土木工程应用英语习题库带答案章节练习题复习题思考题章末测试题1-10章全.doc

Unit 1 Civil Engineering
SectionI Talking Face to Face
1. Introduction
Civil Engineering might be generalized as being the basis of all engineering .It involves the design, construction and management of the “built environment.”
2. Explaining some words and expressions in the dialogue:
Dialogue one
civil engineering 土木工程
Construction Engineering 建筑工程
Feasibility 可行性
Excuse me, are you … from …？
Excuse me, are you Mr.John Smith from NewYork？
Yes.I’m John Smith from Shanghai Petrochemical Plant.
I’ m … from Shanghai No.3 Construction Engineering/ railway engineering/ hydraulic engineering Company.
Glad/ Nice to meet you,Mr/ MS/Miss/Mrs… Thank you for coing to meet me.
Today we shall /we’d like to/want to discuss the project.
Would you like to tell/ Do you want to me your view on the project, Mr Lin ?
What’s your suggestion/ opinion/point of view/ ideas about this?
We would like to hear your opinions.
Please give us your opinion.(point of view, ideas)
We must know your opinion.
We are willing to accept your suggestion.(plan)
Your suggestion suits us. We agree.
Please forgive me. We have different (opposite) views on this. Our opinion is …
I am very sorry, but I disagree with you.
Do you agree with me?
I agree.
I disagree.
I agree with you ,but with some reservations.
I think so.
I do not think so.
We should /must take this work plan into consideration.
We should be able to settle this question.
Dialogue two
What is your speciality?My technical specialty is civil engineering.(chemical engineering, process, mechanical equipment ,electrical, instrumentation, piping, welding, furnace building, corrosion prevention, thermal-insulation, heating-ventilation, quality control).
我的技术专业是土建工程。（化工工程、工艺、机械设备、电气、仪表、管道、焊接、筑炉、防腐、保温、采暖通风、质量管理）。
I am a mechanician.(electrician, Pipelayer,welder, carpenter, turner, blacksmith, builder, erector, riveter,rigger, concrete worker, engine-driver,repair worker).
我是一个机械工。（电工、管工、焊工、木工、车工、铁工、建筑工人、安装工人、铆工、起重工、混凝土工、司机、维修工）。
SectionII Maintaining a sharp eye
Passage1 Civil Engineering
Important words
1) generalize v
(1) generalize about to make a general statement 笼统地表达，概括
Example
Our history teacher is always generalizing; he never deals with anything in detail.
我们的历史老师总是泛泛而论，他从不详细阐述任何问题。
(2) generalize from to form a general principle, opinion, etc, after considering only a small number of facts.
Example
从这两起车祸中就得出结论，说所有的年轻人驾车不行，那是不公平的。
It is unfair to generalize from these two accidents and say that all young people are bad drivers.
2）involve
(1) involve in/with to cause (someone oeonesel) to become connected or concerned 使自己或别人卷入；使介入；
Example
Don’t involve other people in your mad schemes.
不要把别人卷入你的疯狂计划中去。
(2) to have as a necessary part or result 包含，需要，使成为必要部分
Example
I didn’t realize putting on a play involved so much work /that so much work was involved in putting on a play.
我那时不了解演一场戏要做那么多的工作。
(3) (of a situation or action ) to have as the people or things taking part in （情况或行动）牵涉，涉及
Example
The accident involved a bus and a truck.
这件事故牵涉到一辆公共汽车和一辆卡车。
3）facilities n things such as buildings, shops,or services that are useful or help one to do something (提供方便、服务等的)设施
Example
The house is well situated in reach of good shopping and transport facilities.
这所房子的位置很好，离商店和交通设施很近。
Cultural Facilities 文化设施 Sports Facilities 体育设施
4）transmission n the act of tansmitting or state of being transmitted 传播，播送
传输
information transmission technology情报传输技术
data transmission 数据传输
radio program transmission 广播节目播出
Example
We interrupt our normal transmissions to bring you a special news flash.
我们现中断正常节目，播送一条特别新闻。
5）specialty n a special field of work or study
Example
Her specialty is ancient Greek poetry.
她专门研究的领域是古希腊诗歌。
6）specialize in v to limit all or most of one’s study ,business, ect, to a particular activity or subject 专门研究，专门从事，专攻
Example
What do you specialize in?
Many students specialize in engineering.
7）eliminate v to remove or get rid of completely 消除，淘汰，剔除
Example
Our team was eliminated from the competition in the first round.
我们对在（竞赛的）第一轮就被淘汰。
8）toxic adj poisonous or caused by poisonous substances 有毒的，因中毒引起的
Example
这家工厂一直在排放有毒的废物/废气。
The factory had been sending out toxic waste/fumes.
9）neutralize v to cause to have no effect; destroy the value, force, or activity of
使失效；抵消； 使中和
Example
他试着用碱中和酸。
He tried to neutralize an acid with a base.
不断上涨的物价有抵消掉增加的工资的趋势。
Rising prices tend to neutralize increased wages.
10) coordinate v to make (people or things) work together,esp. so as to increase effectiveness 使协调；使调和
Example
She is a beautiful dancer, all her movements are perfectly coordinated.
她是一位出色的舞蹈家，她所有的动作都非常协调。
11) excavate v to make a (hole) by digging
Example
They plan to excavate a large hole before putting in the foundations
他们计划在打地基前先挖个大洞。
12) reinforce v to strengthen (a group,esp. an army ) by the addition of men, equipment, etc.(以人员、设备等)增援，加强力量
Example
Their arguments are strongly reinforced by the latest trade figures.
最新的贸易数字更加有力地证实了他们的论点。
Difficult Sentences
1）The term civil engineer has often been used to refer to engineers who build public and non- public facilities.
分析：这是一个复合句，who 引导的定语从句修饰engineers。
译文：土木工程师这一术语通常用来指建造公共设施和非公有设施的工程师。
2）Structural engineers need to know about … forces that act on…, and seasonal temperature changes which expand or contract construction materials, and earthquakes.
分析：这是一个含有两个定语从句的复合句，that act on structures, its own weight, wind and hurricane forces, and seasonal temperature change修饰forces，另一个which引导定语从句修饰changes。
译文：结构工程师必须了解并确定该结构所必需抵抗的力，即结构本身的重量、风力与飓风力、温度变化引起建筑材料的膨胀或收缩以及地震。
3）Their projects help prevent floods, supply water for cities and for irrigation, manage and control rivers and water runoff, and maintain beaches and other waterfront facilities.
分析：此句的主语为Their projects，谓语为help，宾语为五个并列的不定式短语，但它们的 to 在help之后均被省略掉，即成为(to) prevent…, (to) supply, (to) manage…, (to) control…, 和(to) maintain…。
译文：他们的工程项目帮助防洪。城市供水和灌溉用水，管理与控制江河及水的径流量，和维护海滩及其他沿岸设施。
4）The environmental engineers are generally responsible for designing, building, and supervising systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution of water supplies, both on the surface and underground, also designing, building, and supervising projects to control or eliminate pollution of the land and air.
分析：这是一个简单句，The environmental engineers 为主语，be responsible for 是系表当谓语，designing, building, ， supervising ，designing, building, and supervising 都是当for的介词宾语。
译文：环境工程师设计、建造和监督安全的可饮用水系统，防止和控制来自地表和地下的对供水系统的污染。他们还设计、建造和监督能够控制或消除土地和空气污染的工程项目。
5) They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work: the surveyors, workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps, excavate for the foundation, build the forms and pour the concrete; and workers who build the steel framework.
分析：此句的主语为They，谓语为coordinate，宾语为the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work，其中过去分词短语engaged in the work 修饰everyone当定语，其中workers who lay out …workers who lay out and pour the concrete, 是由四个并列的定语从句组成，并且在后面三个定语定语从句中省略了关系代词who。
译文：他们协调几乎每一参与工作的人员的活动，这些工作人员包括测量员，临时道路与斜坡的放线和修筑工人，挖掘地基、支模板和浇注混凝土的工人，以及绑扎钢筋骨架的工人。
6) Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as well as consideration of economic, political, and social factors in designing each project.
分析：as well as 也,与…一样
He speaks English as well as he speaks French.
He can speak in English as well as write in English.( 不用write can )
He hurt his arm as well as breaking his leg.( as well as之后只能跟-ing形式)
as well as 后面的谓语动词在人称和数方面要与第一个名词（或代词保持一致）
Example
The purse as well as two pens was stolen.
I as well as he am to blame.
译文：交通运输工程师在设计每一个工程项目时要运用科技知识，同时还要考虑经济、政治与社会因素。
7) They work closely with urban planners because the quality of the community is directly related to the quality of the transportation system.
分析：这是一个由because引导的原因状语从句，be related to 与什么有关
Example
All entries must be related to the “Moon Fairy” folklore.
投稿必须以《奔月》传说为创作主题。
译文：因为社区的质量与交通运输体系的质量有直接的关系，所以他们要与城市规划者密切协作。
8) They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of buildings and other structures, which stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth.
分析：这是一个由which引导的定语从句，stem from sth .来自或起源于某事情，由某事物造成的。
Example
Theories stem from practice first,then can direct practising. 
首先是理论来自实践，然后理论又指导实践。
译文：他们估计并力求减少建筑物和其他构筑物由其作用与岩土层上的重力而可能产生的沉降。
9）Their projects help prevent floods, supply water for cities and for irrigation, manage and control rivers and water runoff, and maintain beaches and other waterfront facilities.
分析：此句的主语为Their projects，谓语为help，宾语为五个并列的不定式短语，但它们的 to 在help之后均被省略掉，即成为(to) prevent…, (to) supply, (to) manage…, (to) control…, 和(to) maintain…。
译文：他们的工程项目帮助防洪。城市供水和灌溉用水，管理与控制江河及水的径流量，和维护海滩及其他沿岸设施。
10）The environmental engineers are generally responsible for designing, building, and supervising systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution of water supplies, both on the surface and underground, also designing, building, and supervising projects to control or eliminate pollution of the land and air.
分析：这是一个简单句，The environmental engineers 为主语，be responsible for 是系表当谓语，designing, building, ， supervising ，designing, building, and supervising 都是当for的介词宾语。
译文：环境工程师设计、建造和监督安全的可饮用水系统，防止和控制来自地表和地下的对供水系统的污染。他们还设计、建造和监督能够控制或消除土地和空气污染的工程项目。
Keys:
Exercises 1:
1. generalized
2. within civil engineering
3. how to combine
4. prevent , supply , manage and control , maintain
5. minimize or eliminate
6. concerned with
7. from beginning to end. .
8. as well as
9. support , affect
10. how to reinforce
Exercise 2.
1. combination .
2. specialized in
3. coordination
4. evaluate
5. is concerned with
6. supervision
7. was involved
8. was laid out
9. to construct
10. stem from
Exercise 3 ：
1.土木工程可被概括为是所有工程的基础。
2.土木工程指对建成环境规划、设计、建造、管理等一系列活动。
3.土木工程师这一术语通常用来指建造公共设施和非公有设施的工程师。
4.土木工程可划分为结构工程、水利资源工程、环境工程、建筑工程、交通运输工程以及岩土工程等专业。
5.他们还通过建造特殊的垃圾场、中和有毒物质等方式来控制有毒的和危险的垃圾。
6. 交通运输工程师在设计每一个工程项目时要运用科技知识，同时还要考虑经济、政治与社会因素。
7.这些工程师还要估计并确定如何加强斜坡和填方的稳定性以及如何保护建筑以及抵抗地震和地下水的作用。
8.建筑工程是土木工程的一个分支，涉及如公路、建筑物、堤坝、机场、公用事业管线这类项目的设计、实施和施工控制。
Exercise 4：
1. The quality of the community is directly related to the quality of the transportation system.
2. Structural engineering is a branch of civil engineering, and its applications are extremely diverse.
3. They also determine how to combine the construction materials appropriately.
4. In this specialty，civil engineers deal with aspects of the physical control of water.
5. These engineers also make regular progress reports to the owner of the structure.

译文：
土木工程
土木工程可被概括为是所有工程的基础。土木工程指对建成环境规划、设计、建造、管理等一系列活动。
土木工程师这一术语通常用来指建造公共设施和非公有设施的工程师。换句话说，土木工程师从事高楼、道路、桥梁、隧道、堤坝、沟渠、海港、机场、铁路、公共交通、给水、排污系统、医院、学校、饭店、管道、发电厂、工厂、火箭发射台以及停车库等设施的设计、建造和监督。土木工程可划分为结构工程、水利资源工程、环境工程、建筑工程、交通运输工程以及岩土工程等专业。
1.1结构工程
结构工程是土木工程的一个分支，它的应用是非常广。在这个专业领域，结构工程师规划、设计、帮助建造所有类型的结构，这些结构类型包括高楼、桥梁、隧道、堤坝、动力厂、设备底座、近海工程的特殊结构、输电塔、大型的天文和无线电望远镜以及很多其他类型的项目。
结构工程师必须了解并确定该结构所必需抵抗的力，即结构本身的重量、风力与飓风力、温度变化引起建筑材料的膨胀或收缩以及地震。他们还要选定合适的材料。
1.2水利资源工程
这一领域的土木工程师处理所有的水自然控制方面的问题。他们的工程项目帮助防洪。城市供水和灌溉用水，管理与控制江河及水的径流量，和维护海滩及其他沿岸设施。另外，他们还设计和维修海港、沟渠、水闸，建造巨大的 、较小的堤坝以及各种类型的蓄水堤坝，设计离岸的海上结构物，以及确定对航行有影响的建筑物位置。
1.3环境工程
环境工程师设计、建造和监督安全的可饮用水系统，防止和控制来自地表和地下的对供水系统的污染。他们还设计、建造和监督能够控制或消除土地和空气污染的工程项目。环境工程师建造自来水厂和污水处理厂，设计空气洗涤器和其他设备以减少或消除由工业生产、焚化或其他生烟的行为所引起的空气污染。他们还通过建造特殊的垃圾场、中和有毒物质等方式来控制有毒的和危险的垃圾。
1.4建筑工程
建筑工程是土木工程的一个分支，涉及如公路、建筑物、堤坝、机场、公用事业管线这类项目的设计、实施和施工控制。建筑工程师负责监督一个项目从开始到竣工的施工过程。他们协调几乎每一参与工作的人员的活动，这些工作人员包括测量员，临时道路与斜坡的放线和修筑工人，挖掘地基、支模板和浇注混凝土的工人，以及绑扎钢筋骨架的工人。这些工程师还要向项目业主作定期的进度报告。
1.5交通运输工程
该领域的土木工程师建造能确保人与货物安全有效运转的设施。他们擅长于设计和维修各种类型的交通设施，如公路和街道、大规模的交通体系、铁路、航空港和海港码头。交通运输工程师在设计每一个工程项目时要运用科技知识，同时还要考虑经济、政治与社会因素。因为社区的质量与交通运输体系的质量有直接的关系，所以他们要与城市规划者密切协作。
1.6岩土工程
岩土工程师分析支撑建筑和影响结构特性的岩土性质.。他们估计并力求减少建筑物和其他构筑物由其作用与岩土层上的重力而可能产生的沉降。这些工程师还要估计并确定如何加强斜坡和填方的稳定性以及如何保护建筑以及抵抗地震和地下水的作用。

Passage Two Modern Road
Keys:
1 F 2 F 3 F 4 T 5 T 6 F 7 T
译文：
现代化道路
发达的交通系统对一个国家的繁荣有着深刻的影响。道路若能使得工业中心与商业中心间的交通变得安全可靠，畅通无阻，将极大地促进经济的发展。公路除了为本国服务外，在紧密联系其他国家方面，也发挥着巨大作用。通过彼此交往，各国人民之间的友好关系得以加深。事实上，无论对一个国家还是对全世界来说，优质道路的重要性无论怎样强调都不为过。
为了充分发挥作用，现代道路应当尽可能具备下列主要特征；
（a） 应按照预计的车流量和车速进行设计；
（b） 弯度和坡度不可避免时，要尽可能平缓；
（c） 能见度要好；
（d） 路标设置完备醒目；
（e） 充分考虑非机动车辆和行人的安全，他们的安全应受到足够的尊重；
（f） 需要照明时，光线充足；
（g） 为了避免单调，乏味，给使用者提供一个爽心悦目的环境，道路两侧要进行美化，设置栅栏，种植树木，路中心要设置分隔带。
在现代道路建设中，人们对路基土重要性的认识比以前深刻多了。今天，人们意识到，它不仅仅是路基，更是道路的主要组成部分。所以，近年来人们研究出了多种办法，来提高路基土的质量，从而达到稳定的效果。保持路基层稳定的办法很多，最简单的是机械稳定法。
机械稳定法是指在基层土中，根据土质加入颗粒状的或者具有附着力的材料。尤其在干燥气候条件下，为了保持足够的湿度而确保内聚力，有必要加入少量的氯化钙。另一种取得稳定的有效方法是，在基层土中加入水泥，石灰或者含沥青的材料。水泥，石灰使土质变硬，从而大幅度增加其压缩强度。在沥青，柏油稳定过程中，沥青，柏油乳胶或者稳定油在防水中稳定土壤颗粒，这样，阻止了水的渗透，确保基层土的稳定性，从而提高其承重能力。
以上各种稳定方法，通常由称作土壤稳定装置的机械来实施。这些机械近年来在美国应用得尤其广泛和成功。在施工过程中，它们可以一次碾压完成全部工序。首先，稳定装置切入到基层土中，把土切碎，混合，加入稳定剂，与土壤搅拌。然后，把混合物均匀摊开，以便固化。固化完毕，应立即在上面泼洒沥青乳胶，形成防水层。这不仅防止水分下渗到基层土中，也防止基层土中的水分向上渗透。
Unit 2 Construction Materials
SectionI Talking Face to Face
1. Introduction
In this unit, we are going to learn two important construction materials---steel and cement, as well as their distinctive identities. Further more, how the two basic materials complement each other to make structural construction material---concrete. The many professional phrases and expressions of construction materials are the learning points in this unit.
Ask students to read dialogue and then make dialogues according to the task.
2. Explaining some words and expressions in the dialogue:
Dialogue one:
the strength of the concrete：混凝土的强度
compressive strength：抗压强度
kg/cm2 ：kilogram n.公斤；centimeter n.厘米；square centimeter平方厘米
look forward to + n./doing… 期待着…
Dialogue two:
on our own：独立地，凭我们自己
conform with：和……相符合，相一致
China National Building Code：中国建筑法规
plot plan：平面布置图
vertical layout：竖向定位图
structure plan：结构平面图
floor plan：楼面平面图
general plan：总图
the job site：施工现场
SectionII Maintaining a sharp eye
Passage1 Construction Materials---steel and cement
Important words
1. acid n. [化] 酸(U,C)
Some acids burn holes in wood. 有些酸能把木头烧成洞。
（习语） the acid test 决定性考验
e.g. The acid test of a good driver is whether he remains calm in an emergency. 衡量驾驶员水平的决定性考验，就是看他在紧急关头能否保持镇静。
adj. 酸味的：A lemon is an acid fruit. 柠檬是一种酸的水果。
讽刺的，尖酸刻薄的：His remarks were rather acid. 他的话有些尖酸刻薄。
↓反：alkali 碱 n. → adj. alkaline (alkaline soil 碱性土壤)
2. available adj. (物) This is the only available room. 只剩下那个房间可用了。
You’ll be informed when the book becomes available.
这本书有货时就通知你。
(人) I’m available in the afternoon. 我下午有空。
3. bond n. 连接，接合，结合： This glue makes a good firm bond.
这种胶水粘得很结实。
联系，关系：the bonds of friendship 友谊的纽带
The trade agreement helped