2023年英语四六级常考翻译.doc

一、历史文化四大文明古国：中国在亚洲东部，是世界上人口最多国家。中国是世界四大文明古国之一，拥有大量中华文化光辉古迹，此外，中国地大物博，拥有茂密森林、雄伟壮丽瀑布、秀丽湖泊和如利剑直插云霄山峰，所有这些所有令世界各国人民神往。不过，更关键是，中国以拥有五千数年历史而自豪，遗留下无数历史文物，其中包括宝贵珠宝、古迹名胜、宫殿及数不尽雄伟建筑，令人惊叹不已。这种种原因所有增进中国成为诸多人梦寐以求旅游胜地。
China lies in the east of Asia and it has the largest population in the world. China is also one of the four countries in the world that have an ancient civilization, Besides, it has a vast territory with such abundant natural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautiful rivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the sky like swords. All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists around the world. But, most importantly, China boasts a history of over five thousand years with innumerable historical relics left over from the long past, such as priceless pearls and jewels, historic sites and scenic spots, palaces and edifices of architectural richness, all of which have won people’s admiration. You are sure to find great enjoyment from all these attractions in China, a much-admired dream land. 
中华老式文化：中华民族老式文化博大精深，源远流长。早在 数年前，就产生了以孔孟为代表儒家学说和以老庄为代表道家学说，和其他诸多也在中国思想史上有地位学说流派，这就是有名“诸子百家”。从孔夫子到孙中山，中华民族老式文化有它诸多宝贵品质，诸多人民性和民主性好东西。例如，强调仁爱，强调群体，强调和而不同样，强调天下为公。尤其是“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”爱国情找，“民为邦本”，“民贵君轻”民本思想，“己所不欲勿施于人”待人之道，吃苦耐劳，勤俭持家，尊师重教老式美德，世代相传。所有这些，对家庭，国家和社会起到了巨大维系和调整作用。
The traditional Chinese culture, both extensive and profound, starts far back and runs a long, long course. More than 2,000 years ago, there emerged in China Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius, Taoism represented by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, and many other theories and doctrines that figured prominently in the history of Chinese thought, all being covered by the famous term” the masters’ hundred schools.” The traditional Chinese culture presents many precious ideas and qualities, which are essentially populist and democratic. For example, they lay stress on the importance of kindness and love in human relations, on the interest of the community, on seeking harmony without uniformity and on the idea that the world is for all. Especially, patriotism as embodied in the saying ”Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country”; the populist ideas that “people are the foundation of the country” and that “people are the more important than the monarch”; the code of conduct of “Treat others as you want to be treated”.And the traditional virtues taught from generation to generation:endurance and hard working diligence and frugality in household management,and respecting teachers and valuing education.All of which have played a great role in binding and regulating the family,the country and the society. 
汉语：从某种意义上说，汉语是一种很古老语言，其最早中文已经有近四千年历史了。中文在其漫长发展史中演化成诸多不同样书写形式，例如篆书、隶书、楷书和行书。中国书法家往往使中文字形夸张以获得艺术效果，例如旅游胜地部分石刻碑文。中国书法是一门研究艺术，伴随各位学习爱好提高，我们将适时简介中国书法流派，和怎样欣赏中国书法艺术性。
In a sense, Chinese is a very old language, and its earliest characters date back nearly four thousand years ago. During their long history of development, Chinese characters have evolved into many different script forms, such as the Seal script, Clerical script, Regular script and Running script. Chinese calligraphers usually render their Chinese characters in ways that exaggerate the form to yield artistic beauty, such as those in stone inscriptions seen in tourist resorts. Chinese calligraphy is a subject of artistic study. As your interest in Chinese character system increases in the days to come, we will introduce in due time the different schools of Chinese calligraphy, and how to appreciate the artistic beauty of Chinese calligraphy.
孔子：孔子(ConfUcius)是一位思想家、政治家，教育家，也是中国儒 学(the Ru School)思想创始人。儒学(Confucianism)，这个道德和 宗教哲学大系统建立在孔圣人(Master Kung)教学上。冯友兰， 中国思想史上20世纪伟大权威之一，把孔子在中国历史上影 响比作西方苏格拉底。
Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought. Confucianism, the great system of moral and religious philosophy built upon the teachings of Master Kung. Fung You-lan, one of the great 20th century authorities on the history ofChinese thought, compares Confucius9 influence in Chinese history with that of Socrates in the West. 红楼梦：《红楼梦》问世二百年以来,通过汉文原文和多种译文读过此书人,不知有多少亿!这样多读者哪一种是先看批评家文章,然而再让批评家牵着鼻子走,按图索骥地去读原作呢?我看是绝无仅有。一切文学作品,尤其是象《红楼梦》这样伟大作品,内容异常地丰富,包括到社会层面异常地多,简直象是一种宝山，一座迷宫。而读者群就愈加复杂，她们来读《红楼梦》，会各就自己特点，欣赏该书中某一种方面，受到鼓舞，受到启发，引起了爱慕;也也许受到打击，引起了憎恶。综上所述是千差万别。
Ever since the publication of A Dream of Red Mansions some 200 years ago, hundreds of millions of people have read its Chinese original or its translations in various languages. Of these innumerable people, how many have read the novel by starting with a perusal of the critics' articles and allowing themselves to be led by the nose by the critics as to how to read the novel? Next to none. All literary works, especially a monumental one like A Dream of Red Mansions, are extremely rich in content and involve diverse social strata-to such an extent that they virtually resemble a mountain of treasure or a labyrinth. And the readers are even more complicated, differing from each other in family background. They will each appreciate a certain aspect of the novel according to their own individuality. They may feel inspired and enlightened, and hence love it, or they may feel hurt, and hence loathe it. In short, the reactions vary.
 二、老式节日春节：春节庆祝活动是一年中最关键庆祝活动。中国人庆祝春节措施也许略微不同样，但其愿望几乎是相似，她们期望其家人和好友明年健康和幸运。春节庆祝活动一般持续15天。庆祝活动包括春节年夜饭，放鞭炮，给小朋友压岁钱，春节钟声和春节问候。大多数中国人将在春节第7天停止庆祝活动，由于全国性节假一般在这一天结束，但在公共场所庆祝活动也许最终持续到正月十五。
　Chinese New Year Celebration is the most important celebration of the year. Chinese people may celebrate the Chinese New Year in slightly different ways but their wishes are almost the same; they want their family members and friends to be healthy and lucky during next year.Chinese New Year Celebration usually lasts for 15 days. Celebratory activities include Chinese New Feast, firecrackers, giving lucky money to children, the New Year bell ringing and Chinese New Year Greetings. Most of Chinese people will stop the celebrating in their home on the 7th day of New Year because the national holiday usually ends around that day, however celebrations in public areas can last until the 15th day of New Year.清明节：清明节习俗是丰富有趣，除了讲究禁火、扫墓，尚有踏青、荡秋千、蹴鞠、打马球、插柳等一系列风俗体育活动。相传这是由于清明节要寒食禁火，为了防止寒食冷藏伤身，因此大家来参与部分体育活动，以锻炼身体。因此，这个节日既有祭扫新坟生别死离得悲酸泪，又有踏青游玩欢笑声，是一种富有特色节日。
Ching Ming Festival (the Tomb-sweeping Festival), the custom is full of  interesting. In addition to pay attention to ban fire, tomb-sweeping, as well as  spring outing, swinging, Cuju, playing polo, Liu inserted a series of custom  sports. According to legend, this is because the Ching Ming Festival to Cold  Food Observance ban fire, in order to prevent the Cold Food Observance buffet  beverages, so we come to participate in some sports, in order to exercise.  Therefore, this festival which has both the acid tears of sorrow for the died  and the laughter from the players, is a distinctive holiday.
元宵节：和大多数中国节日同样，元宵节同样有自己特色小吃，成为“汤圆”(也叫“元宵”)。汤圆外形圆圆，外皮由糯米制成，内陷或甜或辣。大家所有说汤圆有两个象征之意，一为农历第30天圆，二为家庭团聚圆满。元宵节老式习俗中尚有一部分是有关猜灯谜游戏。在过去，这些谜语大多出自于模糊文学典故和中国古典文学之中，因此猜灯谜此前多为知识份子“领地”。踩高跷，敲大鼓和舞龙狮也是元宵节关键娱乐活动。
Like most Chinese festivals, the Lantern Festival has its own special food,  called “tang yuan”. These are round, glutinous rice dumplings with sweet or  spicy fillings. The dumplings are said to symbolize both the first full moon and  family utility and completeness. Part of the lantern festival tradition involves  a game to guess riddles attached to the lanterns. In the old days the riddles  were obscure literary allusions to the Chinese classics and so were mainly the  preserve of the educated classes. Stilt-walking, drumming and dragon and lion  dancing are the main entertainment forms of the Lantern Festival.
端午节：端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬佩大臣（minister）,她给国家带来了和平和繁华。但最终由于受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自杀。大家撑船到她自杀地方，抛下粽子，期望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原身躯。几千年来，端午节特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在部分河湖密布南方省份。
The Duan Wu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water,hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes. 
中秋节：农历八月十五日是中国老式节日——中秋节。在这天，每个家庭所有团聚在一起，一家人共同欣赏象征丰裕、友好和好运圆月。此时，大大家尽情吃着美味月饼，品着热腾腾香茗，而孩子们则在一旁拉着明亮兔子灯尽情玩耍。月宫里漂亮仙女嫦娥神话小说予以了这个节日神话色彩。传说古时候，天空曾有10个太阳围着地球旋转。后翌射下了其中9个太阳，拯救了地球上生灵。她偷了长生不老药，却被妻子嫦娥偷偷喝下，从而产生了嫦娥奔月小说。
The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar month. It is a time for family members to congregate and enjoy the full moon, which is a symbol of abundance, harmony and luck. Adults usually indulge in fragrant mooncakes of various kinds with a good cup of hot Chinese tea, while the children run around with their brightly-lit rabbit lanterns. The festival was endowed a mythological flavour with legends of Chang-E, the beautiful lady in the moon. According to Chinese mythology, the earth once had 10 suns circling over it. Hou Yi, shot down 9 of the suns to save all the lives on carth. He stole the elixir of life, which can make people immortal. However, his wife, Chang-E drank it. Thus the legend of Chang-E flying into the moon came into being.
三、老式事物筷子：中国人使用筷子已经有3 000数年历史了。中国筷子夹菜一端是圆，象征着天；另一端是方，象征着地。这是由于，维持充足食物供应是天地之间最关键事情。中国有个古老风俗，女子出嫁时要用筷子当嫁妆，由于“筷子”和“快子”谐音。根据中国餐桌礼仪，吃饭时一直握着筷子是不礼貌。将菜送入口中后，应立即把筷子放下。吃饭时，用筷子指着她人会对其导致冒犯。
There has been a history of more than 3 000 years for the Chinese to have meals with chopsticks. Chinese chopsticks are round on the eating end which symbolizes the heaven, and the other end is square which symbolizes the earth. It is because maintaining an adequate food supply is the greatest concern between the heaven and the earth. There is an old custom in the past in China, that chopsticks should be a part of a girl’s dowry. Kuaizi (chopsticks) is pronounced the same as “kuai zi”.The latter symbolized “quick” and “son”. According to the Chinese traditional table manners, it is impolite to hold the chopsticks all the time over the meal. As soon as one person sends a bite into his mouth, he should put down the chopsticks. It would offend others to point at them with chopsticks over the meal.
文房四宝：在中国，笔、墨、纸、砚（ink slab），就是大家所说“文房四宝”，在中华文明传承中起了关键作用。文房四宝不仅有实用价值，它们自身也是供人欣赏艺术品，并逐渐成为收藏品。文房四宝品类繁多，丰富多彩，选材制作不停趋于完善、精美，历代所有有名品、名匠产生，成为一种深厚文化积淀。在当今时代，使用笔、墨、纸、砚进行学习、写作人越来越少了，不过，在中国书法、绘画、收藏和修身养性活动中，它们仍起着不可替代作用。
In China, “four treasures of the study” refers to “writing brush”, “ink stick”, “paper” and “ink slab”, playing an important role in passing on Chinese civilization. They not only have their value of practical use, but also become the works of art for appreciation and collection. There is a large variety of these four treasures. Selecting of materials and making process have become increasingly delicate and perfect. Each dynasty of Chinese history saw famous craftsmen appear and works produced, which is a profound process of cultural accumulation.In contemporary times, “four treasures of the study” have been increasingly rarely used for study or writhing, but they are still playing an irreplaceable role in the field of Chinese calligraphy, painting, collection and in the activities of cultivating one's mind.
中国结：中国结（The Chinese Knot）是一种古老艺术形式。大家发现，绳结可以追朔到10万年前。中国人不仅用绳结来固定、包裹、狩猎、打鱼，还用来记录事件，并且有些绳结纯粹起装饰作用。中国结具有文化内涵（cultural connotation）。由于结在汉语中发音和“吉”相近。吉意思是“福、禄、寿、喜、财、安、康”，这是中国人永恒追求，因此有些中国结表达出大家多种愿望。例如：新婚夫妇房间一般见一种盘长结（Pan-chang Knot）来装饰，象征着永恒爱情。
The Chinese Knot is an ancient art form and artifacts could be found as far back as 100 000 years ago.Chinese people used knots for more than just fastening,wraping,hunting,fishing.Knots were also to record events,and some knots had purely ornamentak functions.The Chinese Knot has cultural connotations.Since knot is pronouced as"jie" in Chinese similar with that of "ji",which means blessing,good salary,longevity,happpiness,fortune,safety and health and is the everlasting pursuit of Chinese people,some Chinese Knots espress people's various hopes.For example,the room of newlyweds is usually decorated with a Pan-Chang Knot to symbolize eternal love.
八大菜系：中国一种版图广阔、资源丰富、历史悠久多民族国家，每个 民族所有有其独特丰富菜肴。地区菜系在地理环境、气候、文化传 统、民族风俗和其他原因影响下通过悠久历史发展已经成形。 最有影响力、最具代表性是鲁、川、粵、闽、苏、浙、湘、徽菜系， 这八种被大家称为“八大菜系”。中国“八大菜系”是以多种多样 烹饪措施辨别，各有其长处。
China is a time-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources, and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes. Regional cuisines have taken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographical environment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors. The most influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and Hui Cuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines”. Dishes in the “Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by diversified cooking skills, with each having its strong points.
四、老式艺术京剧：京剧被奉为中国国粹，来源于18世纪晚期安徽和湖北当地剧种。京剧是中国所有剧种中最有影响力和代表性，在中国乃至世界享有声誉。京剧完美融 合了多种艺术形式。京剧集老式音乐、舞蹈、诗歌、杂耍、武术于一身，以华丽戏服、逼真脸谱和程式化演出套路而著名。京剧脸谱上每一种图形和亮丽颜 色所有有象征意义：红色表达忠诚，蓝色表达残暴，黑色表达正直。
Known as China’s national opera, Peking Opera originated in the late 18th century from the basis of some local operas in Anhui and Hubei Provinces. Peking Opera is the most influential and representative of all operas in China. It has won great popularity not only in China but also throughout the world. Peking Opera is a harmonious combination of many art forms. It is a synthesis of traditional music, dancing, poetry, acrobatics and martial arts. It is famous for its exquisite costumes, beautiful make-up or painted face, and established performing conventions and rules. Each of patterns and brilliant colors on the painted face has a symbolic meaning: red suggests loyalty; blue suggests cruelty; black suggests honesty. 
武术：武术在中国源远流长，是中华民族老式文化瑰宝。我们懂得，一种民族优秀文化遗产，不仅仅属于一种民族，它会逐渐传播到世界而成为人类共同财富。// 为了愈加好推广武术运动，使其和奥运项目接轨，中国武协和国际武联做了大量艰苦卓绝工作。目前武术运动已被列为一种具有和保龄球运动和国际原则舞相似地位奥运演出项目。//武术蓬勃发展，除得益于其项目自身吸引力之外，初期移居海外一代武术大师功不可没。//老一代武术家在海外播种下了武术种子，使武术这门既可以自卫又可以健身运动很快就在新土地上扎下了根。今天高超武术大师已遍及世界各地，武术爱好者也和日俱增。Wushu, or Chinese martial art, can be traced back to ancient times. It is a gem of Chinese traditional culture. As well know, the fine culture of a nation does not belong to the nation alone and it will be spread to the rest of the world and shared by all humanity.// The Chinese Wushu Association and International Wushu Federation (IWUF) have been working very hard to popularize wushu and make the Chinese martial art closer to the Olympic Movement. Wushu was accepted to join bowling and international standard dance as an Olympic demonstration event.// The booming of wushu is attributed not only to the attractiveness of