新编简明英语语言学教程市公开课一等奖百校联赛特等奖课件.pptx
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1、A Course on Linguistics for Students of English-Cheng Zhenquan School of Foreign Studies,SCNU第1页TheGoalsforthisCoursen nTogetascientificviewonlanguage;n nTounderstandsomebasictheoriesonlinguistics;n nTounderstandtheapplicationsofthelinguistictheories,especiallyinthefieldsoflanguageteaching&learning(
2、SLAorTEFL),cross-culturalcommunication;n nToprepareforthefutureresearchwork.第2页TheRequirementsforthiscoursen nClassattendancen nClassroomdiscussionn nFulfillmentoftheassignmentn nExamination第3页ReferenceBooksn n戴炜栋,何兆熊,戴炜栋,何兆熊,()(),新编简明英语语言学教程,上海外,新编简明英语语言学教程,上海外语教育出版社。语教育出版社。n n胡壮麟,胡壮麟,()(),语言学教程,北京
3、大学出版社。,语言学教程,北京大学出版社。n n刘润清,刘润清,(1995)(1995),西方语言学流派,外语教学与研究出版,西方语言学流派,外语教学与研究出版社。社。n nFromkin,V.&R.Rodman,(1998),Fromkin,V.&R.Rodman,(1998),AnIntroductiontoLanguageAnIntroductiontoLanguagethethesixthedition,Orlando,Florida:Holt,Ranehart&Winston,Inc.sixthedition,Orlando,Florida:Holt,Ranehart&Winston
4、,Inc.第4页Chapter1.Introduction第5页1.Whatislanguage?第6页Languagecanmeann nwhatapersonsayswhatapersonsays(e.g.badlanguage,expressions)(e.g.badlanguage,expressions)n nthewayofspeakingorwritingthewayofspeakingorwriting(e.g.Shakespeares(e.g.Shakespeareslanguage,Luxunslanguage)language,Luxunslanguage)n napar
5、ticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwritingaparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwriting(e.g.(e.g.languageforspecialpurpose,colloquiallanguage)languageforspecialpurpose,colloquiallanguage)n ntheabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthetheabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommun
6、ityspeech/writingbehaviorofacommunity(e.g.Chinese(e.g.Chineselanguage,firstlanguage)language,firstlanguage)n nthecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguagesthecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguages(e.g.He(e.g.Hestudieslanguage)studieslanguage)n natoolforhumancommunication.(socialfunction)atoolforhumancommunication
7、.(socialfunction)n nasetofrules.asetofrules.(rule-governed)(rule-governed)第7页Sapirsdefinition(1921)n n“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”第8页Hallsdefinition(1968)n nLanguageis“theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicat
8、eandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.”第9页Chomskysdefinition(1957)n n“FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetof(finiteorinfinite)sentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.”第10页Languagecanbegenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbo
9、lsusedforhumancommunication.第11页Languageisasystemn nSystematic-rule-governed,elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules;cantbecombinedatwill.e.g.*bkli,*Iappleeat.第12页Languageisarbitraryn nArbitrary-nointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes,e.g.“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowr
10、itewith.第13页Languageissymbolicinnaturen nSymbolic-wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actionsideasbyconvention.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”-Shakespeare第14页Languageisprimarilyvocaln nVocal-theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages;writingsystemcamemuchlaterthanspokenform.第15页Languageishuman-specific
11、n nHuman-specific-differentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess,e.g.birdsongs,beedance,animalcries.第16页Thedesign/definingfeaturesofhumanlanguage(CharlesHockett)ArbitrarinessProductivity/CreativityDualityDisplacementCulturaltransmission第17页Arbitrariness-Nological(motivatedorintrinsic)co
12、nnectionbetween-Nological(motivatedorintrinsic)connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.soundsandmeanings.n nOnomatopoeicwords(whichimitatenaturalsounds)areOnomatopoeicwords(whichimitatenaturalsounds)aresomewhatmotivated(English:rumble,crackle,bang,.somewhatmotivated(English:rumble,crackle,bang,.Chinese:p
13、utong,shasha,dingdang)Chinese:putong,shasha,dingdang)n nSomecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.Somecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopytype-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopy第18页Productivity/creativity-Peculiartohumanlanguages-Pecul
14、iartohumanlanguages,usersoflanguagecanunderstandandusersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelikeunderstandsentencelike“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthe“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”h
15、otelbed”,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeninginthe,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.world.n nAgibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheirAgibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheircallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganycallsfromafixedrepertoi
16、rewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.noveltyimpossible.n nThebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtoThebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtocommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcescommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcesaretheonly
17、kindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeearetheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeedance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letdance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesiresaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesires第19页Duality(doublear
18、ticulation)n nLowerlevel-sounds(meaningless)Lowerlevel-sounds(meaningless)n nHigherlevel-meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)Higherlevel-meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)n nAcommunicationsystemwithdualityisconsideredmoreAcommunicationsystemwithdualityisconsideredmoreflexiblethanonewithoutit,forafargreaternumbe
19、rofflexiblethanonewithoutit,forafargreaternumberofmessagescanbesent.Asmallnumberofsoundscanbemessagescanbesent.Asmallnumberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofgroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning(words),andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedmeaning(words),andtheunitsof
20、meaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.andrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.(we(wemakedictionaryofalanguage,butwecannotmakeamakedictionaryofalanguage,butwecannotmakeadictionaryofsentencesofthatlanguage.dictionaryofsentencesofthatlanguage.第20页Displacement-Languagecan
21、beusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:real-Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.places.n nAgibbonneveruttersacallaboutsomethingheatelastyearAgibbonneveruttersaca
22、llaboutsomethingheatelastyearn nThereissomethingspecialaboutthebeedancethough.BeesThereissomethingspecialaboutthebeedancethough.Beescommunicatewithotherbeesaboutthefoodsourcestheyhavefoundcommunicatewithotherbeesaboutthefoodsourcestheyhavefoundwhentheyarenolongerinthepresenceofthefood.Inthissense,th
23、ewhentheyarenolongerinthepresenceofthefood.Inthissense,thebeedancehasacomponentofdisplacement.Butthiscomponentisbeedancehasacomponentofdisplacement.Butthiscomponentisveryinsignificant.Forthebeesmustcommunicateaboutthefoodveryinsignificant.Forthebeesmustcommunicateaboutthefoodimmediatelyonreturningto
24、thehive.Theydonotdanceabouttheimmediatelyonreturningtothehive.Theydonotdanceaboutthefoodtheydiscoveredlastmonthnordotheyspeculateaboutfuturefoodtheydiscoveredlastmonthnordotheyspeculateaboutfuturediscoveries.discoveries.第21页Culturaltransmission-Languageisculturallytransmitted(throughteachingandlearn
25、ing;-Languageisculturallytransmitted(throughteachingandlearning;ratherthanbyinstinct).ratherthanbyinstinct).n nAnimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandAnimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandbeeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,beeshav
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