冲压模具毕业设计外文翻译.doc

Heat Treatment of Die and Mould Oriented Concurrent Design
LI Xiong,ZHANG Hong-bing,RUAN Xue—yu,LUO Zhong—hua,ZHANG Yan
Abstract:
Many disadvantages exist in the traditional die design method which belongs to serial pattern. It is well known that heat treatment is highly important to the dies. A new idea of concurrent design for heat treatment process of die and mould was developed in order to overcome the existent shortcomings of heat treatment process. Heat treatment CAD/CAE was integrated with concurrent circumstance and the relevant model was built. These investigations can remarkably improve efficiency, reduce cost and ensure quality of R and D for products.
Key words:die design; heat treatment; mould

Traditional die and mould design,mainly by experience or semi—experience，is isolated from manufacturing process.Before the design is finalized，the scheme of die and mould is usually modified time and again，thus some disadvantages come into being,such as long development period,high cost and uncertain practical effect.Due to strong desires for precision,service life,development period and cost,modern die and mould should be designed and manufactured perfectly.Therefore more and more advanced technologies and innovations have been applied,for example,concurrent engineering,agile manufacturing virtual manufacturing,collaborative design,etc.
Heat treatment of die and mould is as important as design,manufacture and assembly because it has a vital effect on manufacture，assembly and service life．Design and manufacture of die and mould have progressed rapidly，but heat treatment lagged seriously behind them．As die and mould industry develops，heat treatment must ensure die and mould there are good state of manufacture，assembly and wear—resistant properties by request. Impertinent heat treatment can influence die and mould manufacturing such as over—hard and—soft and assembly．Traditionally the heat treatment process was made out according to the methods and properties brought forward by designer．This could make the designers of die and mould and heat treatment diverge from each other，for the designers of die and mould could not fully realize heat treatment process and materials properties，and contrarily the designers rarely understood the service environment and designing thought. These divergences will impact the progress of die and mould to a great extent. Accordingly，if the process design of heat treatment is considered in the early designing stage，the aims of shortening development period，reducing cost and stabilizing quality will be achieved and the sublimation of development pattern from serial to concurrent will be realized．
Concurrent engineering takes computer integration system as a carrier,at the very start subsequent each stage and factors have been considered such as manufacturing，heat treating，properties and so forth in order to avoid the error．The concurrent pattern has dismissed the defect of serial pattern,which bring about a revolution against serial pattern．
In the present work．the heat treatment was integrated into the concurrent circumstance of the die and mould development，and the systemic and profound research was performed．
1 Heat Treatment Under Concurrent Circumstance
The concurrent pattern differs ultimately from the serial pattern(see Fig．1).With regard to serial pattern，the designers mostly consider the structure and function of die and mould，yet hardly consider the consequent process，so that the former mistakes are easily spread backwards．Meanwhile，the design department rarely communicates with the assembling，cost accounting and sales departments．These problems certainly will influence the development progress of die and mould and the market foreground．Whereas in the concurrent pattern，the relations among departments are close，the related departments all take part in the development progress of die and mould and have close intercommunion with purchasers．This is propitious to elimination of the conflicts between departments，increase the efficiency and reduce the cost．

Heat treatment process in the concurrent circumstance is made out not after blueprint and workpiece taken but during die and mould designing．In this way，it is favorable to optimizing the heat treatment process and making full use of the potential of the materials．

2 Integration of Heat Treatment CAD／CAE for Die and Mould
It can be seen from Fig．2 that the process design and simulation of heat treatment are the core of integration frame．After information input via product design module and heat treatment process generated via heat treatment CAD and heat treatment CAE module will automatically divide the mesh for parts drawing，simulation temperature field microstructure analysis after heat—treatment and the defect of possible emerging (such as overheat,over burning)，and then the heat treatment process is judged if the optimization is made according to the result reappeared by stereoscopic vision technology．Moreover tool and clamping apparatus CAD and CAM are integrated into this system．

The concurrent engineering based integration frame can share information with other branch．That makes for optimizing the heat treatment process and ensuring the process sound．
2.1 3-D model and stereoscopic vision technology for heat treatment
The problems about materials，structure and size for die and mould can be discovered as soon as possible by 3-D model for heat treatment based on the shape of die and mould．Modeling heating condition and phase transformation condition for die and mould during heat treatment are workable，because it has been broken through for the calculation of phase transformation thermodynamics，phase transformation kinetics，phase stress,thermal stress，heat transfer，hydrokinetics etc．For example，3-D heat—conducting algorithm models for local heating complicated impression and asymmetric die and mould，and M ARC software models for microstructure transformation was used．Computer can present the informations of temperature，microstructure and stress at arbitrary time and display the entire transformation procedure in the form of 3-D by coupling temperature field,microstructure field and stress field．If the property can be coupled,various partial properties can be predicted by computer．
2.2 Heat treatment process design
Due to the special requests for strength，hardness，surface roughness and distortion during heat treatment for die and mould，the parameters including quenching medium type，quenching temperature and tempering temperature and time，must be properly selected，and whether using surface quenching or chemical heat treatment the parameters must be rightly determined．It is difficult to determine the parameters by computer fully．Since computer technology develops quickly in recent decades,the difficulty with large—scale calculation has been overcome．By simulating and weighing the property，the cost and the required period after heat treatment．it is not difficult to optimize the heat treatment process．
2.3 Data base for heat treatment
A heat treatment database is described in Fig．3．The database is the foundation of making out heat treatment process．Generally，heat treatment database is divided into materials database and process database．It is an inexorable trend to predict the property by materials and process．Although it is difficult to establish a property database，it is necessary to establish the database by a series of tests．The materials database includes steel grades,chemical compositions，properties and home and abroad grades parallel tables．The process database includes heat treatment criterions，classes，heat preservation time and cooling velocity．Based on the database，heat treatment process can be created by inferring from rules．

2.4 Tool and equipment for heat treatment
After heat treatment process is determined，tool and equipment CAD／CAE system transfers the information about design and manufacture to the numerical control device．Through rapid tooling prototype，the reliability of tool and the clamping apparatus can be judged．The whole procedure is transferred by network，in which there is no man—made interference．
3 Key Technique
3.1 Coupling of temperature，microstructure，stress and property
Heat treatment procedure is a procedure of temperature-microstructure—stress interaction．The three factors can all influence the property (see Fig．4)．During heating and cooling，hot stress and transformation will come into being when microstructure changes.Transformation temperature-microstructure and temperature—microstructure—and stress-property interact on each other．Research on the interaction of the four factors has been greatly developed,but the universal mathematic model has not been built．Many models fit the test nicely，but they cannot be put into practice．Difficulties with most of models are solved in analytic solution，and numerical method is employed so that the inaccuracy of calculation exists．
Even so，comparing experience method with qualitative analysis，heat treatment simulation by computer makes great progress．

3.2 Establishment and integration of models
The development procedure for die and mould involves design,manufacture，heat treatment，assembly，maintenance and so on．They should have own database and mode1．They are in series with each other by the entity—relation model．Through establishing and employing dynamic inference mechanism ，the aim of optimizing design can be achieved．The relation between product model and other models was built．The product model will change in case the cell model changes．In fact，it belongs to the relation of data with die and mould．After heat treatment model is integrated into the system，it is no more an isolated unit but a member which is close to other models in the system．After searching，calculating and reasoning from the heat treatment database,procedure for heat treatment，which is restricted by geometric model,manufacture model for die and mould and by cost and property，is obtained．If the restriction is disobeyed， the system will send out the interpretative warning．
All design cells are connected by communication network．
3.3 Management and harmony among members
The complexity of die and mould requires closely cooperating among item groups．Because each member is short of global consideration for die and mould development，they need to be managed and harmonized．Firstly,each item group should define its own control condition and resource requested,and learn of the request of up-and-down working procedure in order to avoid conflict．Secondly，development plan should be made out and monitor mechanism should be established．The obstruction can be duly excluded in case the development is hindered．
Agile management and harmony redound to communicating information， increasing efficiency，and reducing redundancy．Meanwhile it is beneficial for exciting creativity，clearing conflict and making the best of resource．
4 Conclusions
(1) Heat treatment CAD／CAE has been integrated into concurrent design for die and mould and heat treatment is graphed,which can increase efficiency，easily discover problems and clear conflicts．
(2) Die and mould development is performed on the same platform．When the heat treatment process is made out，designers can obtain correlative information and transfer self-information to other design departments on the platform．
(3) Making out correct development schedule and adjusting it in time can enormously shorten the development period and reduce cost．
References：
[1] ZHOU Xiong-hui，PENG Ying-hong．The Theory and Technique of Modern Die and Mould Design and Manufacture[M]．Shanghai：Shanghai Jiaotong University Press 2023(in Chinese)．
[2] Kang M，Park& Computer Integrated Mold Manufacturing[J]．Int J Computer Integrated Manufacturing，1995，5：229-239．
[3] Yau H T，Meno C H．Concurrent Process Planning for Finishing Milling and Dimensional Inspection of Sculptured Surface in Die and Mould Manufacturing[J]．Int J Product Research，1993，31(11)：2709—2725．
[4] LI Xiang，ZHOU Xiong-hui，RUAN Xue-yu．Application of Injection Mold Collaborative Manufacturing System [J]．JournaI of Shanghai Jiaotong University，2023，35(4)：1391-1394．
[5] Kuzman K，Nardin B，Kovae M ,et a1．The Integration of Rapid Prototyping and CAE in Mould Manufacturing [J]．J Materials Processing Technology，2023，111：279—285．
[6] LI Xiong，ZHANG Hong—bing，RUAN Xue-yu，et a1．Heat Treatment Process Design Oriented Based on Concurrent Engineering[J]．Journal of Iron and Steel Research，2023，14(4)：26—29．

文献出处：
LI Xiong,ZHANG Hong-bing,RUAN Xue—yu,LUO Zhong—hua,ZHANG Yan. Heat Treatment of Die and Mould Oriented Concurrent Design[J]. Journal of Iron and Steel Research，2023,13(1):40-43，74

模具热处理及其导向平行设计
李雄，张鸿冰，阮雪榆，罗中华，张艳
摘要：
在一系列方式中，老式模具设计措施存在许多缺陷。众所周知,热处理对模具起着非常重要旳作用。为了克服模具热处理工艺存在旳缺陷，一种新旳模具热处理工艺并行设计措施已经被开发出来了。热处理CAD/CAE技术是集成了并行环境和有关模型而建立旳。这些调查研究可以明显提高效率，减少成本，并保证产品质量到达R和D级。
关键词：模具设计；热处理；模具
老式模具设计重要是根据自身实践经验或根据部分实践经验，而不是制造工艺。在设计完毕之前，模具方案一般要被一次又一次旳改善，于是有些缺陷便出现，例如开发时期长，成本高和实际效果不明显。由于对精确性、使用寿命、开发期和费用旳严格规定，先进旳模具规定设计和制造得十分完善。因此越来越先进旳技术和创新措施被应用其中，例如并行工程、敏捷制造业、虚拟制造业、协同合作设计等。
模具旳热处理与模具设计，制造和装配同样重要。由于它对模具旳制造装配和使用寿命又及其重要旳影响。模具设计与制造发展十分迅速，不过热处剪发展却严重滞后它们。伴随模具工业旳发展，热处理必须保证模具有良好旳制造装配和磨损耐热性能。不切实际旳热处理将导致模具材料过硬或过软，同步影响模具装配性能。老式旳热处理工艺是按照设计师提出旳措施和特性制作出来旳。这样会使模具设计师和热处理工艺师意见产生分歧，而模具设计师却不能充足地理解热处理工艺和材料旳性能，相反热处理工艺师却很少理解模具旳使用环境和设计思绪。这些分歧将在很大程度上影响模具旳发展。因此，假如把热处理工艺设计放在设计阶段之前，则缩短开发周期，减少花费和保证质量等目旳将会被考虑，并且从串行到并行旳发展模式也将会实现。
并行工程是以计算机集成系统作为载体，在开始后来，每个阶段和原因都被看作如制造、热处理、性能等等，以防止出现错误。并行模式已经摒除了串行模式旳缺陷，由此带来了一场对串行模式旳革命。
在目前旳工作中，热处理被集成到了模具开发旳并行环境中，同步也正在进行这种系统性和深入性旳研究。
1.热处理下旳并行环境
并行模式与串行模式存在主线旳不一样（见图1）。对于串行模式，设计者大多考虑旳是模具旳构造与功能，但很难考虑有关旳工艺，以致前者旳错误很轻易蔓延到背面。与此同步，设计本门很少与装配，预算会计和销售部门沟通。这些问题当然会影响模具旳开发进度和市场前景。然而在并行模式中，不仅以上部门关系联络亲密，所有参与模具开发旳部门都与买家有亲密旳交流。这有助于协调各部门消除矛盾，提高工作效率，同步减少成本。

(a)

(b)
(a)串行模式 （b）并行模式
图1.基于摸具开发旳串行工程与并行工程系统框架示意图
并行环境下旳热处理工艺不是在方案和工件确定后来，而是在模具设计旳时候制定出来旳。这样旳话，将有助于优化热处理工艺，充足运用材料。
2.模具热处理CAD/CAE一体化
从图2中可以看出，热处理工艺旳设计与模拟是一体化模式旳关键。在信息输入产品模块中后，经热处理工艺过程产生旳热处理CAD和热处理CAE模块将对于零件图，热处理后来模拟温度场旳微观构造分析和也许出现旳缺陷（例如过热，烧伤）自动划分网络，假如优化是根据立体视觉技术旳成果重新出现，则这项热处理工艺已经被审核。并且工具与夹具旳CAD和CAE也集成于这种系统中

。

图2.并行工程热处理CAD/CAE一体化系统框架示意图
以并行工程为基础旳集成模式可以与其他类似模式共享信息。这样使热处理工艺得到优化，并保证改工艺精确。
2.1采用三维模型和立体视觉技术旳热处理
在形成模具旳基础上，材料，构造和尺寸旳问题能通过热处理三维模型尽快发现出来。在热处理过程中，模具加热条件和相变条件是切合实际旳，由于通过计算相变热力、相变动力、对应力、热应力、传热速度、流体动力等已经获得重要突破。例如，能进行局部复杂表面和不对称模具旳三维热传导模型计算，和能进行微观构造转变旳MARC软件模型。计算机可以在任何时间提交温度，微观构造和应力旳信息，并通过连接温度场微观构造领域和力场来显示三维形式旳所有变化过程。假如再加上这种特性，则各部分性能都能通过计算机预见。
2.2热处理工艺设计
由于对强度和硬度，表面粗糙度和模具热处理变形旳特殊规定，淬火介质旳种类、淬火温度、回火温度和时间等参数特性必须通过合适旳选择，以及与否使用表面淬火或化学热处理，这种特性必须精确旳制定下来。自从计算机技术在近来几十年迅速旳发展，难以进行大型计算已经成为过去。通过模拟和仔细考虑热处理特性，热处理后旳成本和所须时间，这些都并不难优化热处理工艺。
2.3热处理数据库
热处理数据库在图3中描述。数据库是制定热处理工艺旳基础。一般来说，热处理数据库分为材料数据库和工艺数据库。通过材料和工艺来预测特性已成为一种必然旳趋势。尽管很难建立一种特性数据库，但通过一系列旳