托福简化句子题市公开课一等奖百校联赛获奖课件.pptx

简化句子题Simplification lillian 苑第1页1.找出主干找出主干：当我们完成对于长难句句类判断时，我们就要开始对这个句子内部逻辑关系进行分析。对于简单句来说，我们要找出这个句子主干，也就是主谓宾语。2.句内逻辑：句内逻辑：而对于复杂句来说，我们需要做就是分析复杂句内部各分句之间逻辑关系。在句子简化题中最常考逻辑关系分别有四种：并列、因果、转折、比较。要判断逻辑关系，考生能够在阅读过程中寻找对应逻辑词，如and、but、because等等。lillian 苑第2页A If the pores are large,the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold,and it will drain away;but if the pores are small enough,the water in them will exist as thin films,too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place;then the water will be firmly held.A.Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.B.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.C.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.D.If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops,the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.lillian 苑第3页A选项存在转折逻辑词but，且讲到当孔大时候水会变成水滴，but孔小时候就变成薄膜。主干、逻辑齐全，故正确。B选项错在有主干，但缺乏转折逻辑词。C 选项也有主干，不过逻辑关系写成了并列and，但实际上应该是转折关系。D选项说当孔大时候变成薄膜，这和原句主干意思完全相反。原句中说水在孔大时候应该变成水滴。lillian 苑第4页For example,some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them,nevertheless,they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than their religious usefulness.a.A societys rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities.b.The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reasonty to abandon it from the oral tradition.c.Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as useful for social well-being.d.Myths sometimes survived in a societys tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.lillian 苑第5页dFor example,some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them,nevertheless,they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than their religious usefulness.a.A societys rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities.-主干就错误b.The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason to abandon it from the oral tradition.丢弃是不正确c.Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as useful for social well-being.没有表达主干需要保留：retain”主要意思d.Myths sometimes survived in a societys tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.perfect主干一定要成立，they retained as parts of their oral traditionand admired them for their artistic qualities逻辑关系也要成立lillian 苑第6页cWind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees,as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.A.becauce of their deformed shapes at high altitudes,trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.B.as altitudes increases,the velocity of winds increases,leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.C.the deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity,which increase with altitude,can cause hardship for trees.D.increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees,and this may cause serious stress for trees.lillian 苑第7页As使用方法1.as单独引导定语从句，先行词能够是一个词，也能够是一个句子或短语。比如：(1)She is late,as is often the case.2.as作介词，意思是作为，以身份。比如：He came to China as a tourist five years ago.。3.as作副词使用方法：相同地，一样地。比如：They don”t have as many airplanes.4.as作关系代词使用方法1.as引导定语从句与其它词连用用于the same.as结构中This is the same book as I read last week.用于such.as结构I don”t like such books as he recommends.用于so+adj.+a/an+n.(单数)+as 结构中I am not so strong a man as I was.5.引导时间状语，相当于when：You will grow wiser as you grow olderlillian 苑第8页C Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees,as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.A.becauce of their deformed shapes at high altitudes,trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.意思相反B.as altitudes increases,the velocity of winds increases,leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.跟树数量无关C.the deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity,which increase with altitude,can cause hardship for trees.D.increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees,and this may cause serious stress for trees.-逻辑关系不对原句逻辑关系决定于“as”，在这里面很显著是代指前面整句话。lillian 苑第9页CThe structure of the backbone shows,however,that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down,even though a fluke was missing.A.even though A swam bu moving its body up and down,it did not have a backbone.B.the backbone of A,which allowed it to swim,provides evidence of its missing fluke.C.although A had no fluke,its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.D.by moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down,modern swim in a different way from the way A swam.lillian 苑第10页找主干，逻辑关系The structure of the backbone shows,however,that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down,even though a fluke was missing.A.even though A swam by moving its body up and down,it did not have a backbone.主句错误B.the backbone of A,which allowed it to swim,provides evidence of its missing fluke.逻辑关系不成立C.although A had no fluke,its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.D.by moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down,modern whales swim in a different way from the way A swam.主体对象错误主干：Ambulocetus swam。by moving the rear portion of its body up and down，逻辑关系是转折关系“even though”lillian 苑第11页AThe extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected,as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.A.desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.B.slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.C.the spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.D.desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.lillian 苑第12页A The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected,as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.A.desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.主干正确B.slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.主干错误，而且原因并列关系不成立C.the spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.原因缺乏，片面性D.desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.片面性和主干错误主干是desertification严重性起因于（因为）vast land,large people,seldom reversing or slowing（几个并列原因）lillian 苑第13页CHe refused to develop projection technology,reasoning that if he made and sold projectors,then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.A.Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.B.Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with new machines.C.Edison did not want to develpo projection technology becase it limited the number of machines he could sell.D.Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.lillian 苑第14页C He refused to develop projection technology,reasoning that if he made and sold projectors,then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.A.Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.主干错误B.Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with new machines.原因从句意思错误C.Edison did not want to develpo projection technology becase it limited the number of machines he could sell.D.Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.逻辑关系不成立lillian 苑第15页D Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the“patchiness”of the environment,an environment that varies from place to place and supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform.Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.lillian 苑第16页Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the“patchiness”of the environment,an environment that varies from place to place and supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform.Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.lillian 苑第17页A Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron,but unfortunately,under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region,rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal,amounting to about half a centimeter a year.Despite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer,the regions climate keeps the rates of water addition very small.Although the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a centimeter a year,it will eventually accumulate enough water of fill Lake Huron.Because of the regions present climatic conditions,water is being added each year to the aquifer.Even when the region experiences unfortunate climatic conditions,the rates of addition of water continue to increase.lillian 苑第18页Aquifer地下蓄水层Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron,but unfortunately,under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region,rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal,amounting to about half a centimeter a year.Despite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer,the regions climate keeps the rates of water addition very small.Although the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a centimeter a year,it will eventually accumulate enough water of fill Lake Huron.主干不成立Because of the regions present climatic conditions,water is being added each year to the aquifer.主干不成Even when the region experiences unfortunate climatic conditions,the rates of addition of water continue to increase.主干不成立lillian 苑第19页B In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse,like huckleberry and vine maple,Arthur Einarsen,longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest,found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.Arthur Einarsens longtime familiarity with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.Biologists like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.According to Einarsen,huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.lillian 苑第20页Browse浏览，吃草In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse,like huckleberry and vine maple,Arthur Einarsen,longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest,found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.Arthur Einarsens longtime familiarity with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.Biologists like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.According to Einarsen,huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.lillian 苑第21页