土木工程毕业设计外文资料翻译.doc

毕业设计外文资料翻译

题 目 浅谈土木工程概论
学 院 土木建筑学院
专 业 土木工程
班 级
学 生
学 号
指导教师

二〇一二年二月二十日

Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture，2023,12（6）:41-50
Introduction to Civil Engineering Papers
Cao Yan
Suqian institute of architectural design，Suqian，jiangsu 223800
Abstract:Civil engineering is a huge subject, but the main is building, building whether in China or abroad, has a long history, long-term development process. The world is changing every day, but the building also along with the progress of science and hair show. The discovery of mechanics, materials update, ever more scientific technology into the building. But before a have tile roofs of the houses, now for comfort, different ideas, different scientific, promoted the development of civil engineering, make it more perfect.
Key words: Civil engineering; architecture; mechanics; materials

Civil engineering it is to build the kind of engineering collectively. It meant that and "military project" counterparts. In English, the historical process, mechanical Engineering soil carpentry, electrical Engineering, chemical Engineering belongs to Civil Engineering, because they have a practical utility.Introduction to Civil Engineering Papers Civil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials, civil engineering will be a leap-style development.

People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile better than the mechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to manufacture. The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development.
Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present. The application of a large number of steel products is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early nineteenth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel. From the beginning of the mid-nineteenth century, metallurgical industry, smelting and rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, ductility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel and then produce high-strength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing.
In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, a framework, the structure of network, cable structures to promote the gradual emergence of the structure of Yan in the form of flowers. From the brick building long-span structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the river, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers andhigh-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle. In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on.
Construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering. During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easy-to-concrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the surge in steel production, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering.
From the beginning of the 1930s, there have been pre-stressed concrete. Pre-stressed concrete structure of the crack resistance, rigidity and carrying capacity, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses an even wider area. Civil Engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Concrete buildings to bring about the emergence of new economic, aesthetic structure in the form of engineering, civil engineering so that a new construction technology and engineering design of the structure of the theory. This is another leap in the development of civil engineering. A project to build the facilities in general to go through the investigation, design and construction in three stages, require the use of geological prospecting projects, hydro-geological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, mechanical engineering, engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, building the economy , And other disciplines and construction technology, construction and other fields of knowledge, as well as computer and mechanical testing techniques. Civil engineering is therefore a broad range of integrated disciplines. With the progress in science and technology
development and engineering practice, the civil engineering disciplines have also been developed into a broad connotation, the number of categories, the structure of complex integrated system. Civil Engineering is accompanied by the development of human society developed. It works in the construction of facilities reflect the various historical periods of socio-economic, cultural, scientific, technological development outlook, which civil society has become one of the historical development of the witness. In ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, bridges and still water channel to meet the simple life and production. Later, in order to adapt to the war, production and dissemination of religious life, as well as the needs of the construction of the city, canals, palaces, temples and other buildings. Many well-known works shown in this historical period of human creativity.
For example, the Great Wall of China, Dujiangyan, the Grand Canal, Zhaozhou Bridge, Yingxian Wooden Tower, the pyramids of Egypt, Greece's Parthenon, Rome's water supply project, colosseum amphitheater (Rome large animal fighting Field), as well as many other well-known churches, palaces and so on. After the industrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, civil society to put forward a new demand; On the other hand, all areas of society for the advancement of civil engineering to create good conditions. Thus this period of civil engineering has been advanced by leaps and bounds. All over the world there have been large-scale modernization of industrial plants, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span bridges, and large-diameter pipelines long tunnel, the Grand Canal, the big dams, airports, port and marine engineering, etc. .
For civil engineering continually modern human society to create a new physical environment, human society, modern civilization has become an important part. Civil Engineering is a very practical subjects. In the early days, through the civil engineering practice, summing up successful experience, in particular, to draw lessons from the failure of developed. From the beginning of the 17th century, with Galileo and Newton as a pilot with the mechanics of the modern civil engineering practice, gradually formed the mechanical, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, rockmechanics, civil engineering as the basis of theoretical subjects.
This experience in civil engineering from the gradually developed into a science. In the course of the development of civil engineering, engineering practice often first experience in theory, engineering accidents often show a new unforeseen factors, triggering a new theory of the research and development. So far a number of projects dealing with the problem, is still very much rely on practical experience. Civil Engineering Technology with the main reason for the development of engineering practice and not by virtue of scientific experiments and theoretical studies, for two reasons: First, some of the objective situation is too complicated and difficult to faithfully carry out laboratory or field testing and analysis. For example, the foundation, tunnel and underground engineering and deformation of the state and its changes over time, still need to refer to an analysis of engineering experience to judge. Second, only a new engineering practice in order to reveal new problems. For example, the construction of a high-rise buildings, high-rise tower and mast-span bridges, wind and earthquake engineering problems highlighted in order to develop this new theory and technology.
In the long-term civil engineering practice, it is not only building great attention to the arts, has made outstanding achievements; and other works, but also through the choice of different materials, such as the use of stone, steel and reinforced concrete, with natural Environmental art in the construction of a number of very beautiful, very functional and good works. Ancient Great Wall of China, the modern world, many of the television tower and the bridge ramp Zhang, are cases in point.
Use of project management information platform, email, video conference system three system for the project provides a advanced modern information transfer and the means of exchange, make the project information sharing more in time, more agile and more widely, and have the different interactive discussion of the implementation of the environment, involved in the project staff in the world within the scope of the any place convenient check project management information, headquarters staff can also access management of other place orders management information, understand the overall project, through the database, the part of the division, construction site, such as subcontractor closely together, create a distributed collaborative working environment, and can implement different ground command and control.
Civil engineering information already, include the construction management of information also includes building technology development of information, construction management information should be in the open on the three levels, namely, in civil engineering industry management information, work process project management information, civil engineering enterprise management information. Civil engineering industry management informationization is the root, embodies the characteristics of the industry and business market characteristics of the industry; Civil engineering enterprise informationization is the rod, must be made to build in industry deep understanding, must meet the industry to run the rule; Engineering information is fruit.
Civil engineering information construction to adjust the structure of industries and enterprises and of the three conditions "combined, and enterprise's scientific management, technological progress, and the combination of using the global information industry promotion experience, learn the line of informatization construction of results from industry, enterprise and engineering practice, the research development general solutions and individual solutions, comply with" government to promote and market guide, enterprise's main body, industry breakthrough, regional development, steadily promoting "the policy, give full play to the colleges and universities, research institutes role, especially related to learn will, association continuous innovation, trying to make with civil engineering the information construction walked into the new era, give full play to the cross-trade and cross department experts assemble advantage, make new contribution.

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《土木工程与建筑》，2023,12（6）:41-50
浅谈土木工程概论
曹燕
（江苏省宿迁市正宏城建设计研究院，宿迁223800）
摘 要：土木工程是个庞大旳学科，但最重要旳是建筑，建筑无论是在中国还是在国外， 均有着悠久旳历史，长期旳发展历程。整个世界每天都在变化，而建筑也随科学旳进步而发展。力学旳发现，材料旳更新，不停有更多旳科学技术引入建筑中。此前只求一间有瓦盖顶旳房屋，目前追求舒适，不一样旳思想，不一样旳科学，推进了土木工程旳发展，使其愈加完美。
关键词：土木工程；建筑；力学；材料。
土木工程它是建造各 种工程旳统称。它旳原意是与“军事工程”相对应旳。在英语中，历史上土木工 程、机械工程、电气工程、化工工程都属Civil Engineering，由于它们都具 有民用性。对土木工程旳发展起关键作用旳， 首先是作为工程物质基础旳土木 建筑材料，另一方面是随之发展起来旳设计理论和施工技术。每当出现新 旳优良旳建筑材料时，土木工程就 会有飞跃式旳发展。
人们在初期只能依托泥土、木料及其他天然材料从事营造活动，后 来出现了砖和瓦这种人工建筑材料， 使人类第一次冲破了天然建筑材 料旳束缚。中国在公元前十一世纪 旳西周初期制造出瓦。最早旳砖 出目前公元前五世纪至公元前三世纪战国时旳墓室中。 砖和瓦具有比 土更优越旳力学性能，可以就地取材，而又易于加工制作。 砖和瓦旳出