限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别.doc

限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句提供有关主语或宾语的重要信息，起限定作用，与被修饰部分的关系紧密，如果省略该从句会使主句语义表达不完整。例如：
This is the very person that is wanted by the police.
He is the man who /that lives next door.
It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.
非限制性定语从句只是用来对被修饰部分作补充性的说明，与先行词关系比较松散，先行词与从句间可以用逗号隔开，从句可略去：
He will not be able to spend the holiday with his family, which is a big annoyance to him.
The minister, who is to visit our university, is said to be a Qinghua University graduate.
The book, which your sister bought you in Xinhua Bookstore, is very useful in improving your spoken English.
The businessman, whose suitcase has been found by a stranger, has left for Beijing.
如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词或是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his, etc)或形容词性指示代词(this, that, etc)作限定词的名词词组，其后的定语从句通常为非限制性的。例如：
The Thames, which is now clean enough to swim in, was polluted for over a hundred years.
My mother, who has been on a visit to Australia, will fly back tomorrow.
All of these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the children in Hope School.
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词，代词或名词性词组，而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了是名词及名词性词组外，还可能是句子的一部分或是整个句子。例如：
They say he plays truant, which he doesn’t. [which指代plays truant]
The meeting was put off till next month, as we hoped. [as指前面的句子]
下面的表格归纳了前面已提到的两者不同之处：
表一：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
1．提供确定或限定主句中某个名词的信息。
1．提供对确定主句中某个名词的非主要附加信息。
2．由深层嵌入句派生而来。
2．由两个独立的深层嵌入句派生而来。
3．无分隔定语从句和主句和停顿或特殊标点符号（逗号/插入语/破折号）。
3．书面语中用逗号，口语中用特殊的停顿和降低声调来把定语从句和主句分隔开来。
4．不可以修饰整个命题，只修饰一个名词。
4．可以修饰一个中心名词，或以评价的形式修饰整个命题。
5．可使用that和who(m),which等关系代词。
5．That不能当作关系代词，只可用wh-代词。
6．不常用来修饰专有名词。
6．既可修饰普通名词，也可修饰专有名词。
7．可修饰带有any 或every等类属限定词的中心名词。
7．不可修饰带有any 或every等类属限定词的中心名词。
3.2 定语从句中的关系代词
3.2.1 关系代词that, which, who在定语从句中做主语
在限制性定语从句中，who或that用于指人，that或which用于指物，它们在定语从句中代替名词性主语或代词性主语，不能省略。例如：
He is the man who/that lives here. [不能说：×He is the man who he lives here.]
The bag which／that has been put there for a long time belongs to Wang Hong．
3.2.2 who(m), which, that在定语从句中作宾语
表示人的时候用who(m)或that, 它们在从句中代替名词性宾语或宾格代词，作定语从句宾语的whom/that通常可以省略，在口语中常用who代替 whom。例如：
He’s the man whom/ that I met.
There are some people here who I want you to meet.
表示动物和东西的时候应用which/that:
The pieces of music (that) he has composed are sung by many pop singers.
Taxes consist of money (that) people pay to support their government.
They’re the postcards which I sent from America.
3.2.3 who(m), which或 that作介词的宾语，关系代词可省略。
定语从句的介词的位置非常重要，我们可以说：
He is the person to whom I wrote. [非常正式用法] (但不可以说：×to who).
或：He is the person who (m) I wrote to. /He is the person (whom) I wrote to.
This is the pan in which I boiled the milk. [非常正式用法]
或：This is the pan which I boiled the milk in. / This is the pan (that/which) I boiled the milk in.
3.2.4 whose + 名词
关系代词whose是既可用于限制性定语从句，也可用于非限制性定语从句，在从句中作定语，一般用来指人，代替所有格形容词（my, his, your, her, its等），在从句中当定语，没有阴性、阳性或单数、复数的变化；有时也可指物，指物时可以用of which 代替。例如：
The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams.
The bicycle whose brake was damaged has now been repaired. =The bicycle, the brake of which was damaged, has now been repaired.
Edison is a great inventor whose fame is world-wide.
3.2.5 that的用法
1、that只用于限制性定语从句，既可指人，又可指物，在句中用做主语或宾语。（见3.2.1、3.2.2）
2、当先行词是all，much，little, the one, anything, something, nothing, everything, none等不定代词时，关系代词只用that。例如：
There is little that can be done about it.
That's all that I knew about it.
Is there anything that I can do for you?
Have you done everything that is assigned to you?
3、先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰时，关系代词只用that。例如：
It is the most interesting film that I’ve ever read.
The best thing that he could do at present is to leave.
This is the first time that he has been there.
She is the only one that has finished her task on time.
At the very beginning, we have just too much work that needs to be done.
4、在there be 句型中，只用that, 不用which。例如：
There are some people that I’d like to introduce to you.
There is a very interesting story that every child would like to listen to.
5、先行词既有人，又有物时，用that。例如：
A victim is a person, animal or thing that suffers pain, death, harm, etc.
The man and his dog that were napping outside the room were photographed by the journalist.
6、在“It is + 名词 + 定语从句1 + 定语从句2”的强调结构中，从句2要用 that。例如：
It is always the mouth which talks too much that incurs troubles.（言多必失。）
It is only a man who is quite experienced that can fulfill this task.
3.2.6 which的用法
1、which一般只用于指物(a)，有时也用来指性别不明的婴儿(b)。例如：
a: The tiles which fell off the roof caused serious damage.
b: The baby which the nurse has just brought in is John’s child.
2、如果指物的关系代词紧跟在介词后面，只能用which，不能用that。例如：
This is the house in which she spent her childhood.
The agency from which we bought our tickets is bankrupt.
3、引导非限制性定语从句时，用来指物替代名词词组。例如：
This book, which has only been reviewed, was published a year ago.
4、替代整个句子或句子的一部分：
The meeting has been put off till next Friday, which is good news to them. (指代整个主句)
She said that her son would become a scientist, which we thought possible. (指代that分句)
She is very attentive in class, which he rarely is. (指代整个短语)
3.2.7 as的用法
1、as引导限制性定语从句时，常与such或the same连用，构成the same…as; such…as结构，as用于代替指人或物的先行词。例如：
I have never eaten such tasty foods as she cooked me.
Such books as there were on the shelf interested us.
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
试比较 the same…as和 the same…that：
This is the same book as I read last week.（这和我上周读的那本书是一样的。）
This is the same book that I read last year. （这就是我上周读的那本书。）
如果先行词表示抽象概念，则没有这种区别，例如：
She told me the same story as/that she had told you.
I had the same difficulty that/as you had last year.
在as／so…as结构中，后面的as也是关系代词，例如：
We took as many men as could be permitted to attend the meeting.
You can stay here as long as you like.
Things do not go on as smoothly as we hoped.
2、引导非限制性定语从句
关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句时，用于代替整个主句，意思是“正如”， 相当于 and this或 and that。as从句位置较之which引导的非限制性定语从句更加灵活，因而as从句既可以指前面提到的内容，也可以指后面将要提到的内容，which一般在主句后。例如：
As is mentioned above, this method aims at improving the students’ ability in a more effective way.
The test is cancelled, as you have hoped.
The test, as you have hoped, is cancelled.
A semiconductor material, as the name indicates, has poorer conductivity than a conductor.
▲注：as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中做主语时表达的意思应与主句一致，而且从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.例如：
He failed to pass the exam again, as is predicted.
He failed to pass the exam again, which annoyed his mother greatly.
记住以下的as结构：
as is known to all (众所周知)，as is often the case (情况常常如此)，as the name Indicates／suggests (顾名思义)，as may be imagined (可以想象得出)，as often happens (这种情况常常发生)，as has been said before (如前所述)，as has been pointed out (正如已经指出的)，as will be shown in ( 将在…中指出)，as is hoped ( 正如所希望的)
3.2.8 but的用法
but用作关系代词相当于who…not，which…not，that…not。but既可指人，也可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语或宾语。but本身含“否定”的意思，它前面的主句通常有“否定”的词, 如：(no，not， little，few，hardly等). but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用，达到强烈肯定的修饰效果。例如：
There is no mother but loves her own children. (=There is no mother that／who does not love her own children.)[主语]
There is scarcely a good movie but he has seen. (=that he has not seen). [宾语]
There is never a friend but he remembers the birthday of. [介词宾语]
Who is there but commits errors？[but间或也可用在疑问句后]
There is no man but errs. =There is no man who does not err. [主语]
What he saw in those places but was not miserable（but=which was not）(他所到之处，看到的均是凄惨不已的景象。)[主语]
There are very few but admire his talents.（很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。But=who don’t）[主语]
but结构有时可省略。例如：
(There is)No rule but has exceptions.
(There are）Few books but have a misprint or two.
3.2.9 than的用法
关系代词than一般用于含有比较级的句子中，兼有连词和代词的性质。例如：
You spent more money than was intended to be spent.
She has done much more work than was required of her.
The question is more complicated than appears on the surface.
3.3 介词 + 关系代词
“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句既可以是限制性定语从句，又可以是非限制性定语从句，“介词+关系代词”在从句中做主语、宾语、状语、定语等，介词的选择则要根据它与其先行词的关系或前后名词、动词等的搭配关系来决定，同时还应该考虑句子在上下文中要表达的意思。
3.3.1“介词 + which／whom／whose”
这时应注意介词与句中短语的搭配。例如：
The problem with which I have trouble has now been solved.
Oil, of which there are several different types, is used for many purposes by countries all over the world.
The man, because of whose help the murderer was caught by the police, is coming to our school tomorrow.
介词放在关系代词之前的形式的定语从句较之将介词至于从句之末的定语从句正式，因此多用于书面语当中，但在口语中有时也会出现；或者将介词后置，或在介词后置后用 that（人、物）／who（人）代替 which／whom，并且that可省略。例如；
Can you lend me a pen or pencil with which I can write?
Can you lend me a pen or pencil that/ which I can write with?
Can you lend me a pen or pencil (that) I can write with?
Who is the man to whom you were talking?
Who is the man whom/that/who you were talking to?
Who is the man (that) you were talking to?
如果介词过长，则不适于后置，例如：
Sound is a tool, by means of which people communicate with each other.
We may be caught by a fire, in case of which we must find ways to escape.
3.3.2“名词 + 介词 + which／whom”引导的定语从句
He referred to a person the name of whom slipped by memory at that moment.
We had a discussion the purpose of which was to find a solution to this problem.
在非限定性定语从句中，of which／whom可用来修饰不定代词 all, each, one, many, much, more, most, any, some, a few, a little, none, both, several, the latter, the former等。练习时，应该判断填空的部分为主句的定语从句还是与主句并列的成分。例如：
We have interviewed more than 50 students, only a few of whom gave satisfactory answers to our questions. [定语从句]
We have interviewed more than 50 students, but only a few of them gave satisfactory answers to our questions. [并列]
Many people came to her graduation party, most of whom were her former classmates. [定语从句]
Many people came to her graduation party, and most of them were her former classmates. [并列]
There are 32 students in our class, up to 20 of whom are from the south. [定语从句]
3.3.4 “介词 + which + 名词”引导的定语从句
which是一个代表所有关系的关系代词，可用来代表一个名词／代词或句子的一部分，但更多地是来代表整个句子。其中的名词通常是一个抽象名词，如case, fact, state, time, point等。例如：
Water boils at l00℃, at which temperature it changes into gas.
He was about to leave, at which moment I came back home.
Wei Hua spent four years in the United States, during which period she studied law.
Reader's Digest, to which we have just subscribed, has an enormous circulation.
3.4定语从句中的关系副词
关系副词引导的定语从句（限制性／非限制性）在从句中作状语，意思相当于“介词+which”，常见的引导定语从句的关系副词有：where, when和why等，不常见的如表示时间的关系副词：since, after和before。
3.4.1 关系副词 where（= at, in which）引导表示地点的定语从句
This is the place where he’d most like to live the rest of his life.
London is the city where she was born.
That is the place where they met for the first time.
在表示“情况、方面、状况”等有地点含义的抽象名词如case, game, spot, point, conditions, situation, circumstances等作为先行词的定语从句时，也用 where引导, 其意义相当于 under which。例如：
It’s a kind of game where you can train your eyesight
Everyone may face the situation where you have to make a decision yourself.
I’ll show him the point where he failed.
Under the circumstances where food shortage is the most serious problem, we must try our best to seek international aid.
3.4.2 关系副词 when（= at, on, during, in which）引导表示时间的定语从句
I’ll never forget the day when (=on which) I first came to this university.
This is the season when (=in which) most fishers will be very busy.
That is the time when many Americans were out of work.
Most people like to go there in May, when the flowers are in full bloom.
3.4.3 关系副词 why（= for which）引导表示原因的定语从句
Do you know the reason why he left the party early that night?
The reason why she missed the train is that she was held up by an accident.
3.4.4 其他关系副词引导的定语从句
I miss you every day since I came here.
On the day before she got married, her mother handed her the family heirloom.
The month after she took the entrance examination was spent in relaxing herself
3.5 关系代词和关系副词的省略
3.5.1关系代词的省略
1、关系代词which, whom, who, that在定语从句中作直接宾语时可以省略
Here is the man (who/that/whom) you’ve been looking for.
The woman (whom/who/that) I was talking to is our English teacher.
Is there any question (that) you want to ask me?
2、当 that在从句中作补语时可以省略
George is not the man (that) he used to be.
He is all (that) a teacher should be.
3、在there be结构中出现定语从句，或在定语从句中出现there be结构时，用做主语的关系代词that可省略
There is a man downstairs (who) wants to see you.
This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.
That’s all (that) there is to it. (如此而已。)
Have you noticed anything (that) there is happening in the company?
3.5.2 关系副词的省略
1、当先行词是reason，而且在定语从句中做原因状语时，关系代词可用why或that，可以省略
The reason (why/that) he failed was his laziness.
That is the reason (why) I did it.
2、当先行词是way，且在定语从句中作方式状语时，关系代词可用 in which或that，可以省略
The way (in which/that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.
That was the way (in which/that) she worked the problem out.
注意：当关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，不省略。例如：
I don’t know the way that/which leads to the top of the mountains.
3、当先行词表示时间时，关系代词可用when或有时用that，有时也可以省略
The second time (that) I saw him was in 1980.
I don’t know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.
His grandpa still remembers the day (that/when) the city was liberated.
4、当先行词表示地点时，关系代词可用where或有时用that，有时也可以省略
This is the village (where/that) the great man spent his childhood.
Do you know the site (where/that) this ancient tomb was discovered.
I know the place (that/where) she lives.
3.6 what关系代词
3.6.1 “what is（was）+ 形容词比较级”结构
what泛指上文或下文，意思是“更……，尤其……”。该结构常为插入语：
She is very intelligent, and what’s more, very hard-working.
Great men are often unknown, or what is worse, misknown.
She decided, what was the only choice, that she would keep it a secret.
3.6.2 what = 先行词 + 关系词
what相当于 the thing（s）which或 the person（s）that, 既可以指人，也可指物，意思相当于“……的（人或物）”，此种情况的what本身已包含先行词，因而其前不能再有先行词。what在其从句中可以做主语、宾语和表语。例如：
This is what you call fashion?
That is exactly what you are told to do?
Never pretend to be what you are not.
She is what we call an optimist.
3.6.3 “what + 名词” = “all the + 名词 + that”
what在从句中作定语。例如：
On her death, the old woman gave what property she had to the young man who stayed with her during the last years of her life. (= all the property that)
We will give you what help we can. (= all the help that)
He shared what little water he had with his companions. (= all the little water that)
What poems we have learned at present are about love. (=all the poems that)
3.7 先行词与其定语从句的分割
有时先行词与其定语从句会被其他的一些语法成分割裂开来，如：状语、定语或谓语等。例如：
We have made a number of creative advances in theoretical research of applied science which are up to advanced world levels.
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when l came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
During the construction, problems often arise which require design changes.
3.8 定语从句与同位语从句的区别（详见2.5.2）
3.9 关系代词与关系副词的判断
3.9. 1谓语动词是否及物
用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。从句中如果及物动词后面接宾语，就必须要用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
The days when we stayed together are unforgettable.（stay不及物）
I’ll never forget the days which I spent with you in Tokyo .（spend及物，有宾语）
This is the reason why he did not come that morning. (come不及物动词)
This is the reason wh