全国高校网络教育大学英语B考试市公开课一等奖百校联赛特等奖课件.pptx

全国高校网络教育全国高校网络教育大学英语（大学英语（B）考试）考试阅读了解阅读了解主讲：冉思思第1页提提 纲纲1 1、考试纲领要求、考试纲领要求2 2、解题技巧、步骤及注意事项、解题技巧、步骤及注意事项 3 3、题型分析、题型分析 4 4、实战练习、实战练习5 5、补充解题窍门、补充解题窍门第2页1、考试纲领要求：、考试纲领要求：1.1 1.1 测试要求测试要求1.2 1.2 题型题型1.3 Directions1.3 Directions第3页1.1 1.1 测试要求测试要求1.1.1 考生应能读懂与日常生活和社会生活相关不一样类型文字材料，阅读速度为每分钟50个单词。第4页1.11.1测试要求测试要求：1.1.2 在阅读中,考生应能够做到 以下几点：（1）了解文章主旨要义；（2）了解文中详细信息；（3）依据上下文推测生词词义；（4）要进行相关判断、推理和引申，了解作者意图、观点或态度。第5页1.2 1.2 题型：题型：选择题选择题，共3篇阅读文章。分值百分比为30%，即30分。共15道小题，每小题2分。从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最正确答案。答题时间约为30分钟 体裁体裁主要有应用文、描述文、记叙文、说明文以及议论文等。题材题材包含历史地理常识、幽默故事、科普类文章、文化社会类文章、经贸类及人物介绍等。第6页1.3 1.3 Directions:n nPart III Reading Comprehension Part III Reading Comprehension(30points)(30points)n nDirections:Directions:There are three passages in There are three passages in this part.Each passage is followed by five this part.Each passage is followed by five questions.For each question there are questions.For each question there are four choices marked A.B.C and D.You four choices marked A.B.C and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the Sheet with a single line through the center.center.第7页2、解题技巧、步骤及注意事项：、解题技巧、步骤及注意事项：2.1 2.1 选择题选择题2.2 2.2 惯用阅读方法惯用阅读方法2.3 2.3 解题步骤解题步骤2.4 2.4 不良阅读习惯不良阅读习惯第8页2.1 选择题选择题依据试题答案是否已在文章中清楚地表明，将选择题分为：主观题主观题和客观题客观题 主观题主观题：侧重考查考生依据已知信息细节及相关内容进行推理和判断能力 客观题客观题：主要是考查考生对文章细节、事实和主旨大意区分能力 第9页 1.了解和区分与中心思想相关事实和主要细节；2.依据材料中相关事实和细节进行一定判断和推理，了解文章更深层次含义；3.掌握和了解所读材料大意和中心思想；解题从以下几个方面入手：解题从以下几个方面入手：第10页4.依据中心思想和上下文正确判断和了解词汇、短语及句子含义；5.依据对整篇文章内容分析，把握作者口吻、语气、感情倾向、看法及态度。解题从以下几个方面入手：解题从以下几个方面入手：第11页2.2 惯用阅读方法惯用阅读方法n n略读略读 指经过快速地整体浏览，领会内容大意，帮助了解，为细读做准备。n n跳读或寻读跳读或寻读 寻找所需信息，如年代、数字、人名、地名等把握住关键词，利用语法过渡词，语气转折词及时态等，抓住文章脉络。第12页2.2 惯用阅读方法惯用阅读方法n n细读细读 分段细读，注意细节语言结构，抓住事实和关键信息，深入了解。n n推读推读 依据上下文进行猜测，推测未直接写明含义、因果关系以及生词词义。n n概读概读 从每篇标题到各个部分都进行概读，以归纳出关键点,概括作者主旨、意图、观点、态度，了解全文概貌。第13页2.3 解题步骤解题步骤2.3.1 2.3.1 通读通读全文全文 通读采取概读或略读法进行速读，即“skim”（read quickly to get the main idea）。考生在最短时间内要到达以下目标：（1）了解短文主旨大意（2）辩识文体，掌握结构。记叙文要了解故事背景、时间、地点、人物活动等主要线索。叙述文要了解其中心思想及其所做阐述。第14页2.3 解题步骤解题步骤 2.3.2 2.3.2 看题、寻读看题、寻读 即浏览短文后面试题。在阅读试题题干和四个选项以后，了解每个试题考查内容和题型，方便带着问题有目标地寻读短文，查找答案。第15页2.3 解题步骤解题步骤 2.3.3 2.3.3 复读复读 复读采取跳读法，即“scan”（read quickly without careful reading,often looking for a particular thing,such as facts,names,time,figures,etc.）考生按照试题要求，有针对性地从短文中快速找出所需要关键信息。第16页2.3 解题步骤解题步骤 2.3.4 2.3.4 核读核读 对感觉把握不大或较难试题，尤其是概括归纳题、作者意图题等，能够依据全文及各题答案，重复思索，看其是否一致，是否合乎逻辑。尤其是对细节题、推理题、词义题等，不能仅凭主观想象，要在文中相关段落找到依据，以做到正确无误。第17页2.4 防止不良阅读习惯防止不良阅读习惯回视重读回视重读 因为担心遗漏细节、关键点内容，或阅读材料超出学生知识阅读了解范围而重读已读过部分。默读时出声默读时出声 在文字符号和意义之间加入声音。指向阅读指向阅读 手指或笔指着一个个单词阅读。阅读速度受制于手或笔移动。第18页3、题型分析：、题型分析：将阅读了解分为四种类型：将阅读了解分为四种类型：3.1 主旨题(main idea questions)3.2 细节题(facts questions)3.3 推断题(inference questions)3.4 指代释义题(designation&paraphrase questions)第19页3.1 主旨题主旨题(main idea questions)(main idea questions)3.1.1 3.1.1 常见提问方式有：常见提问方式有：The passage is about The theme/main idea of the passage is What is the purpose/conclusion/view of the passage?The best title for this passage would be What does the passage mainly discuss?.第20页3.1 主旨题主旨题(main idea questions)(main idea questions)3.1.2 3.1.2 命题特点：命题特点：1）段首、段尾句通常是表示文章中心思想主题句，为常考点；2）对比转折处往往表示作者真实写作目标或观点，是文章主要内容，为常考点；3）用一些常见因果词，如because,for,as,since,therefore(所以),consequently(结果),lead to(造成)，owing to(因为)引导因果句用以表示文章主旨，为常考点。第21页3.1 主旨题主旨题(main idea(main idea questions)questions)3.1.3 3.1.3 区分主题句区分主题句 普通而言，主题句含有语意完整、形式简练、观点明确特征，给人以“一言道破”感觉。在有些文章中，段落主题句和语篇主题句普通位于段落或篇章开头部分，开头就明确主题，然后展开讨论；在有些文章中，主题句则出现在段末或篇末，作为由详细事实引出普通结论。第22页3.1 主旨题主旨题(main idea questions)(main idea questions)3.1.4 3.1.4 干扰项主要特点干扰项主要特点1）有些干扰选项只概括了局部信息，即某个自然段中细节或某个自然段大意，在做题时，切记晃一眼就慌忙做选择；2）有些干扰选项概括范围过宽，即选项内容超出或多于文章阐述内容；3）有些干扰选项包括到无关信息，即文章本身无法推断出来信息，也就是文章中没有提到也找不到语言依据信息。第23页3.1 主旨题主旨题(main idea(main idea questions)questions)Example 1:Example 1:The snow was falling very heavily.The sky was The snow was falling very heavily.The sky was very cloudy.The wind was blowing very hardvery cloudy.The wind was blowing very hardabout 45 miles per hour.It was-18 degrees about 45 miles per hour.It was-18 degrees outside.It was hard to see objects only a few feet outside.It was hard to see objects only a few feet in front of you.in front of you.Q:Q:Which of the following sentences best express the Which of the following sentences best express the main idea of the paragraph?main idea of the paragraph?A.Its cold outside.A.Its cold outside.B.Its winter time.B.Its winter time.C.The weather was changeable.C.The weather was changeable.D.D.The weather was terrible.The weather was terrible.第24页3.1 主旨题主旨题(main idea(main idea questions)questions)Example 2:Example 2:There is a simple economic principle used to There is a simple economic principle used to determine prices.determine prices.It is called the law of supply It is called the law of supply and demandand demand.Supply means the amount of,or Supply means the amount of,or access(access(靠近靠近)to certain goods.Demand)to certain goods.Demand represents the number of people who want represents the number of people who want those goods.If there are more goods than those goods.If there are more goods than wanted,the price of them falls.On the other wanted,the price of them falls.On the other hand,if the demand for those goods is much hand,if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply,then the price rises.Of greater than the supply,then the price rises.Of course,manufacturers prefer to sell more goods course,manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices.at increased prices.第25页3.1 主旨题主旨题(main idea(main idea questions)questions)Q:The title that best expresses the ideas of the passage is_.A.Economic Principle B.Law of Supply and Demand C.More Goods,Lower Prices D.Fewer Goods,Higher Prices第26页3.2 细节题细节题(facts questions)3.2.1 3.2.1 常见提问方式有：常见提问方式有：Which of the following is(not)true?Which of the following is mentioned except?The reason for is that?第27页3.2 细节题细节题(facts questions)3.2.2 3.2.2 命题特点：命题特点：提问方式灵活多变，对象包括到短文各种详细细节，如时间、地点、原因、结果、方式等等。但有一个共同特点，答案普通都能在文章当中直接找到。有时候，命题者为了增加考题难度，会有意避开文中所用词汇，而用该词同义词或相近短语。在这种情况下，考生就需要依据题目所包括细节，在文中找到出处，对比选项后再作答。第28页3.2 细节题细节题(facts questions)3.2.3 3.2.3 语言标志词：语言标志词：1）与主旨大意相关主要事实或细节词,如for example,that is,it is essential等2）表示因果关系词,如because,since,so,as a result,derive from（来自,起源于）3）表示转折对立关系词,如while,however,but,although,yet,still,in fact,on the other hand,on the contrary等第29页3.2 细节题细节题(facts questions)Example:One of the most important weapons used during One of the most important weapons used during the Second World War was not a weapon used against the Second World War was not a weapon used against people,but rather a drug used against disease.The people,but rather a drug used against disease.The wartime use of penicillin(wartime use of penicillin(盘尼西林盘尼西林)saved thousands of)saved thousands of lives.lives.In the First World War,for example,pneumoniaIn the First World War,for example,pneumonia(肺炎肺炎)was responsible for eighteen percent of all the)was responsible for eighteen percent of all the deaths in the United States armydeaths in the United States army.In the Second World In the Second World War,the rate went down to less than one percent.In War,the rate went down to less than one percent.In addition,penicillin was instrumental in keeping addition,penicillin was instrumental in keeping wounds from getting infected and in helping to speed wounds from getting infected and in helping to speed the healing process of those wounds that did become the healing process of those wounds that did become infected.infected.第30页3.2 细节题细节题(facts questions)Q 1:Q 1:According to the passage,one of the According to the passage,one of the leading causes of death during the first leading causes of death during the first World War was _.World War was _.A.gas B.accidents A.gas B.accidents C.C.disease D.drugs disease D.drugsQ 2:Q 2:According to the passage,penicillin was According to the passage,penicillin was useful in the Second World War for all of the useful in the Second World War for all of the following purposes except _.following purposes except _.A.A.hurting the enemy hurting the enemy B.treating pneumonia B.treating pneumonia C.preventing infection C.preventing infection D.healing wounds D.healing wounds第31页3.3 推断题推断题(inference questions)3.3.1 3.3.1 常见提问方式：常见提问方式：We can learn from the passage that The passage/the author imply that It can be concluded from the passage that Which of the following is the authors view on?The authors purpose of writing the passage is第32页3.3 推断题推断题(inference questions)3.3.2 3.3.2 逻辑推理关键词：逻辑推理关键词：褒义词褒义词：positive（必定、主动）,useful,efficient等贬义词贬义词：negative（否定、消极）,disgusting（令人厌恶）,critical（批判）,disapprove（不赞成）等中性词中性词：indifferent（冷漠）,neutral（中立）等第33页3.3 推断题推断题(inference questions)Example 1:Have you ever heard of a star that doesnt shine?Have you ever heard of a star that doesnt shine?Some stars have used up all their fuel.They are Some stars have used up all their fuel.They are called“dead stars”.Scientists believe these stars called“dead stars”.Scientists believe these stars must be very large and heavy,because they seem to must be very large and heavy,because they seem to push and pull other stars around them.Since we push and pull other stars around them.Since we cannot see these dead stars,how do we know that cannot see these dead stars,how do we know that they exist?they exist?Scientists can determine their existence Scientists can determine their existence by studying the movements of stars that do shine.by studying the movements of stars that do shine.Q:The story implies,but does not directly Q:The story implies,but does not directly state that dead stars _.state that dead stars _.A.A.affect other stars B.are too far away to be seen affect other stars B.are too far away to be seen C.force all smaller stars away D.do reflect light C.force all smaller stars away D.do reflect light第34页3.3 推断题推断题(inference questions)Example 2:Each day every person in the United States Each day every person in the United States throws away more than five pounds of garbage(throws away more than five pounds of garbage(垃圾垃圾).).There is more garbage now than ever before and There is more garbage now than ever before and most of it is made up of the packages and cans in most of it is made up of the packages and cans in which we buy our food.which we buy our food.The traditional way of The traditional way of getting rid of solid wastes is quickly becoming getting rid of solid wastes is quickly becoming inadequate.inadequate.Many cities are doing experiment with Many cities are doing experiment with newer ways of handling their piles of garbage.newer ways of handling their piles of garbage.One of these new ways is“recycling”(One of these new ways is“recycling”(回收利用回收利用).).Through recycling usable materials are taken out of Through recycling usable materials are taken out of garbage and made into something else.These garbage and made into something else.These usable parts of garbage are put through the cycle of usable parts of garbage are put through the cycle of going from a row material to a finished product going from a row material to a finished product again.again.第35页3.3 推断题推断题(inference questions)Q 1:Traditionally,garbage is thought to be Q 1:Traditionally,garbage is thought to be _._.A.A.a worthless burden to big cities a worthless burden to big cities B.something that can be reused B.something that can be reused C.a raw material for making new products C.a raw material for making new products D.able to recycle but difficult to handle D.able to recycle but difficult to handleQ 2:A lot of cities are trying new ways to Q 2:A lot of cities are trying new ways to treat garbage mainly because _.treat garbage mainly because _.A.their environment is becoming more and more A.their environment is becoming more and more dirtydirty B.B.the traditional ways of treating wastes are not the traditional ways of treating wastes are not efficientefficient C.they are short of useful material C.they are short of useful material D.they need new material made from garbage D.they need new material made from garbage第36页3.4 指代释义题指代释义题(designation&paraphrase questions)(designation&paraphrase questions)3.4.1 3.4.1 常见提问方式：常见提问方式：What is the meaning of“”in Line The word“”stands for According to the passage,the phrase“”means The word/phrase/sentence“”in line“”refers to等第37页3.4.2 3.4.2 几个推测词义方法：几个推测词义方法：1 1）利用同义词释义）利用同义词释义比如：Jane is punctual,that is,every day she comes here on time.简很按时，也就是说，她天天都按时来这里。分析：that is引出对punctual释义，即on time（按时，按时）。3.4 指代释义题指代释义题(designation&paraphrase questions)(designation&paraphrase questions)第38页3.4.2 3.4.2 几个推测词义方法：几个推测词义方法：2 2）利用例子）利用例子比如：Select any of these periodicals:Times,Newsweek,Readers Digest or The New Yorker.从这些期刊中来选择：时代周刊，新闻周报，读者文摘或纽约时报。分析：依据Times,Newsweek,Readers Digest or The New Yorker共同点，能够得出periodicals释义，即周刊，杂志。第39页3 3）利用比较关系）利用比较关系比如：The snow was falling.Big flakes drifted with the wind like feathers.雪正下着，鹅毛般雪花随风飞舞。分析：依据like feathers比喻意义引出对flakes释义，即“薄片”3.4.2 3.4.2 几个推测词义方法：几个推测词义方法：第40页4 4）利用对照关系）利用对照关系比如：Mary is talkative,but her sister is reticent.玛丽很健谈，但她姐姐缄默寡言。分析：由but可知，两句话是相反意思。从talkative(健谈)可推出reticent（缄默寡言）。3.4.2 3.4.2 几个推测词义方法：几个推测词义方法：第41页5 5）利用常识）利用常识比如：The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.门太低以至于我头撞到了门梁上。分析：依据常识我们知道门上面应该是门梁，由此可知“lintel”意思。3.4.2 3.4.2 几个推测词义方法：几个推测词义方法：第42页4 4、实、实 战战 练练 习习第43页Passage 1（P395 P395 大学英语大学英语B B考试纲领附题型示例）考试纲领附题型示例）Is teaching important?Well,of course it isIs teaching important?Well,of course it isThere was There was a time when the necessary knowledge could be taught to a time when the necessary knowledge could be taught to the young the young by family membersby family membersBut But as societies became as societies became more complex and division of labor more commonmore complex and division of labor more common,it was it was impossible for family members to teach the information and impossible for family members to teach the information and skills young people needed to become useful members of skills young people needed to become useful members of the societythe societyAs As the need for specialists appearedthe need for specialists appeared,the job,the job of teaching came into being in our country,and teaching as of teaching came into being in our country,and teaching as a job has been of increasing importance over the past one a job has been of increasing importance over the past one hundred yearshundred yearsToday,we have strict rules for teachersToday,we have strict rules for teachersWe hope all children can go to schoolWe hope all children can go to schoolMany things tell us Many things tell us that teaching is indeed an“important”job.that teaching is indeed an“important”job.4、实战练习、实战练习第44页1Before the job of teaching came into being _ Afamily members had been responsible for the education of the young Bspecialists had been in charge of teaching young people Cyoung people had to be self-educated Dthe society had played an imp