初中英语冲刺-重难考点梳理与提分攻略（名词）.docx

【考点梳理】考点一名词的数1.可数名词的数(1)可数名词复数的规则变化种类变化读音例词一般情况在词尾加-s在清辅音后读/s/bookbooks, mapmaps在浊辅音和元音后读/z/mouthmouths, brotherbrothers以s/x/sh/ch结尾在词尾加-es/iz/boxboxes, busbuses,watchwatches以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i加-es/iz/citycities, familyfamilies以f或fe结尾变f/fe为v, 加-es/vz/knifeknives, leafleaves(2)可数名词复数的不规则变化ooeefootfeet; toothteetha emanmen; womanwomen; policemanpolicemen;EnglishmanEnglishmen; FrenchwomanFrenchwomen词尾加renchildchildren特殊变化mousemice不变化sheep; deer; Japanese; Chinese2.不可数名词的数的表达(1)用“数词+量词+ of +不可数名词”表示确定数量。 如:a piece ofbread/meat一块面包/肉;two pieces ofpaper两张纸; three bottles oforange三瓶橘汁;four glasses ofmilk四杯牛奶(2)用much, little, a little以及a lot of, lots of, plenty of, some等来表示不定数量。【特别提示1】名词作定语,一般用单数形式。但man, woman用于名词前作定语时,其单复数形式要与所修饰的名词的单复数形式一致。如:aman/womanteacher (一位男/女教师),twomen/womenteachers (两位男/女教师)【特别提示2】以o结尾加-es的名词英雄(hero)吃西红柿(tomato)拌土豆(potato),有意思(es)!巧记“某国人”的单复数变化中日不变,英法变,其余后面-s添。注: Chinese, Japanese的单、复数相同; Englishman, Frenchwoman要把a变为e。【特别提示3】表“量”的名词一般为可数名词,如piece, bottle, glass, box等,有复数形式。考点二名词所有格名词所有格表示所属关系,即表示某物是“谁的”。按构成方式可概括为以下三种:1. - s所有格的构成和用法有生命的单数名词: +s。如: Mikes father迈克的父亲有生命的复数名词: (1)以s结尾+。如: the teachers room教师办公室(2)不以s结尾+s。如: the childrens books孩子们的书表示几个人共同拥有:只在最后一个词后+s。如: Mary and Kates room玛丽和凯特的房间(共有)表示每人各自拥有:在每个名词后+s。如: Janes and Toms books简和汤姆的书(不共有)2. of所有格“名词+of+名词”也可表示所有关系,构成of所有格。(1)一般说来,无生命的名词用of所有格the gate of the school学校的门口; the center of the city市中心(2)与人的活动有关的名词也可用of所有格。如: the life of the poor穷人的生活3.双重所有格由s所有格和of所有格连用构成的所有格形式叫双重所有格。结构:限定词+名词+of+名词的s所有格/名词性物主代词。【特别提示4】（1）表示时间、距离、国家等的名词,用s所有格。例如: map of China中国地图half an hours walk步行半小时。（2）当既要表示所属关系“某人的”,又需表示数量概念“多少个”时,就要用双重所有格结构。如: “我朋友的两支钢笔”。【误】two my friends pens【正】two pens of my friends【真题再现】一、名词单、复数专练根据首字母、汉语、英语提示,完成单词1. (2023广州中考) He gets up early and exercises every day. Its a goodh_.2. (2020上海中考)Nowadays, many_have been used to work in dangerous situations (robot).3. (2021连云港中考)_(参观者)must show their health QR codes and check their temperature before they go into the museum. 4. (遂宁中考) Nowadays, people care more about the food_(安全). 5. (杭州中考)As the saying goes, “Ana_a day keeps the doctor away. ”6. (宿迁中考) Amy, can you lend me your_(照相机) tomorrow?No problem.7. (安徽中考) With the development of technology,s_(太空) travel will be a common thing.8. (乐山中考) The worlds longest cross-sea bridgethe Hong Kong Zhuhai Macao Bridge is considered as “one of the seven_(奇迹) of the modern world” by some people.二、不可数名词专练单项选择()1. (重庆中考)There are many_teachers in this primary school. A. womanB. womansC. womenD. womens()2. (天津中考)His beautiful music has brought_to people all over the world. A. difficultyB. pleasureC. weatherD. danger()3. (江西中考)Your leg looks really bad! I think you should send for a_about that. A. pilotB. doctorC. singerD. postman()4. (昆明中考)Zhang Guimei started the first free senior high school for girls to help them get an_in Lijiang, Yunnan. A. educationB. invitationC. informationD. imagination三、名词所有格专练用所给词的正确形式填空1. (2023苏州中考)These_(art) design won an international award.2. (2022扬州中考)The writer uses his_(daughter) life in his writing.3. (2022武威中考) Its about one_(hour) bus ride from my home to the airport.4. (2023淮安中考) Forty_(year) development has changed Huaian into a modern city.单项选择()5. (2020自贡中考) A boy is flying a kite over there. Who is he?He is_brother. A. Lucys and LilysB. Lucy and LilysC. Lucys and Lily()6. (2022青岛中考)Is this hat_? No, the red one is_. A. Lucys; herB. Lucy; herC. Lucys; hersD. Lucy; hers()7. (2023内江中考)Peter, how far is it from your home to school?Its only five_walk. A. minuteB. minutesC. minutesD. minutes【参考答案】一、1. (广州中考) He gets up early and exercises every day. Its a goodhabit.2. (上海中考)Nowadays, manyrobotshave been used to work in dangerous situations (robot).3. (连云港中考)Visitors/Tourists(参观者)must show their health QR codes and check their temperature before they go into the museum. 4. (遂宁中考) Nowadays, people care more about the foodsafety(安全). 5. (杭州中考)As the saying goes, “Anapplea day keeps the doctor away. ”6. (宿迁中考) Amy, can you lend me yourcamera/cameras(照相机) tomorrow?No problem.7. (安徽中考) With the development of technology,space(太空) travel will be a common thing.8. (乐山中考) The worlds longest cross-sea bridgethe Hong Kong Zhuhai Macao Bridge is considered as “one of the sevenwonders(奇迹) of the modern world” by some people.二、CBBA三、用所给词的正确形式填空1. (苏州中考)Theseartists(art) design won an international award.2. (扬州中考)The writer uses hisdaughters(daughter) life in his writing.3. (武威中考) Its about onehours(hour) bus ride from my home to the airport.4. (淮安中考) Fortyyears(year) development has changed Huaian into a modern city.单项选择:BCD【提分攻略】一、“观帽”“察动”定名词的单复数1. “观帽”观察名词前的“帽子”(1)名词前有a或an, one, this或that时,该名词要用单数形式。(2)名词前有two, three, these或those, many, a lot of/lots of, one of等时,该名词要用复数形式。2. “察动”观察谓语动词(1)名词作主语时,其谓语动词是系动词is/was或者实义动词的第三人称单数形式,该名词用单数形式。(2)名词作主语时,其谓语动词是系动词are/were或者实义动词原形,该名词用复数形式。二、巧辨可数名词与不可数名词根据修饰语辨别：1.只能修饰不可数名词的词语有: much, a great deal of, a great/large amount of等。2.只能修饰可数名词复数的词语有: many, a (great/large) number of, dozens of等。3.既能修饰可数名词又能修饰不可数名词的词语有: some, a lot of, lots of, plenty of等。三、如何确定名词的所有格?1.根据名词的功能确定如果该名词后还有一个名词,且两者之间有所属关系,前面的名词常用所有格形式。2.根据后面名词的单复数判断所有格形式(1)根据有无s判断是加-还是-s。如果名词带有s,则直接加-;反之加-s。(2)根据名词的单复数判断是共有还是分别有。表示共有,后面的名词通常为单数;若分别有,后面的名词通常为复数。【提分专练】1What about the new train station?The _here is very good. I can find everything I need.AproblemBairCinformationDservice2The boy was so dirty that as soon as he took off his clothes, he produced a terrible _.AsmellBtasteCfeelingDlook3More and more people begin to look for _ over the Internet.AquestionBinformationCreasonDsuccess4People in the UK say “biscuit” while people in the USA say “_”.AyardBtruckCcookieDvacation5More and more foreigners come to visit the Great Wall.Thats true. It is the _ of China.AcultureBprideCeffortDcourage6Do you know when the Shenzhou-13 will come back home?Yes, in April 2022. But I dont know the _, maybe around the 16th.AdateBplaceCreasonDplan7National Treasurequickly became popular after it came out on CCTV. It means a growing _ in traditional culture among Chinas youth.AdreamBhabitCdirectionDinterest8Do you think the dish is delicious?Sorry, Ive had too much and Ive lost my _ of taste.AsenseBsecretCpowerDfeeling9 Do you know the _ “A friend is easier lost than found”? No, never. What does it mean?AactivityBsayingCdifferenceDresult10I want to get more _ about the 2022 Asian Games.You can surf the Internet.AinformationBserviceCtalent11Id like to know the _ why youre so late.Because I got up late.AresultBreasonCnewsDfact12Look at the _! Shanxi is here.AmapBringCbox13China in Classic Books（典籍里的中国）is good for students. We can watch it on_.AUFOBCCTVCNBA14 Is there enough _for two of us? Sure, come in.AplaceBroomCgroundDfloor15 The _of the family is always our parent. I cant agree more. And we must listen to him or her.AheadBhandCeyeDfoot16There is some _ on the plate.AorangesBchickenCbananasDapples17There are no _ to success.I do agree. Its the result of preparation, hard work and learning from failure.AabilitiesBsecretsCexpressionsDdirections18Does Millie like _?Yes, she likes playing volleyball best.AsportsBmusicClessonsDart19 Mike loves studying maps and knows most of the cities of the world. Yes, he likes _ best of all the subjects.AArtBHistoryCGeographyDMaths20Jim put everything in its place.Oh, he did a good _.AhouseworkBchoreCworkDjob21Why do Chinese people like the color red?Because its the _ of good luck in our country.AnameBdreamCsymbolDexample22Can you tell me how to make the toy lorry run?Of course, but you can read the _ yourself first. Im busy now.AsecretsBceilingsCinstructionsDmagazines23Amy, I often see you exercise in the playground. What _do you like?I like playing tennis and running.AsubjectsBclubsCsportsDmatches24Im new here in Yangzhou.Take a map of Yangzhou with you. Youll find it of great _ in helping you.ApriceBcostCinterestDvalue25Just search the Internet, and you can get almost all the _ you need.AinformationsBinformationCpictureDstory26Finding information is not a big deal today.Well the _ is how we can tell whether the information is useful or not.AattentionBknowledgeCmessageDchallenge27Your brothers daughter is your _.AcousinBnephewCnieceDgranddaughter28How can I get some _ about the museum?Why not use the Internet?AdifferenceBcompetitionCinformationDexample29Tim is ill. Do you know whats wrong with him?Poor boy. The _ of his illness is eating unhealthy food.AreasonBcauseCexcuseDresult30Mooncakes _ peoples _ to the families they love and miss.Atreat; traditionBcreate; happinessCcarry; wishes31At the beginning of this term, our school gave an/a _ on CCTV.AinfluenceBinterviewCbusiness32Jackie Chan is from _. He is _.AChina; ChineseBChina; ChinaCChinese; ChinaDChinese; Chine33Your _ daughter is your cousin.AgrandpasBbrothersCunclesDsons34Dad, have you told Mum that I will buy her a gift on Mothers Day?No. Lets keep it _ and give her a surprise.AplanBlieCsecretDidea35Do you know where the post office is? I want to buy some _.AgrapesBtextbooksCstampsDgloves36What _ do you like best? Volleyball.AsportBcolorCnameDnumber37Joe won the most _ in the soccer game. He really played a role in the sports meeting.AtalentBmoneyCpointsDseats38 Did you buy a _ for the basketball game?No, I will watch it on the Internet.AticketBflagCprizeDmeal39TV commercials have great _ on peoples purchasing power.AattentionBrequirementsCdecisionsDinfluence40Why dont you keep away from their quarrel?Its none of my _. But Im their friends.AdutyBbusinessCchanceDoffer参考答案1D【解析】句意：新火车站怎么样？这里的服务很好。我可以找到我需要的一切。考查名词辨析，problem问题；air空气；information信息；service服务。根据“I can find everything I need.”，可知服务很好，故选D。2A【解析】句意：这男孩太脏了，以致于他一脱下衣服，就散发出一股难闻的气味。考查名词辨析。smell气味；taste味道；feeling感受；look外貌。根据“The boy was so dirty”可知，他很脏，所以身上有一股难闻的气味，故选A。3B【解析】句意：越来越多的人开始通过互联网查找信息。考查名词辨析，question问题；information信息；reason理由；success成功。根据“More and more people begin to look for over the Internet.”，可知应该是通过互联网查找信息，故选B。4C【解析】句意：英国人说饼干为“biscuit”，然而美国人说饼干为“cookie”。考查名词辨析。yard院子；truck卡车；cookie饼干；vacation假期；根据“biscuit”意为“饼干”以及句子含义英国人说饼干为“biscuit”，然而美国人说饼干为“cookie”可知，应该用cookie，故选C。5B【解析】句意：越来越多的外国人来参观长城。那是真的。它是中国的骄傲。考查名词辨析。culture文化；pride骄傲；effort努力；courage勇气。结合语境和常识可知长城是中国人民引以为傲的建筑，所以这里用名词pride。故选B。6A【解析】句意：你知道神州13号什么时间返回地球吗？是的，在2022年4月。但是我不知道日期，也许在16号左右。考查名词辨析。date日期，具体某日；place地点；reason理由；plan计划。根据转折及“maybe around the 16th”，可知此处指具体的日期，故选A。7D【解析】句意：国家宝藏在中央电视台播出后迅速走红。这意味着中国年轻人对传统文化的兴趣日益浓厚。考查名词辨析。dream梦想；habit习惯；direction方向；interest兴趣。根据“National Treasurequickly became popular after it came out on CCTV.”可知，走红因为兴趣增加，故选D。8A【解析】句意：你觉得这个菜好吃吗？抱歉，我吃太多了，我都失去味觉了。考查名词辨析。sense感觉；secret秘密；power力量；feeling感受。根据上文“Do you think the dish is delicious”是在问对菜的评价，可知此处是和味觉有关，故选A。9B【解析】句意：你知道有句谚语“失去朋友比找到朋友容易”吗？不，从来没有。这是什么意思？考查名词辨析。activity活动；saying谚语；difference不同；result结果。根据“A friend is easier lost than found”可知是一句谚语，故选B。10A【解析】句意：我想了解更多关于2022年亚运会的信息。你可以上网。考查名词词义辨析。information信息；service服务；talent才能。根据“get more.about the 2022 Asian Games.”可知，此处表达的是得到更多关于亚运会的“信息”。故选A。11B【解析】句意：我想知道你迟到的原因。因为我起晚了。考查词意辨析。result结果；reason原因；news新闻；fact事实。根据下文“Because I got up late.”可知是想知道原因。故选B。12A【解析】句意：看这个地图！山西在这里。考查名词辨析。map地图；ring戒指；box箱子。根据“Shanxi is here.”可知，此句指出了山西的位置，选项中能表达山西位置的是地图，所以上句中看的是地图。故选A。13B【解析】句意：典籍里的中国对学生们有益。我们能在中央电视台上观看它。考查名词词义辨析及常识。UFO不明飞行物；CCTV中央电视台；NBA美国职业篮球联赛。根据典籍里的中国可以在哪里观看到可知，我们能在中央电视台上观看它。故选B。14B【解析】句意：这里能容得下我们两个人吗？当然，进来。考查名词辨析。place地方，可数名词；room空间，不可数名词；ground地面；floor楼层。根据“Sure, come in”可知，询问是否有足够的空间可以容纳两个人，故选B。15A【解析】句意：我们的父母永远是一家之主。我再同意不过了。我们必须听他或她的。考查名词辨析。head头；hand手；eye眼睛；foot脚。根据“Theof the family is always our parent”可知，此处指一家之主，the head of the family：一家之主，故选A。16B【解析】句意：盘子里有一些鸡肉。考查名词辨析和主谓一致。oranges橙子，可数名词复数；chicken鸡肉，不可数名词；bananas香蕉，可数名词复数；apples苹果，可数名词复数。根据“is”可知，此处使用可数名词单数或不可数名词，故选B。17B【解析】句意：成功没有秘诀。我同意。这是准备、努力工作和从失败中吸取教训的结果。考查名词辨析。abilities能力；secrets秘密；expressions表达；directions方向。根据回答“Its the result of preparation, hard work and learning from failure”，可知对方是说成功没有秘诀，故选B。18A【解析】句意：米莉喜欢运动吗？ 是的，她最喜欢打排球。 考查名词辨析。sports运动；music音乐；lessons课；art艺术。根据“she likes playing volleyball best.”可知，上文问米莉喜欢运动吗？故选A。19C【解析】句意：Mike喜欢研究地图，知道世界上大多数城市。是的，所有学科他最喜欢地理。考查名词辨析。Art美术；History历史；Geography地理；Maths数学。根据“Mike loves studying maps and knows most of the cities of the world.”可知Mike喜欢的是地理。故选C。20D【解析】句意：吉姆把所有东西都放置得很整齐。哦，他做得很好。考查名词辨析。housework家务；chore杂务；work工作；job职业。do a good job意为“干得好，干得漂亮”，是固定搭配，故选D。21C【解析】句意：为什么中国人喜欢红色？因为在我们国家它是好运的象征。考查名词辨析。name名字；dream梦（想）；symbol象征，代表；example例子。根据“of good luck”可知，此处表示好运的象征。故选C。22C【解析】句意：你能告诉我怎么让玩具卡车开动吗？当然，但你可以自己先看说明书。我现在很忙。考查名词辨析。secrets秘密；ceilings天花板；instructions说明书；magazines杂志。想了解怎么开动卡车玩具，应该是看说明书，故选C。23C【解析】句意：艾米，我经常看到你在操场锻炼。你喜欢什么运动？我喜欢打网球和跑步。考查名词辨析。subject科目；club俱乐部；sport运动；match比赛。根据回答都是运动项目，故选C。24D【解析】句意：我刚来扬州。带上扬州地图。你会发现它对帮助你很有价值。考查名词辨析。price价格；cost花费；interest兴趣；value价值。根据“Take a map of Yangzhou with you. .of greatin helping you”可知，之所以带上地图，是因为它有很大“价值”。故选D。25B【解析】句意：只要上网搜索，你几乎可以得到你需要的所有信息。考查名词辨析，information不可数名词，没有复数形式“信息”；picture可数名词“图片”；story可数名词“故事”。根据“Just search the Internet”，可知应该是在网上搜索信息，故选B。26D【解析】句意：今天查找信息不是什么大事。嗯，挑战在于我们如何判断这些信息是否有用。考查名词辨析。attention关注；knowledge知识；message信息；challenge挑战。根据“how we can tell whether the information is useful or not”