商务英语翻译6英语中无灵主语的翻译MicrosoftPowerPoint演示文稿ppt课件市公开课一.pptx

第十三章第十三章英语无灵主语句了解与翻译英语无灵主语句了解与翻译 Understanding and Translation of English Sentences with Inanimate Subjects第1页什么是无灵主语？什么是无灵主语？先看下面例子：The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress,until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.最近三十年来（我们）已经亲历了许多法律剥夺了我们权利、阻止了我们进步，直到今天，我们已经到了毫无任何权利可言程度。The city saw a series of fierce fights between blacks and whites in the 1960s and Dr.King was shot and killed in 1968.这个城市（我们）目睹了二十世纪六十年代黑人和白人之间一系列激烈斗争，金先生在1968年被枪击身亡。第2页However,the evening makes it all worthwhile.然而，今天晚上（这）使得一切都是值得。经过观察我们能够看出，上面这些句子主语要么为时间名词，要么为地点名词，而谓语动词则是see,make,witness等，翻译时往往带有显著“拟人”修辞色彩。语言学家Holliday（1994）把它称为“无灵主语句”,这种主语便是无灵主语，而钱歌川先生(1972)在英文疑难详解一中则称其为“无生物主语句”。从表面上看，句子主语是时间名词或地点名词，而实际上，真正主语被隐去了，从而能够使句子更简练、地道。第3页 无灵主语是一个英语语法结构，从有没有生命角度划分，英语主语可区分为有灵主语(animate)和无灵主语(inanimate)两类。无灵名词作主语，常翻译成各种状语，译成“因为 所以”，“因为 所以”，“在 之后”等等。非人称主语句采取“无灵主语”(inanimate subject)，表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等，但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”(animate verb)表示人或社会团体动作和行为，如：see，desert，find，bring，witness，give，escape，surround，kill，deprive，serve，send，know，tell，permit，invite，take，drive，preventfrom等，这类句子往往带有拟人化(personification)修辞色彩。第4页 More Examples:1976 saw three top leaders of China passed away.1976年，中国三位伟人相继逝世。That day made his dream come true.那天他终于梦想成真。saw some of Taiwans politicians come to visit the mainland of China one after another.，台湾多位政治家相继来大陆访问。This old house has seen better days.这座古屋曾经风光过一段时间。National Day saw people singing and dancing happily in the streets.国庆节，人们在街上载歌载舞。This year sees the hundredth anniversary of the great musicians death.今年，那位著名音乐家逝世一百周年。第5页 这类句子在大学英语中很常见，而且很多教授学者也都从英、汉语不一样思维角度对这类句子进行了深入系统分析和研究。本章拟从这类句子表示方式及修辞色彩方面着手进行分析与探讨，并进行归纳总结，以期能够帮助大家理解这类语言现象。在英语中，句子主语惯用人称和非人称两种形式来表示。用人称主语表示时，其含义是“某人做什么”，和汉语表示意思差不多，这很好了解。但若用非人称主语表示时，其含义则是“某事发生在某人身上”，译成汉语时，意为“某人怎么样了”，因为英汉语思维方式不一样，所表示意思自然也就不一样，故较难了解。比如：第6页A good idea suddenly struck him.他突然想到一个好主意。A strange peace came over her when she was alone at night.晚上，当她独自一人时候便有了一丝安宁。Work filled his mind.他时刻想都是工作。Quick wit never deserts his brother.他弟弟总是灵巧得很。The new century will see the appearance of a powerful China.新世纪见证了一个强大中国出现。The world history has seen more tears than laughter.历史上泪水总比欢笑多。第7页 非人称主语句型主要有两种：一个是采取“无灵主语”，即用表抽象概念、情感特征、事物名称、时间、地点等名词作主语，而谓语则用“有灵动词”(如see,find,witness,say，fail,give,kill,strike,hit,bring,drive,come,permit,deprive,desert,escape,serve,invite等)以表人（或人团体）动作或行为,而且这类句子往往带有拟人(personification)修辞色彩。比如：The pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter.工作压力使得我未能及时给你回信。Paying his sons debts left him almost penniless.给他儿子还账使得他身无分文。The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.走在厚厚地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。第8页The year 1949 witnessed the founding of the Peoples Republic of China.1949年，中华人名共和国成立。Our violent attack sent the enemy flying in all directions.我们暴力攻击使得敌人横尸遍野。Liberation found my hometown with few hospitals.解放时，我故乡没有几个医院。The thought of his mother gave him the strength to get on doing it.一想到他妈妈，他就有了一直坚持下去信心和力量。My watch says five.我表显示是五点钟。The year witnessed an unprecedented disastrous flood in Changjiang River basin.长江流域发生了史无前例大洪灾。第9页April finds agreeable weather in Kunming.四月份，昆明气候相当暖和。The year saw/found me preparing for the college entrance examination.我准备参加高考。另一个句型是用非人称代词“it”作主语。比如：It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest.我没想到她竟然如此不老实。It hit me that he had helped me too much.我突然想到他曾经帮过我许多忙。这两类句子都非常简练凝练、生动活泼，表现力极为丰富。我们重点讨论第一个情况。第10页 英语无灵主语句在各种阅读材料中比比皆是。能够在无灵主语句中充当主语名词常是表时间、地点、情感特征或一些详细事物名词、动词化名词等。下面我们一一分述：一、时间或地点名词作主语一、时间或地点名词作主语 这类句子主语常是表时间或地点名词如China,，the year 1949，morning,dusk,autumn,spring,afternoon等,谓语动词常是see,witness,find,tell,bring，look等有灵动词。比如:Tian Anmen Square witnessed the May 4th Movement.五四运动发生于天安门广场。A few moments brought them to a cottage door,at which the owner knocked.一会儿之后，他们来到了一座茅屋门口，主人敲了敲门。The past 30 years saw the steady improvement in peoples living standard.过去30年间，人们生活水平得到了稳步提升。第11页The fifth day saw them at the summit.第五天，他们爬上了山顶。Autumn finds a beautiful sunny Beijing.北京秋天秋高气爽。That chilly afternoon witnessed him trudging in the snow.那个严寒下午，他在雪地里蹒跚前行。Dusk found the child crying in the street.黄昏时分我发觉那个孩子在街上哭。October found my studying in Shanghai.10月，我在上海学习。The fog doesnt favor our landing.大雾使得我们无法安全着陆。The weather favored the harvesting.这个天气预示着有个好收成。Time permitting,Ill go to see you.假如时间允许，我会来看你。第12页The morning sun greeted us as we came out of the summit.登上顶峰，便见到一轮红日。Darkness frightens children.孩子们怕黑。Time and tide wait for no man.岁月不饶人。The moon peered out from behind a cloud.月亮从云彩后露出了笑脸。第13页二、表示情感特征抽象名词作主语二、表示情感特征抽象名词作主语 这种无灵主语句主语通常是表情感特征抽象名词如curiosity,absence,courage,misfortune,care,kindness,depression,remoteness,ignorance,force,sadness,loneliness,anxiety,bitterness,illness,danger,anger,fear,grief,astonishment,excitement,depression,loneliness等,而谓语动词则是有拟人化倾向有灵动词,如excite,tear,deprive,cause,drive,make,frighten,escape,convince,bear,visit,kill,wait,fail,grow等。比如:Curiosity drove Wang Peng inside.好奇心驱使王鹏走了进去。Anxiety tore her into pieces.她焦虑不安，身心憔悴。I dont mind because danger excites me and makes me feel alive.我不介意因为危险使得我兴奋、让我激动。第14页Excitement deprived me of all power of speech.我激动得什么话都说不出来。His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident.他开车时心不在焉，差点出了车祸。Absence and distance make the overseas Chinese increasingly fond of mainland.海外漂泊使得海外华人愈加向往大陆。An absence of sleep left those workers very tired.缺乏睡眠使得工人们非常疲惫。Absence of rain caused the plants to die.缺乏雨水使植物枯死了。His slowness lost him the chance.反应迟钝使他失去了这次机会。第15页A touch of frustration and helplessness comes over me as I realize how time flies.失望和无助降临到我头上我才意识到时间过得太快了。Anger chocked his words.他气得说不出话来。Fear gripped her heart.她心中充满恐惧。His courage failed him.他失去了勇气。A new dignity crept into his walk.他走起路来平添了几分尊严。Grief bears heavily on her.她承受不住悲伤巨大压力。The illness left him weak.这场病使得他身体很虚弱。第16页A great misfortune crept over the whole city.一个不幸盘旋在城市上空。Care and kindness surrounded us on every side.关心和友善使得我们得到了支持。The dullness of the lectures almost killed my love for English.这些无聊讲座几乎使我失去了对英语兴趣。第17页 有时这类句子主语也不一定总是抽象名词，详细名词偶然也能充当。如：A heavy snowstorm visited Xian and caused heavy traffic for days.一场暴雪降临西安使得交通拥挤了好几天。Her name escaped me for the moment.我一时想不起她名字。Past experience has taught us that we should not depend on others for everything.过去经历教会了我们不要什么事情都靠他人。第18页三、一些表示详细事物名词作主语三、一些表示详细事物名词作主语 这类句子主语通常是一些表详细事物名词(如watch,carpet,soil,wind等),谓语经常是一些有灵动词（如say,kill,talk,drink,kiss,speak,tell,cry,invite等）,这种搭配给原本无生命东西赋予了生命特征,含有拟人化修辞效果,使语言表示生动形象，让人易于产生联想。比如：第19页The guilt chewed me.我有一个犯罪感。The thirsty soil drank in the rain.干涸土壤饱吸着雨水。The monument to the peoples heroes speaks before the silent lookers-on.人民英雄纪念碑向那些肃穆来访者诉说着一切。A soft wind kissed the top of the trees at night.黄昏，微风吹拂着树梢。The issue cautht the worldwide medias immediate attention.这一问题马上引发全世界媒体关注。The childrens faces spoke their hope.孩子们脸上充满着希望。A sudden shower killed the wind.一场突如其来雷阵雨使得一丝风也没有了。第20页The title of the book invites the readers interest.这本书题目激发起读者兴趣。These calendar pictures appeals to the public.这些日历图片马上吸引了公众眼球。His words sent a quiver through my body.他说话吓得我全身发抖。第21页四、一些含有动作意味名词化动词作主语四、一些含有动作意味名词化动词作主语 这类句子主语通常是含有动作意味动词化名词(如：absence，discovery,arrival,plan,investigation,study,encouragement,comparison,understanding,knowledge,pursuit,return,attack,realization,appreciation等),或者含有动作意味名词(如idea,thought,sight等)。这类词常与其它修饰词一起组成无灵主语句主语,而且与其前后修饰词之间要么组成逻辑上主谓关系要么组成动宾关系。比如:“the visitors arrival”(“客人到来”,主谓关系),“the discovery of new species”(“新物种发觉”,动宾关系)等。如:第22页The discovery of new species will lead to new drugs.发觉新物种后就能够研制新药。Understanding how HIV works itself leads to a vaccine（疫苗）against it.了解HIV怎样起作用有利于研究治疗它疫苗。Careful comparison of both will show you the difference.仔细对照就可发觉它们区分。The visitors arrival made us so happy.客人到来使得我们非常高兴。Further experiments gave us some exciting results.深入试验使得我们得到了让人兴奋结果。A warm thought came across me.我突然有一个想法。The plan promises good result.这个计划预示着有一个好结果。第23页The pursuit of the truth cost him his life.对真理追求使他献出了一生。The sight of the old picture gave me a good memory.一见到那幅旧照片就勾起了我美好回想。Investigation led us to the foregoing conclusion.经过调查，得出上述结论。Our violent attack sent the enemy flying in all direction.我们猛烈攻击使得敌人横尸遍野。My admiration for Kunming grew more with time.我对昆明观赏与日俱增。The realization of this objective will bring China into further development.认识这一目标将会使中国深入发展。The return of Hong Kong made the Chinese people proud.香港回归使得全体中华民族非常自豪。第24页Their appreciation of the performance was expressed in loud cheers.用欢呼声以表示对舞蹈观赏。The thought of summer suggests swimming.一想到夏天就想到游泳。The remembrance of these will add warmth to his life.他想到这些，便会增加生活热情。A glance through his office window offers a panoramic（全景）view of Tian Anmen Square and the Monument to The Peoples Heroes.从他办公室窗口一眼就能够看到天安门广场和人民英雄纪念碑。The sight and sound of our planes filled me with special longing.看到我们飞机，听到隆隆机声，令我尤其神往。第25页 另外，在英语中还有一些其它形式无灵主语句,如“there be”句型,习惯用语等,因其含有非人称倾向，但又不显著,翻译时惯用“人们”、“大家”等含糊词作主语,有时甚至干脆不用。如：To see is to believe.眼见为实。To err is human;to forgive(is)divine.人孰无过，恕过者神。Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者，事竟成。第26页 总而言之讨论情况，我们能够归纳得到以下结论：1.若主语是表时间、地点等名词时，翻译时惯用人作主语，从而把原来主语翻译成时间状语或地点状语以符合汉语表示习惯。比如：The 19th century saw many changes.19世纪，（我们）经历了许多改变。Rome witnessed many great historic events.在罗马，（他们）目睹了许多历史大事发生。第27页 2.若谓语动词是表情感型动词（如：surprise，disappoint，excite，disturb，inspire，puzzle，annoy，trouble，shock等）或得失型动词（如：lost，get，gain，take，fail，save，win，leave，cost等）时，翻译时经常保留句子主语，而谓语动词则译成“使”结构。比如：The beautiful scenery gained the place quite a reputation.漂亮景色使得这个地方名声鹊起。Careless driving cost his life.粗心驾驶使得他丧失了生命。第28页 3.若谓语动词是感官动词（如：see，witness，speak，tell等），翻译时也保留句子主语，但要引申谓语动词含义，此时惯用“显示”、“表明”、“产生”、“见证”、“目睹”等翻译谓语动词。比如：The year witnessed a big earthquake in Japan.日本发生了一场大地震。第29页 4.若碰到一些特殊句型，翻译时要用含糊表示如“人们”、“大家”等重新确定主语，引申动词词义。比如：It is widely accepted/recognized that he is successful.大家公认他是成功。It is believed that success results from hard work.人们常认为成功来自勤奋。第30页 5.有些无灵主语句主语是抽象名词，在翻译时也用无主句方法处理。如：Rumors about her had already spread along the street.相关她谣言早就传遍了大街小巷。第31页 6.若句子谓语动词是say,greet,awake,kiss,feed on等动词，而句子主语又含有没有生命特征，常把它翻译成含有“拟人”修辞手法句子。比如：The sun was just kissing the horizon.太阳从地平线冉冉升起。The construction site awoke.整个建筑工地一片热火朝天。第32页 总之，英语中无灵主语句在语言表示上常以客体作为叙述出发点，在句式表现上多用无生命名词作主体，这一特点又常含有拟人修辞特征，正是这一特征使得英语中无灵主语句含有丰富表示内涵，使句子结构愈加简练明了，表示更为地道，也更能体现英语语言独特魅力，我们应该细细琢磨这类句子，认真体会其韵味。第33页Homework：Do the exercises on Pages 86-87 of your book.Pay special attention to the translation of subjects.第34页