。An object,once in motion,will keep on moving because of its inertia.物体一旦运动，就会因惯性而连续运动。All substances,whether gaseous,liquid or solid,are made of atoms.一切物质，不论是气态、液态，还是固态，都由原子组成。第30页六、长句The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led,in the first instance,to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations,and at a later stage to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis.第31页 为了解释光学现象，人们曾试图假定有一个含有与弹性固体相同物理性质介质。这种尝试最初曾使人们了解一个能传输横向振动介质详细例证。以后则得出确切结论即并没有假定中构想有该物理特征发光介质。第32页七、复合词与缩略词 大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章特点之一，复合词从过去双词组合发展到多词组合；缩略词趋向于任意构词，比如某一篇论文作者能够就仅在该文中使用术语组成缩略词，这给翻译工作带来一定困难。第33页比如：full-enclosed 全封闭（双词合成形容词）feed-back反馈（双词合成名词）work-harden 加工硬化（双词合成词）criss-cross交叉着（双词合成副词）on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用（多词合成形容词）anti-armoured-fighting-vehicle-missile反装甲车导弹（多词合成名词）radiophotography无线电传真（无连字符复合词）colorimeter色度计（无连字符复合词）第34页 maths(mathematics)数学（淘汰式缩略词）lab(laboratory)试验室ft(foot/feet)英尺cpd(compound)化合物FM(frequency modulation)调频（用首字母组成缩略词）P.S.I.(pounds per square inch)磅/英寸SCR(silicon controlled rectifier)可控硅整流器TELESAT(telecommunications satellite)通信卫星（混成法组成缩略词）依据上述科技文章特点，在翻译过程中就要注意各种不一样翻译技巧与方法。比如被动态译法、长句处理方法、倍数译法等等。第35页总结：科技文体普通特征(1)无人称(Impersonal)(2)语气正式(Formal in Mode of Speech)(3)陈说客观,准确(Objective and Accurate in Statement)(4)语言规范(Standard in Language)(5)文体质朴(Undecorated in Stylistics)(6)逻辑性强(Strict in Logic)(7)专业术语性强(Concentrated in Technical Terms)第36页参考书目：戴文进 科技英语翻译理论与技巧上海外语教育出版社严俊仁 科技阅读与翻译国防工业出版社第37页第二讲英汉语言之对比第38页一.英汉语言之共同处（一）从语言起源和产生规律来说，英汉两种语言都含有些人类语言共同特征。（二）从语言与逻辑思维关系来说，英汉两种语言语序都符合人类逻辑思维自然次序。（三）从语言基本类型来说，英汉两种语言基本同属分析性语言，其词形改变都比较少。第39页二，英汉语言之差异（一）在语源上分属不一样语系 汉藏语系（汉台小语系）印欧语系（西日耳曼小语群）（二）在文化上存在着巨大差异第40页1.词义文化差异2.语法文化差异3.语篇文化差异第41页(三)在表示方式和语言习惯上存在着差异1.在表意手法上差异radio telescopes to be usedmodified processingdata to be checkedconfusing signalsapplied voltage第42页2.在词义塑性上差异3.在词类使用习惯上差异 例:The control unit of an electronic computer causes the machine to operate according to mans wish.译文:电子计算机控制单元使机器按人意志运转.第43页4.在代词使用问题上差异例:As soon as a positive charge approaches an electron,it combines with the latter.译文:正电荷一接触到电子,便马上与其结合。第44页Different metals differ in their conductivity.不一样金属含有不一样导电性。Put your gloves on your hands.戴上手套吧。第45页5.在定语组成及其置式问题上差异 The overhead wires hang from huge porcelain insulators,which are concertina-shaped in order to reduce the effects of dirt and damp in causing leakage of electric current.第46页译文一：架空输电线悬挂在为了降低脏污和湿气对造成电流泄漏影响而做成手风琴形状巨大瓷质绝缘子上。译文二：架空输电线悬挂在巨大瓷质绝缘子上，绝缘子为手风琴形，以降低脏污和湿气对造成电流泄漏影响。第47页6.在被动结构使用方面上差异7.在重复问题上差异例:While small generators(发电机)frequently have revolving armatures,large machines(发电机)usually have stationary armatures and revolving fields.第48页 8.在句子结构方面差异 It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain that this nation,under God,shall have a new birth of freedom and government of the people,by the people,for the people,shall not perish from the earth.第49页(四)在语法规则结构上存在着差异1.在词类规则方面差异词分类不一样词兼类情况不一样词类句法功效不一样I got a fright.She frightened me.It was a frightful lightningIt was frightfully dangerous.第50页我们讨论明年工作计划。讨论进行得很激烈。我们马上展开讨论。讨论内容不得公开。俭朴生活陪同了他一生。当地人简单地生活着。俭朴是劳感人民美德。提倡俭朴，反对浪费。这老人生活从来俭朴。第51页2.在名词数方面差异 （1）在可数名词与不可数名词区分之间差异 （2）在名词复数是否存在着变义方面差异（3）在复数表示方面差异第52页advice advices experienceexperiencesairairsbrainbrainsmannermannersauthorityauthoritiesutteranceutterancesclothclothescolorcolors 第53页corncornscompasscompassesdamagedamagescustomcustomsexportexportsimportimportseffecteffectsgoodgoods 第54页forceforcesgreengreensgroundgroundsheavenheavensspiritspiritsironironsletterletterslooklooks第55页workworkspaperpaperspartpartsquarterquartersregardregardsruinruins 第56页sandsandsscalescalesspectaclespectaclestimetimeswitwitswoodwoods第57页3.在复句方面差异英语复合句分为并列复合句和主从复合句两种。汉语复句主要分为联合复句，偏正复句，多重复句和紧缩复句四种。汉语中没有相当于英语中带名词性从句，定语从句，时间状语从句，地点状语从句和方式状语从句等这么一类从句复句。第58页第三讲英汉翻译理论浅说第59页1.科技文体普通特征(1)无人称(Impersonal)(2)语气正式(Formal in Mode of Speech)(3)陈说客观,准确(Objective and Accurate in Statement)(4)语言规范(Standard in Language)(5)文体质朴(Undornated in Stylistics)(6)逻辑性强(Strict in Logic)(7)专业术语性强(Concentrated in Technical Terms)第60页 那么科学翻译标准是什么？按照信息论观点，翻译本质就是经过语种转换把一个语言言语所承载信息转移到另一个语言言语当中，用该种语言表示出来以传递给目口号言读者过程，是把一个语言言语转换成另一个语言言语活动。第61页 译文对原文信息包含程度称之为译文信息与原作信息等价性，简称信息等价性(Information equivalency)。译文使目口号言读者取得原作信息程度称之为译文信息传递性，简称信息传递性（Information transmittivity)。第62页 译文“信息等价性”和“信息传递性”反映了翻译本质。在翻译过程中，一方面要求译文与原文信息具有等价性，即保证信息等价转化；其次要求译文具有较强信息传递性。“信息等价性”和“信息传递性”是翻译二元基本标准。第63页比如：原文：Naderism is our aim.译文：纳德主义是我们宗旨。应该说，译文与原文信息是等值。但普通来说，我国读者对译文感到茫然。第64页 Nader为美国律师，首先提出“客户第一”观点，所以，Naderism即为“客户至上”。由此可见，译文即使与原文有相同或相等信息，但不能把这种信息传递给目口号言读者，说明等值论亦有其不足。所以，还必须建立与基本标准相对应翻译详细标准(Concrete criteria of translation)。它最少包含以下八个方面：第65页（1）措辞准确性语义学标准（2）逻辑一致性逻辑学标准（3）修辞一致性修辞学标准（4）文体一致性文体学标准（5）语音转化得体语音学标准（6）语法规范性语法学标准（7）文理通达性篇章学标准（8）克服文化差异障碍文化学标准第66页 一.翻译定义二.翻译本质(cipher,encode,decode)三.翻译任务尤金奈达:Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,first in terms of meaning,and secondly in terms of style.第67页(一)明确了要译对象是信息(message)；(二)暗示了因为语言文化上差异,译文与原文只能做到尽可能,或者说最大程度(closest)对等；(三)对译文可接收性有详细要求，即应为自然等值体(natural equivalent)；(四)对内容(即意义 meaning)和形式(即格调style)既强调了统一性，又突出了重点。首先是意义，其次是格调(First in terms of meaning，and secondly in terms of style)。第68页四.翻译标准(一)传意性(Meaning transference)(二)可接收性(Acceptability)(三)相同性(Similarity)第69页五.翻译性质和特点六.翻译可译性原理七.翻译标准刘重德:(一)信 忠实于原文意义(二)达 译文明白通顺(三)切 切合原文格调第70页八.翻译基本方式及其选择(一)翻译基本方式翻译基本方式有直译,意译,音译和阐译四种。第71页1.直译 Two plus two equals four.The machine is the last word in technical skill.Milk Way bulls eye dogs ears bus boy book keeper第72页typewriterpanda cargo moonlightingclock watcherunspeakable gravitation第73页2.意译3.音译motor,radar,laser,microphone,model,AIDS4.阐译summing settings气功(“qigong,a system of deep and rhythmical breathing exercises.”第74页 (二)翻译方式选择标准直译为主，意译为辅，其余为补。In some automated plants electronic computers control the entire production line.The present“packing density”of 2.5 million bits of information per square inch can be increased in the future.第75页九.翻译两个过程原文了解过程和译文表示过程。（一）原文了解过程1.了解全文,领会大意2.仔细推敲,辨识词义(1)查字典Control Center Smoking Free.第76页(2)依据上下文,在整句话中了解词义 以 mechanism为例,说明其在不一样上下文中其词义是不一样。From this,we can see the mechanism of design.Lets see the mechanism responsible for typhoons.An automobile engine is a complex mechanism.第77页 We have no mechanism for changing the decision.At that time,mechanism in philosophy became an upstart.The mechanism of the process,slow and delicate,often escape our attention.The two model variants of the socialist economic mechanism are to be distinguished from the point of view of market function.第78页(3)从专业知识角度分析If a mouse is installed in a computer,then the available memory space for user will reduce.Connect the black pigtail with the dog-house.第79页resistance to traction（力学）resistance to sparking（电学）resistance to heat（物理学）resistance to wear（材料学）第80页3.分析语法,明晰关系the transformer on load变压器负载运行负载运行变压器第81页(二)译文表示过程1.一稿初译,忠实为主2.二稿推敲,力争准确3.三稿定案,考究修辞Best surface finish is provided by machining methods especially br grinding.The block diagram shown in Fig.7 is intended to illustrate the amplifier configuration.第82页This possibility was supported to a limited extent in the tests.There are crossed transverse steady and longitudinal alternating fields.第83页第四讲 科技英语文件阅览 第84页Life Beyond Earth(地球外生命)第85页 Something astonishing has happened in the universe.There has arisen a thing called life a form of matter;qualitatively different from rocks,gas,and dust,yet made of the same stuff,the same elements lying around everywhere.第86页 Life has a way of being obvious,and yet,its notoriously difficult to define in absolute terms.We say that life replicates.Life uses energy.Life adapts.Some forms of life have developed large central processing networks.In at least one instance,life has become profoundly self-aware.第87页 And that kind of life has a big question:what else is alive out there?第88页 There may be no scientific mystery so tantalizing at the bri