初中教育初中英语语法.pptx

中考英语语法总汇及精练中考英语语法总汇及精练名名 词词：表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。名词的分类 名词类 别意 义例 词专有名词表示具体的人名、事物、国家、地名、机构、团体等的专有名称Jim,China,Qingdao,the Great Wall普通名词可数名词个体名词表示单个人的人或事物girl,factory,cat,country集合 名词表示一群人或一些事物的总称police,team,group,clothes 不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质water,pork,cheese,cotton抽象名词表示抽象概念的词fun,health,courage,love1.可数名词可数名词：可数名词有单、复数两种形式；名词复数的构成形式有 规则和不规则两种变化。.规则变化：当名词为：词尾变化读 音例 词一般情况加s在清辅音后读/s/cake-cakes在浊辅音或元音后读/z/bag-bags,hour-hours以s,x,ch,sh结尾的单词加es/iz/bus-buses(class/glass),box-boxes(fox),watch-watches(match/sandwich)brush-brushes(fish/wish)以字母o结尾的单词加s或es/z/zoo,photo,radio,bamboo+stomato/potato/hero+es以辅音字母+y结尾的单词变y为i 再加es/z/baby-babies(country,factory,city,story)boy/toy/day/key/journey除外以f 或fe结尾的单词变f或fe为v再加 es/vz/knife-knives(wife/life),leaf-leaves(shelf/scarf/wolf/thief/half)roof除外.不规则变化 man-,woman-,child-,tooth/goose/foot ,mouse-.Chinese/Japanese/sheep ,注:Englishman/Frenchman ,German-,human-,由man 和woman构成的合成词,每个名词都要变复数 e.g.a man doctor ,a woman teacher-,但 a child laborer-,注：.总是以复数形式出现的名词,作主语时谓语动词要用复数）如：clothes/pants/trousers/jeans/shorts,glasses,thanks,wishes,congratulations,noodles,vegetables e.g.The new pants (cost)so much that I cant affort (it).news,maths,physics,politics这些名词从形式上看是复数,但 实际上是单数(作主语时，其后的谓语动词要用单数)；e.g.Maths (be not)my favourite subject.menwomenchildrenteeth/geese/feetmiceChinese/Japanese/sheepEnglishmen/FrenchmenGermanshumansmen doctorswomen teacherscostisntthemchild laborers.含有可数名词复数的短语 在不同的班级 ；交通灯 ；餐桌礼仪 ；心情好 ,与某人交朋友_ 与某人握手_ _ 做眼保健/早操 ；向某人道谢_ 刷牙 ；伤害某人情感 ；采取措施做某事 ；拍照 ；轮流做某事 ；做笔记 ；把切/分成小块 ；遵照指示 举行运动会 ；二.不可数名词不可数名词：不可数名词一般没有复数形式，不能与a/an或表 示具体数量的词连用。它们前面往往加some/any,a little/little,no等词或加“a/数词piece/cup/glass/bagof”结构来表示数 量。e.g.some water,a cup of tea,seven pieces of bread,several bags of rice,注：有些名词既是可数的，又是不可数的，但意义有所不同。e.g.time,room,glass,light,chicken,orange,experience，fish,fruit,food in different classesthe traffic lightsmake friends with sb.take photoshave a sports meetdo eye exercisesbrush ones teethhurt ones feelingssay thanks to sb.take measures to do sthtake turns to do sthtake notescut/divide sth into small piecesfollow the directionstable mannersbe in good spiritsshake hands with sb三、名词的所有格名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式,一种是在名词后+s；另一种是用of,表示“的”。1.主要用于人.单数名词或不以s结尾的复数名词在词尾+s:e.g.Mikes mother,childrens clothes .以s结尾的复数名词在词尾+:e.g.Teachers Day .两人共有的物体,则在第二个名词后+s;如果分别是两人所有,则在每 个名词后面+s。e.g.Lucy and Lilys room.(指两人共住一个房间)Mrs.Greens and Mrs.Browns son.(指两人各自的儿子).有些名词所有格后面表示某具体场所的名词可省略 e.g.the doctors(office);Mr.Whites(home/house)2.也可用于表示时间、距离、地名等无生命的名词 e.g.two months holiday,ten minutes walk,Beijings temperature 3.没有生命的事物一般用of 短语来表示所属关系。e.g.the wall of the classroom，a picture of the bedroom，注：“a/an/some/any +n.+of+名词所有格或名词性物主代词”结构叫做双 重所有格。e.g.a friend of his=,some books of Toms=,some of Toms booksone of his friends1.-What do you think of the _ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven?-It sounds really wonderful.A.subject B.music C.book 2.There is not enough _ in the corner for the fridge.A.place B.room C.ground 3._ comes from sheep and some people like eating it A.Wool B.Mutton C.Milk 4.If you dont take more _,youll get fat.A.medicine B.lessons C.exercise 5.My school is about twenty _ walk from here.A.minutes B.minutess C.minutes 6.She has been in Tianjin for ten years.Tianjin has become her second _ A.family B.house C.home 7.He is a success as a leader but he hasnt _ in teaching.A.many experiences B.much experience C.an experience 8.I stayed at _ last Sunday.A.my uncles B.my uncles C.my uncles family 9.During Christmas,people get together and sing Christmas songs for_.A.wishes B.interest C.thanks 10.A classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago.A.you B.your C.your sisters BBBcACBCAC 冠词分为不定冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a,an)和定冠词和定冠词(the)一、不定冠词的用法 1).一般用在可数名词的单数形式前,泛指同类事物中的“一个”，表示类别，其中a用于以辅音音素开始的词前，an用于以元音音素开始的词前。She is _ teacher.Its orange.useful book;unusual story;_horse;honest boy 2).表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one 强烈。例如:_ tree cant make forest.I have a mouth,a nose,two eyes and two ears.3).用于某些固定的词组中.例如:a few/a little,a lot of,a moment ago,in a word,in a hurry,in a minute/moment once in a while,once upon a time,as a result,as a matter of fact,be in a good mood,have a cold/fever/temperature/cough/toothache.have a look/swim/rest/walk/seat,have a good time,have a sweet tooth,make a noise,make a contribution to,do sb.a favor,come to an end二、定冠词的用法 1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物.例如:The boy in a hat is my brother.2).指双方都知道的人或物.例如:-Where are the new books,Jim?-They are on the table.3).用在世界上独一无二的事物或自然界现象前，但nature前不加定冠词the.the sun/the wind/the sky;People can enjoy the beauties of nature there.aaananaOneaan4).用在序数词、形容词最高级或方位词前.例如:Shanghai is the largest city in China.The Second World War;in the west(east);on the left/right注：序数词前常用定冠词，有时还可用不定冠词 a/an，表示“又一 再一”的意思 例如：Mr Brown has a second car.布朗先生另外还有一辆车。He tried a second time just now.他刚才又尝试了一次。5).用于发明物的单数名词或乐器的名词前 Who invented the lamp/compass?He is good at playing the piano.6).用于个别形容词前表示一类人或与姓氏的复数连用表示一家人或夫妇 the young/old/poor/rich/blind/deaf/sick the Greens=,7).用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前.例如:the Great Wall;the United Nations 8).用在一些习惯用语中.例如:in the morning(afternoon,evening),in the 1970s,in the past,in the old days in the end,at the end of,on/over the phone,by the way,be the same as have the flu,touch/hit sb.+in/on+the+部位,go to the cinema,make the bed Whats the matter/trouble with you?Whats the English for this?=.=,the Green familyMr Green and Mrs GreenHow do you say this in English?Whats this in English?三、不用冠词的情况1).在专有名词前和不可数名词前。例如：China,Grade Two,Bill Smith,We cant live without water.Does she like music?2).可数名词前已有物主代词、指示代词等修饰或复数名词表示泛指时,例如：My bike is over there.This boy comes from America.My father and mother are teachers.3).在星期、月份、季节、节日前。例如：It is Sunday(Monday)He was born on August 8th,2008.Childrens Day is coming.It is cold in winter.4).在称呼语或呼唤语的名词前。例如：He is chairman of the meeting.Whats wrong,Mother?5).在三餐饭、球类、棋类、学科的名称前。例如：He went to school after breakfast.Can you play basketball/chess?Maths is his favourite subject.6).在某些固定词组中，如 at home/school/work/table,at noon/night/,on foot,after school/class by bus/ship/plane/land/water/air,by phone,first aid,be ill in bed,go to school/class/bed/church 1.They are living _happy life now.2._bag on _desk is mine.3.There is _empty box on the table.3.Do you like _music of the film“Titanic”?4.On _Saturday,I stay in _bed till 12:00.5._Browns have been to China twice.6.Dont make any noise in _class.7.This is such _interesting story that you must want to listen to it.8.Next week they will go to Australia by _air.9.Which is bigger,_sun or _moon?aThetheantheTheanthethe代词代词分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词等。代词的用法1.人称代词：人称代词是指人的代词。请看下表：数 格 人 称 单 数复 数主 格宾 格主 格宾 格 第一人称wemeweus 第二人称 youyouyouyou 第三人称hehimtheythem she her it it(1)人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如：She is my English teacher.(2)宾格在句中作宾语。例如：They dont want me to go there alone.注：.人称代词she可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮等。例如：We love our country,we hope shell be stronger and stronger.It 作为人称代词时，可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。例如：It is about 10 kilometres from here.离这儿大约有10公里。.It 还可用作形式主语或形式宾语，来代替由不定式或主语从句 如：It is not easy to learn English well.I found it difficult to work out the problem.It is said that he has been to America.2物主代词：表示所有关系的代词。物主代词包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。词 义 类 型我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他/她/它们的形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名 词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs.形容词性物主代词具有形容词的特征。在句中作定语，后面跟名词。例如：To our surprise,he has passed the exam.(2).名词性的物主代词具有名词的特征，在句中作主语、表语、宾语。例如：May I use your bike?Mine is at school.(作主语)My book is lost.Can I use yours?(作宾语)Whose glasses are these?They are hers.(作表语)3.反身带词：用来表示“某人自己”的代词。如下表所示：词 义 数我(们)自己你(们)自己 他/她/它 自 己/他 们 自 己单 数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复 数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves.反身代词在句中常作宾语和主语或宾语的同位语。例如：Her sister is too young to dress herself.(作宾语)He himself is always making such mistakes.(主语同位语)Youd better ask your wife herself.(宾语同位语).反身代词常与动词构成固定搭配，例如：enjoy oneself,help oneself to sth,wash/dress oneself,hurt oneself,teach oneself,learn by oneself,lose oneself in,make oneself at home 4指示代词：表示时间和空间远近关系的代词：this/that/these/those .this/that都可以与表示时间的名词连用，但前面不加介词，next/last/every前面也不加.e.g.this(that)moring/week/month/winter/year.打电话时，常用this作自我介绍，用this/that指对方 e.g.This is Tom speaking.Whos this/that?.this可表示下文将要提到的事情，that可表示刚刚提到过的事物（而汉语却用”这”表 示）或代替上文提到的不可数名词。e.g.Tell them to do like this:knock the stick into the earth first,then tie the tree to it.-My mother is ill,so I have to look after her.-Im sorry to hear that.The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.注：.one、it也可代替上文提到的名词（可数名词单数），其中one与这个名词为同类 事物（泛指），it与这个名词为同一个事物（特指）。e.g.-Can I borrow your pen?-Sorry,I dont have .或-Sorry,I lent to Tom just now.若要代替上文提到的可数名词复数，则用ones或those(有修饰词用前者,没有用后者)e.g.-Which books are yours?-The new are mine.The texts in Book Two are much easier than in Book Three.注：that还可以充当引导词，引导宾语从句、定语从句、主语从句等。e.g.I am sure that he will win the game.Its a book that introduces China in detail.5疑问代词：用来构成特殊疑问句的代词，常用的有：who,what,which,whose,whom等 6.不定代词：指没有确定对象的代词，常用的有：all,each,every,both,either,neither,no one,none,many,much,some,any,others,another等以及由some,no,any,every 构成的复合词。oneitonesthose7.相互代词：each other=one another e.g.We got lost and couldnt find _.1.These two books are very interesting.You can choose _ of them.A.both B.either C.any2.He had _milk but_ cakes for breakfast.A.many;few B.much;little C.little;many3.A:_ are you going to visit?B:I am going to visit the Palace Museum.A.Where B.What C.Why 4.He said _ at the meeting and just sat there silently.A.something B.anything C.nothing 5.This isnt _ pencil case.I left _ at home.A.my,mine B.me,mine C.mine,my D.my,myself6.-Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?-_ is OK.Im free today and tomorrow.A.Either B.Neither C.Both 7.-When shall we meet again?-Make it _day you like.Its all the same to me.A.one B.any C.another BCBCAABeach other 数词数词英语数词可分为基数词和序数词。基数词表示数量，序数词表英语数词可分为基数词和序数词。基数词表示数量，序数词表示顺序。示顺序。一、基数词 1十位数与个位数之间要加连字符号“-”，如：28twenty-eight，96 ninety-six。2百位和十位或个位之间加and，如：148one hundred and forty-eight ；406four hundred and six 31000以上的数字，从后往前数每三位加一个逗号“，”第一个逗号前为千 （thousand），第二个逗号前为百万（million），第三个逗号前为billion （十亿）。如：2，510two thousand five hundred and ten；84，296 eight-four thousand two hundred and ninety-six 4.基数词的复数形式 dozen，hundred，thousand，million，billion与of连用时，需用复 数，但前面有基数词时，要用单数。e.g.hundreds of trees ；three hundred trees .表示“在什么世纪几十年代”与“在某人几十多岁时”,要用整十的复数 e.g.在20世纪30年代 ；在她二十多岁时 ；in the 1930sin her twenties二、序数词1.除first、second、third有特殊形式外，一般的在相应的基数词尾加-th构 成，以ty 结尾的，要先变y为i,在加-eth.e.g.four-,thirty-,2.多位数的基数词变成序数词时，只需将个位数变成序数词即可。例如：twenty-one-twenty-first,one hundred and nine-,三、其他几种数词的构成三、其他几种数词的构成 1分数的表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于“1”，分母则加 “s”。如：13 one third，23 two thirds；另外：12 a（one）half;14 one fourth或a（one）quarter;34 three fourths或three quarters。2 小数（小数点后的数字按个位基数词依次读出）：12.135-twelve point one three five 3百分数（用percent表示）：5-five percent 0.8 zero point eight percentfourththirtiethone hundred and ninth 四年份、日期、时刻、编号和计量的表示法 .年用基数词，日用序数词。如：1998年6月8日 写作：June 8，1998；读作：June the eighth,nineteen ninety-eight 或the eighth of June,nineteen ninety-eight .几点钟用基数词加oclock，oclock可省略 如：5点钟five（oclock）“几点过几分（30分钟）用介词 past，如：7：05five past seven；7：15a quarter past seven；7：30half past seven “差几分到几点”用介词 to，如：7：40twenty to eight；7：45a quarter to eight.编号：Lesson One the first lesson.主语+be+基数词+单位名词+形容词（long,deep,tall,away.）如：长江长6300公里。The Changjiang River is 6，300 kilometres long.e.g.1.About _ of the surface of the earth _ covered with water.A.three quarter,is B.three quarters,are C.three quarters,is 2.It will take _ time to finish the work.A.one and a half years B.a year and half C.one and a half years 3.There are _ in this building,I live on _.A.nine floors,the ninth floor B.nine floor,the ninth floor C.nine floors,ninth floor CAA 形形 容容 词词 和和 副副 词词 一、形容词：用来修饰名词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词。形容词在句中充当定语、表语和宾补：例：定 语 You can see a lot of beautiful flowers in the garden.表 语 Your coat is too small.宾 补 The old woman keeps everything clean and tidy.注：形容词修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等不定代词时，要放在这些 词的后面。例如：The police found nothing strange in the room.二、副词：英语中副词的位置和汉语不尽相同，它的位置比较灵活。通常用作状语修 饰动词、形容词、副词等。.多数副词都可以放在它所修饰的动词后面。如：We are living happily.我们幸福地生活着。He runs slowly.他跑的很慢。.时间副词、地点副词和方式副词一般放在句末。如：They played games in the park yesterday morning.昨天上午他们在公园里做游戏。注：有时表示时间的副词也可放在句首，起强调作用。如：Yesterday I got up late.频度副词一般放在be动词、情态动词及第一个助动词之后，实义动词之前。如：He is seldom ill.他很少生病。You must always remember this.你一定要记住这一点。She has never been abroad.I often write to my parents.我经常写信给父母。注：有些词既可用做形容词也可副词。如：hard,fast,early,late,long,well,little,much等 The early bird catches the worm.I often get up early.It was a long holiday.He stayed there very long.I have much money.Do you play on the computer much?三、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 1)符合规则的：情 况加 法例 词一 般 情 况直接加-er;-esttall-taller-tallest以e结尾的词加 r;-stnice-nicer-nicest以“辅音+y”结尾的词变y为i再加-er;-estearly-earlier-earliest以重读闭音节辅音母结尾的词双写最后一字母，再加-er;-estbig-bigger-biggest(大红/湿热/胖瘦)多音节和部分双音节单词在词前加 more;mostmore delicious-the most deliciousmore quickly-(the)most quickly2）几个不规则的形容词和副词的比较级和最高级如下表：原 级比较级最高级good/wellbetterbestbad/ill,badlyworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthestoldolder/elderoldest/eldest注：表示“较不”和“最不”时，可用less和least，如：less difficult,least difficult四.形容词和副词比较句型 .比较级+than，若要指出程度，比较级前面可以加much/a lot(比得多);a little/a bit(比一点)或数词+单位名词(针对形容词比较级)e.g.Jim is older than Lucy.I study more carefully than he.as+原级+as 表示“与一样”；倍数/分数/百分数+as+adj.原级+as表示“是 的”not so/as+原级+as=,表示“不如”e.g.Kangkang plays Chinese chess as well as his father.This room is as large as that one.Art is not as interesting as music.=,.比较级+and+比较级/more and more+多音节词 表示“越来越”He is growing taller and taller.My hometown is becoming more and more beautiful.The+比较级+主谓，the+比较级+主谓 表示“越,越”The more regularly we eat,the healthier we are.the+adj.比较级+of短语 表示两者中“较”He is the taller of the two.五.形容词和副词最高级的用法，.三者或三者以上的比较，用“the+最高级”的结构表示(副词最高级前面的the 可省略)最高程度,这时后面常加“of(among)或in”的介词短语来表示范围。e.g.He is the shortest the children.Lin Tao jumped(the)farthest his class.“one of+the+adj.最高级+可数n.复数”表示“最 之一之一”e.g.China is in the world.“the+序数词(second/third )+adj.最高级+可数n.单数”表示“第二/三”e.g.Yellow River is in China.less+原级+thanofintwice/three quarters/60%Art is less interesting than musicone of the largest countriesthe second longest river1.You must keep your eyes _ when you do eye exercises.A.close B.open C.closed 2.Mingming got up very _,so he came to school half an hour _.A.late;lately B.lately;late C.late;late 3.Which lesson is _,this one or that one?A.more much difficult B.much more difficult C.much difficult 4.In our city,it is _ in July,but it is even _ in August.A.hot;hot B.hotter;hot C.hot;hotter 5.Beijing has _ many buses that there is often a traffic jam in rush hours.A.so B.such C.too 6.This box is _ heavy _ I cant carry it.A.too,to B.so,that C.very,that 7.If you are not free today,come another day _.A.too B.instead C.yetCCCCBBBhow long/how often/how soon/how far:1.how long 是对长度或时间段提问是对长度或时间段提问。How long is the river?-Its 5,000 kilometers long.(对长度提问对长度提问)How long have you lived there?-For five months./Since 2002.(对时间段提问对时间段提问)2.how often是对频率提问是对频率提问，如如：never,sometimes,often,usually,al