无机化学物质的命名市公开课一等奖百校联赛特等奖课件.pptx

无机化合物命名无机化合物命名NomenclatureofInorganicChemicalselementcompound第1页一一.元素和单质命名元素和单质命名 “元元素素”和和“单单质质”英英文文意意思思都都是是“element”，有有时时为为了了区区分分，在在强强调调“单单质质”时时可可用用“freeelementorelementarysubstance”。所所以以，单单质质英英文文名名称称与与元元素素英英文文名名称称是是一一样样。下下面面给给出出既既是是元元素素名名称称，同时又是单质名称。同时又是单质名称。第2页S-blockElement(S区元素区元素)IAHydrogen(H)Lithium(Li)Sodium(Na)Potassium(K)Rubidium(Ru)Cesium(Ce)Francium(Fr)IIABeryllium(Be)Magnesium(Mg)Calcium(Ca)Strontium(Sr)Barium(Ba)Radium(Ra)P26第3页IIIAboron(B)Aluminium(Al)Gallium(Ga)Indium(In)Thallium(Tl)IVACarbon(C)Silicon(Si)Germanium(Ge)Tin(Sn)Lead(Pb)plumbiVANitrogen(N)Phosphorus(P)Arsenic(As)antimony(Sb)Bismuth(Bi)VIAoxygen(O)sulfur(S)Selenium(Se)Tellurium(Te)Polonium(Po)VIIAfluorine(F)Chlorine(Cl)Bromine(Br)Iodine(I)Astatine(At)0Helium(He)Neon(Ne)argon(Ar)Krypton(Kr)Xenon(Xe)Radon(Ra)P-blockElement(P区元素区元素)第4页CommonTransitionElememtFe:iron;determineMn:manganeseCu:copper;cuprumZn:zinc;spelterHg:mercury;quicksilverAg:silver;argentineAu:gold;aurum第5页二二.化合物命名化合物命名化合物命名次序都是依据化学式从左往右读，化合物命名次序都是依据化学式从左往右读，这与汉字读法次序是相反。表示原子个数时这与汉字读法次序是相反。表示原子个数时使用前缀：使用前缀：(1)mono-,(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra-,(5)penta-，(6)hexa-,(7)hepta-,(8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-，不过在不会引发歧义时，这些前缀都尽不过在不会引发歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。可能被省去。第6页monovalent:单价单价carbondioxane:CO2tribromethane:CHBr3;tetrachloromethane:CCl4CO(Carbonmonoxide)NO(Nitrogenoxide)NO2(Nitrogendioxide)N2O3(Nitrogentrioxide)N2O5(Nitrogenpentoxide)N2O(nitrousoxide)FeO(Ferrousoxide),Fe2O3(Ferricoxide);MnO(Manganousoxide)Mn2O3(Manganicoxide),H2MnO4(Manganicacid)MnO2(Manganesedioxide)VB:valencebondtheoryMO:molecularorbitaltheory第7页1.化合物正电荷部分读法化合物正电荷部分读法1.1SinglevalenceionsCationsname=Elementforexample:Na+SodiumAl3+AluminumK+PotassiumCa2+Calcium如如:CO:carbonmonoxideAl2O3:aluminiumoxideN2O4：Dinitrogentetroxide(tetra-,mono-后缀中后缀中a,o在后在后-o之前省去之前省去)ion:离子离子anion：阴离子阴离子cation:阳离子阳离子第8页1.2MultivalenceionsCationsname=Element(N)Forexample:Fe2+Iron(II)orFerrousFe3+Iron(III)orFerricCr2+Chromium(II)Cr3+Chromium(III)Mn4+Manganese(IV)Mn2+Manganese(II)第9页2.化合物负电荷部分读法化合物负电荷部分读法2.1MonatomicanionsAnionsname=Elementsroot-ideForexample:Cl-ChlorideO2-OxideBr-BromideOH-HydroxideI-IodideCN-CyanideS2-SulfideH-Hydride第10页2.2Polyatomicoxyanions2.2.1Acidradicalsfornormalsalt(正正酸根酸根-ate)Anionsname=CentralElementsroot-ateForexample:ClO3-ChlorateIO3-IodatePO43-PhosphateNO3-NitrateSO42-SulfateCO32-Carbonate第11页2.2.2Acidradicalsforhypo-salts(次酸次酸根根-ite)Anionsname=Hypo-Centralelementsroot-iteForexample:ClO-HypochloriteIO-HypoioditePO23-Hypophosphite第12页2.2.3Acidradicalsforpersalts(高酸根高酸根Per-ate)Anionsname=Per-CentralElementsroot-ateForexample:ClO4-PerchlorateIO4-PeriodateMnO4-Permanganate第13页2.2.4含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子 采取前后缀不一样组合显示不一样价态含氧酸和含氧酸根阴采取前后缀不一样组合显示不一样价态含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子含有相同前缀，不一离子，价态相同含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子含有相同前缀，不一样后缀。样后缀。高某酸高某酸per-ic正酸正酸ic亚酸亚酸-ous次酸次酸hypo-ous高某酸根高某酸根per-ate正酸根正酸根ate亚酸根亚酸根-ite次酸根次酸根hypo-ite其它前缀还有其它前缀还有ortho-正正meta-偏偏thio-硫代硫代举例：举例：HClO4perchloricacidClO4-perchlorateionHClO3chloricacidClO3-chlorateionHClO2chlorousacidClO2-chloriteionHClOhypochlorousacidClO-hypochloriteionH2SO4sulfuricacidH2SO3sulfurousacidHNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacidHPO3metaphosphoricacidS2O32-thiosulfateion第14页3.Namingcompounds3.1MetaloxideMetaloxide=Cation+oxideForexample:FeOIron(II)oxide(Ferrousoxide)Fe2O3Iron(III)oxide(Ferricoxide)Fe3O4FerroferricoxidePb3O4TrileadtetroxideNa2O2Sodiumperoxide第15页Nonmetaloxide=n-Nonmetalelement+n-oxideForexample:COCarbonmonoxideCO2CarbondioxideSO3SulfurtrioxideN2O3DinitrogentrioxideP2O5DiphosphoruspentoxideN2O4Dinitrogentetroxide(tetra-,mono-后缀中后缀中a,o在后一在后一o之前省去之前省去)有些物质惯用俗称有些物质惯用俗称,如如NO:nitricoxideN2O:nitrousoxide3.2Nonmetaloxide第16页4.非金属氢化物非金属氢化物除除了了水水和和氨氨气气使使用用俗俗称称water，ammonia以以外外，其其它它非非金金属属氢氢化化物物都都用用系系统统名名称称，命命名名规规则则依依据据化学式写法不一样而有所不一样。化学式写法不一样而有所不一样。4.1对对于于卤卤族族和和氧氧族族氢氢化化物物，H在在化化学学式式中中写写在在前前面面，所所以以将其看成与另一元素二元化合物。将其看成与另一元素二元化合物。举例：举例：HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchlorideHBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodideH2ShydrogensulfideH2SehydrogenselenideH2Tehydrogentelluride第17页4.2对对于于其其它它族族非非金金属属氢氢化化物物，在在化化学学式式中中写写在后面，可加后缀在后面，可加后缀-ane，氮族还可加，氮族还可加-ine。举例：举例：PH3:phosphine或或phosphaneAsH3:arsine或或arsaneSbH3:stibine或或stibaneBiH3:bismuthaneCH4:methaneSiH4:silaneB2H6:diboraneNH3:ammonia第18页5.无氧酸无氧酸命名规则：命名规则：hydro-词根词根-icacid举例：举例：HCl:hydrochloricacidH2S:hydrosulfuricacidHF:hydrofluoricacidHBr:hydrobromicaicd第19页总结总结:HH2 2SOSO4 4 （+6）Sulfuricacid(正正)HH2 2SOSO3 3 （+4）sulfurousacid;(亚亚)HH2 2SOSO5 5 Peroxysulfuric,（过）（过）HH2 2SOSO7 7（+6）Pyrosulfuric,acid)(焦焦)HH2 2S S2 2O O3 3(Thiosulfuricacid）e.g.Na2S2O3（硫代）（硫代）-H2O-O-O-OS O第20页HPOHPO3 3（偏）（偏）(Meta phosphoric,)HH3 3POPO4 4(正正)(Phosphoric,)HH3 3POPO3 3 （亚亚）(Phosphorous,)HH3 3POPO2 2 (次次)(Hypo-phosphorous,)HH4 4P P2 2O O7 7(焦焦)(Pyro phosphoric,)分子间分子间-H2O分子内分子内-H2O-O-O+5+3+1HNOHNO3 3 (Nitricacid,+5);HNOHNO2 2(Nitrousacid,+3)-O第21页HH3 3BOBO3 3(Ortho boric,)(原原);HClOHClO(Hypochlorousacid)(次次)HClOHClO3 3(Chloricacid)(正正)HClOHClO4 4(Perchloricacid)(高高)HClO2(Chlorousacid)(亚亚)-O-O-O+5+7+3+1第22页6.BasesBase=Metalcation+hydroxideForexample:Al(OH)3AluminumhydroxideNaOHSodiumhydroxideCa(OH)2CalciumhydroxideBa(OH)2BariumhydroxideCo(OH)2Cobalt(II)hydroxide第23页7.盐盐(Salts)7.1正盐正盐(Normalsalt)：依据化学式从左往右分别：依据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子名称。读出阳离子和阴离子名称。Normalsalt=Cation+anionForexample:HgSO4Mercury(II)sulfateHg2SO4Mercury(I)sulfateKNO3PotassiumnitrateNa2CO3SodiumcarbonateNaClOSodiumhypochloriteFeSO4iron(II)sulfateKMnO4potassiumpermanganate第24页7.2酸式盐：酸式盐：(Acidicsalts)同正盐读法，酸根中同正盐读法，酸根中读做读做hydrogen，氢原子个数用前缀表示。，氢原子个数用前缀表示。Acidicsalt=Cation+hydrogen+anionForexample:NaHSO4SodiumhydrogensulfateNa2HPO4DisodiumhydrogenphosphateNaH2PO4SodiumdihydrogenphosphateCa(HSO4)2CalciumbisulfateNaHCO3Sodiumhydrogencarbonate或或Sodiumbicarbonate第25页7.3BasicsaltsBasicsalt=Cation+hydroxy-anionForexample:Cu2(OH)2CO3:Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateCa(OH)Cl:CalciumhydroxychlorideMg(OH)PO4:Magnesiumhydroxyphosphate第26页7.4复盐复盐(Mixedsalts)：同正盐读法。：同正盐读法。Mixedsalt=Cation+cation+anionForexample:NaKSO3:SodiumpotassiumsulfiteCaNH4PO4:CalciumammoniumphosphateAgLiCO3SilverlithiumcarbonateNaNH4SO4SodiumammoniumsulfateKNaCO3:potassuimsodiumcarbonateNaNH4HPO4:sodiumammoniumhydrogenphosphate第27页7.5水合盐：结晶水读做水合盐：结晶水读做water或或hydrate如如AlCl36H2O:aluminumchloride6-water或或aluminumchloridehexahydrateAlK(SO4)212H2O:aluminiumpotassiumsulfate12-water第28页8.Acids8.1Per-,hydro-,normalacid(itssalt-ate,-ide)Acid=Centralelementsroot-ic+acidForexample:H2CO3CarbonicacidH2SO4SulfuricacidH3PO4PhosphoricacidHNO3NitricacidHClO4PerchloricacidHClHydrochloricacid第29页8.2Meta-andhypo-acid(itssalt-ite)Acid=Centralelementsroot-ous+acidForexample:H2SO3SulfurousacidH3PO3PhosphorousacidHNO2NitrousacidHClOHypochlorousacidHClO2Chlorousacid第30页 命名时先命名阳离子部分，最终命名阴离子部分，阴离命名时先命名阳离子部分，最终命名阴离子部分，阴离子配体以字母次序列出，中心阳离子价态普通以罗马数字在子配体以字母次序列出，中心阳离子价态普通以罗马数字在名称后标出。名称后标出。KBF4potassiumtetrafluoroborate(III)K4Fe(CN)6potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)Cu(NH3)4SO4Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfateCo(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)NO3Diamminediaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate9.络合物命名络合物命名（Namingcoordinationcomplex）第31页9.1Ligands(配体配体)9.1.1Negativeionsasligands Ligand=Elementsroot-oForexample:CN-CyanoNO2-NitroF-FluoroNO3-NitratoCl-ChloroCO32-CarbonatoBr-BromoCH3COO-AcetatoO2-OxoH-HydridoOH-Hydroxo-O2CCO2-Oxalato第32页9.1.2NeutralmoleculesasligandLigand=RadicalnameForexample:NH3AmmineCOCarbonylH2OAquaCH3NH2MethylamineH2NCCNH2Ethylenediamine第33页9.2Complexions9.1NeutralcomplexorcomplexionswithpositivechargeComplexion=n-Ligand-metalion(N)Forexample:Ag(NH3)2+Diamminesilver(I)Cu(NH3)42+Tetraamminecopper(II)Co(NH3)3(NO2)3Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III)第34页9.2ComplexionswithnegativechargeComplexion=n-Ligand-metalsroot-ate(N)Forexample:Fe(CN)64-Hexafluoroferrate(II)BF4-Tetrafluoroborate(III)AlF63-Hexafluoroaluminate(III)AuCl4-Tetrachloroaurate(III第35页9.3NamingcomplexComplex=Cation+anionForexample:LiAlH4 Lithiumtetrahydroaluminate(III)Ag(NH3)2ClDiamminesilver(I)chlorideK4Fe(CN)6Potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)Cu(NH3)4SO4Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfateNi(CO)4Tetracarbonylnickel(0)第36页常见配体名称常见配体名称第37页10.Halide(卤化物卤化物):):NH4Cl(AmmoniumChloride),CaF2(Calciumfluoride),NaBr(Potassiumbromide),KI(PotassiumIodide)PCl3(Phosphorustrichloride)TheNameofCation+Halide第38页InorganicChemistryIntroduce:Inorganicchemistryisthestudyofthesynthesisandbehaviorofinorganicandorganometalliccompounds.Ithasapplicationsineveryaspectofthechemicalindustryincludingcatalysis,materialsscience,pigments,surfactants,coatings,medicine,fuel,andagriculture.第39页Inorganicchemistsareemployedinfieldsasdiverseastheminingandmicrochipindustries,environmentalscience,andeducation.Theirworkisbasedonunderstandingthebehaviorandtheanaloguesforinorganicelements,andhowthesematerialscanbemodified,separatedorusedofteninproductapplications.Itincludesdevelopingmethodstorecovermetalsfromwastestreams;employmentasanalyticalchemistsspecializinginanalysisofminedores;performingresearchontheuseofinorganicchemicalsfortreatingsoil.第40页 Manyinorganicchemistsgointoindustry,buttheyarealsoatuniversitiesandingovernmentlabs.Inorganicchemistswhoworkingovernmentsaytheirtimeisincreasinglyspentwritinggrantproposalsandcompetingforasmallpoolofresearchmoney.Inorganicchemistscomparetheirjobstothoseofmaterialsscientistsandphysicists.Allthreefieldsexploretherelationshipbetweenphysicalpropertiesandfunctions,butinorganicchemistryisthemostkeenlyfocusedonthesepropertiesatthemolecularlevel.第41页IsaCreativeField Thefieldofinorganicchemistryhastraditionallybeencharacterizedbyscientistswithanartisticorcreativeflair.Manyinorganicchemistssaythattheyweredrawntothefieldinpartbytheprettycolorsofthemetalsinthelabandbytheinterestingthingsthatcouldbedoneinthelab.Theyoftensaytheopportunitiesforcreativityandinferentialthinkingarewhattheylikebestabouttheirwork.Describingthemselvesastinkerers,inorganicchemistslikeputtingthingstogetherandsolvingproblemsandstresstheimportanceofbeingdetailoriented,precise,andpersistent.Inorganicchemistsdescribetheirworkasaconstantchallenge.Thejobchangesallthetime,saysSteveCaldwell,aninorganicchemistworkingatDowChemical.EverydaythereareanewsetofissuesandIhavetodeterminewhicharethemostimportantonestoworkonfirst.Itsdefinitelynotaninetofivejob.第42页IntegratesManyDisciplines Inorganicchemistry,likemanyscientificfields,isbecomingmoreinterdisciplinary.Breakthroughsareanticipatedintheinterfacebetweenfieldsratherthaninthemoretraditionalarea.Inthefuture,jobswillnotbefilledbysuperspecialists,saysSauer,butbyscientistswithabroadbaseofknowledge.Eventhoughacourseofstudylikematerialsscienceorpolymersciencemayappeartobetterpositionanindividualforthisinterdisciplinaryfuture,chemistsinthefieldstillstronglyrecommendgettingadegreeininorganicchemistry.Adegreeinthebasicdiscipline,willgiveabetterunderstandingofbonding,valence,andorbitaltheory.第43页 Inaddition,studentsareadvisedtotakecoursesoutsideinorganicchemistrybothtopreparethemselvestointegrateknowledgetowardsproblemsolvingaswellasbeflexibleintodaystoughjobmarket.Dontjuststicktoinorganicchemistry,Sauersays.Learninorganicchemistryandseehowitappliesinotherareas.Caldwelladds,Startingoutininorganicchemistrydoesntmeanthatswhatyoullalwaysdo.Ispentafewyearsdoingenvironmentalresearch;therearealwaysapplicationsinrelatedfields.第44页第45页ExerciseH2SO4HClHNO3HNO2HCNNa2SCuSO4Fe(NO3)3HClO4KCNNH4ClNaClONaOHMn(OH)2Fe2O3P2O5H2O2K2Cr2O7Cu2(OH)2CO3CaHPO4PtCl42-Ag(NH3)2ClK4Fe(CN)6 第46页AnswerH2SO4sulfuricacidHClhydrogenchlorideorhydrochloricacidHNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacidHCNhydrogencyanideorhydrocyanicacidNa2SsodiumsulfideCuSO4copper(II)sulfateorcupricsulfateFe(NO3)3iron(III)nitrateorferricnitrateHClO4perchloricacidKCNpotassiumcyanideNH4Clammoniumchloride第47页NaClOsodiumhypochloriteNaOHsodiumhydroxideMn(OH)2Manganese(II)hydroxideFe2O3iron(III)oxideorferricoxideP2O5DiphosphoruspentoxideH2O2hydrogenperoxideK2Cr2O7potassiumdichromateCu2(OH)2CO3Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateCaHPO4calciumhydrogenphosphatePtCl42-tetrachloroplatinum(II)Ag(NH3)2ClDiamminesilver(I)chlorideK4Fe(CN)6Potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)Answer第48页