新视野大学英语第三版第四册读写Unit1SectionA市公开课一等奖百校联赛获奖课件.pptx

4 4Love and logic:The story of a fallacyUnit 1 Section AUnit 1 Section AFOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESEARCH PRESS AIR FORCE ENGINEERING UNIVERTISY第1页Doing the right thing is not the problem.Knowing what the right thing is,thats thechallenge.Lyndon B.Johnson(36th US president)It is one thing to be clever and another to be wise.George R.R.Martin(American author)4 41UNITLife and Logic第2页Section A 4 41Life and LogicUNITLove and logic:The story of a fallacyObjectivesObjectivesTo talk about love and logicTo further understand the textTo apply the phrases and patternsTo master the narrative essay writing skill第3页ContentsALove and Love and logic:The logic:The story of a fallacystory of a fallacySectionWarming-up Activities Text Study Language Application Summary第4页ASectionWarming-up ActivitiesLead-inLead-inPre-reading ActivitiesPre-reading ActivitiesCultural BackgroundCultural BackgroundLove and Love and logic:The logic:The story of a fallacystory of a fallacy第5页1.What do you know about logic?It is the use and study of valid reasoning;Most prominent in the subjects of philosophy,mathematics,and computer science;Established as a formal discipline by Aristotle;One of the classical trivium(三学科),the other two being grammar and rhetoric;Divided into three parts:inductive reasoning,abductive reasoning,and deductive reasoning.第6页2.Do you think it is possible to deal with life in a completely rational and logical way?When it comes to making a choice,many people tend to use rational and logical reasoning;Males are more rational than females;Rational world is not necessarily a wonderful one;Rational individuals can make choices that are bad news for others;It is ridiculous to deal with love in a logical way.第7页The following are some statements to test your reasoning ability.Tell whether the conclusions after the word“Therefore”are true(T),false(F),or uncertain(U).Write your answer on the line before each statement.True or FalsePre-reading ActivitiesPre-reading Activities第8页 1.All odd numbers are integers(整数).All even numbers are integers.Therefore,all odd numbers are even numbers.2.There are no dancers that arent slim and no singers that arent dancers.Therefore,all singers are slim.3.A toothpick(牙签)is useful.Useful things are valuable.Therefore,a toothpick is valuable.4.Three pencils cost the same as two erasers.Four erasers cost the same as one ruler.Therefore,pencils are more expensive than rulers.5.Class A has a higher enrollment than Class B.Class C has a lower enrollment than Class B.Therefore,Class A has a lower enrollment than Class C.Pre-reading ActivitiesPre-reading ActivitiesTrue or FalseFTTFF第9页 6.A fruit basket contains more apples than lemons.There are more lemons in the basket than oranges.Therefore,the basket contains more apples than oranges.7.Taking the train across town is quicker than taking the bus.Taking the bus across town is slower than driving a car.Therefore,taking the train across town is quicker than driving a car.8.All the tulips in Zoes garden are white.All the roses in Zoes garden are yellow.Therefore,all the flowers in Zoes garden are either white or yellow.Pre-reading ActivitiesPre-reading ActivitiesTrue or FalseTUU第10页 Logic is the use and study of valid .The study of logic features most prominently in the subjects of philosophy,and computer science.PhilosophicalreasoningTo be continuedTo be continuedmathematicsListen to a short passage on logic,and fill in the missing information.第11页Logic was studied in several ancient ,including India,China,Persia and Greece.In the West,logic was established as a formal by Aristotle,who gave it a fundamental place in philosophy.The study of logic was part of the classical trivium(三学科),which also included and rhetoric.civilizationsdisciplineTo be continuedTo be continuedgrammarListen to a short passage on logic,and fill in the missing information.第12页Logic was further by Al-Farabi who categorized it into two separate groups(idea and ).Later,Avicenna revived the study of logic and developed relationship between temporalis and the (时间与意义).In the East,logic was developed by Hindus,Buddhists and Jains(耆那教徒).extendedproofTo be continuedTo be continuedimplicationListen to a short passage on logic,and fill in the missing information.第13页Logic is often divided into three parts:reasoning,abductive reasoning,and deductive reasoning.inductiveListen to a short passage on logic,andfill in the missing information.第14页Questions Previewing1.What is a fallacy?And how is it used?2.How many types of fallacy do you know?TipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsCultural BackgroundCultural BackgroundLogic and Fallacy第15页1.What is a fallacy?And how is it used?An error in reasoning that renders an argument logically invalid;By accident or design,logical fallacies are often used in debate or propaganda;To mislead people;To distract people from the real issue for the purpose of winning an argument.Cultural BackgroundCultural BackgroundLogic and Fallacy第16页2.How many types of fallacy do you know?Red Herring(转移话题)Begging the Question(循环论证)Slippery Slope(滑坡谬误)Bandwagon(从众谬误)False Dilemma(伪两难谬误)False Cause(post hoc)(假因谬误)Ad Hominem(人身攻击)Appeal to Authority(诉诸权威)Dicto Simpliciter(绝对判断)Hasty Generalization(草率结论)Ad Misericordiam(文不对题)False Analogy(错误类比)Cultural BackgroundCultural BackgroundLogic and Fallacy第17页Main Idea&StructureMain Idea&StructureLanguage Language FocusFocusCritical Critical ThinkingThinking Text StudyASectionLove and Love and logic:The logic:The story of a fallacystory of a fallacy第18页What did the narrator do with his roommate Rob?(Para.1)TipsTipsTipsTipsThey made a deal that the narrator gives Rob his leather jacket,and Rob,in exchange,gives the narrator his girlfriend.第19页Why did the narrator want to have Polly as his girl friend?(Paras.2-3)TipsTipsTipsTipsPretty,well-off,radiant;The right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged,brilliant lawyer;Help the narrator in his competition with other applicants to some elite law firms.第20页The author sets the scene of the story by providing information about the four“wh-”words:who,where,what,and why.“Who”refers to the narrator,his roommate Rob,and the beautiful girl Polly.“Where”refers to .“What”and“why”refer to what to do and why to do it:The narrator decides to make Polly“”because as a promisingly brilliant lawyer,he wants to have a girlfriend who is not only beautiful but also intelligent.Part I Paras.1_3a college campuswell-spoken 第21页After a day out with Polly,I drove her to a big old oak tree on a hill off the highway,where we could enjoy a perfect view of the .Then I was ready to talk with Polly about logic,the first thing under our discussion is the fallacy .bannerluminous cityDicto SimpliciterParas.4-8第22页What is Dicto Simpliciter?Give an example.(Paras.9-11)TipsTipsTipsTipsAn unqualified,too simple generalization;One example:Exercise is good,therefore,everybody should do exercise.第23页What is Hasty Generalization?Give an example.(Paras.12-15)TipsTipsTipsTipsAn unqualified,too simple generalization;One example:Exercise is good,therefore,everybody should do exercise.第24页What is Ad Misericordiam?Give an example.(Paras.16-21)TipsTipsTipsTipsAppealing to ones sympathy instead of answering the question directly;One example:A man applies for a job.When the boss asks him what his qualifications are,he says he has six children to feed.第25页What is False Analogy?Give an example.(Paras.22-25)TipsTipsTipsTipsWrong inference;Making an analogy between two situations that are altogether different;One example:Students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during exams,because surgeons have X-rays to guide them during surgery.第26页Part II Paras.4-25The narrator tries to help Polly become smarter by giving her lessons in logic.Altogether he spends five nights teaching Polly four logical ,namely,Dicto Simpliciter,Ad Misericordiam,.Hasty GeneralizationFalse Analogyfallacies第27页When the narrator asks Polly to be his girlfriend,Polly refutes his first argument“We make a pretty good couple”as“”and his second argument“You dont have to eat a whole cake to know its good”as“”.Hasty GeneralizationFalse AnalogyParas.26-32第28页 When the narrator asks Polly to be his girl friend,Polly refutes his third argument“Please say youll go out with me.Im nothing without you”as“”and his fourth argument“You know the things you learn in school dont have anything to do with real life”as“”.Ad MisericordiamDicto SimpliciterParas.33-37第29页What happened at last?(Paras.38-43)TipsTipsTipsTipsPolly refused to be the girlfriend of the author;Full disclosure;Polly liked Rob in leather;She told Rob to make the pact with the author so that he could have the jacket.第30页Part III Paras.26-43 When asked to be the narrators girl friend,Polly refutes his arguments with the exact taught by him and refuses by making that she is dating the narrator simply because it is a trick she and Rob have decided to play on him in order to get his .logical fallaciesfull disclosureleather jacket第31页The narrator and Rob make a deal:the exchange of a leather jacket for Polly.(Para.1)Polly needs to be made more intelligent.(Para.3)Introduction to the storyPolly has some basic qualities to be the girlfriend of a lawyer.(Para.2)第32页Why logic is important(Para.4-8)The first logical fallacy taught to Polly:Dicto Simpliciter(Paras.9-11)IntroductionBody(Development of the story)The second logical fallacy taught to Polly:Hasty Generalization(Paras.12-15)The third logical fallacy taught to Polly:Ad Misericordiam(Paras.16-21)The fourth logical fallacy taught to Polly:False Analogy(Paras.22-25)第33页IntroductionBodyThe climax and end of the story(Pollys refutation and the final disclosure)“You dont have to eat a whole cake to know its good.”False Analogy.(Paras.31-32)“Please say youll go out with me.Im nothing without you.”Ad Misericordiam.(Paras.33-35)“You know the things you learn in school dont have anything to do with real life.”Dicto Simpliciter.(Paras.36-37)Climax of the story:Polly refuses to be the narrators girlfriend.(Paras.38-43)“We make a pretty good couple.”Hasty Generaliza-tion.(Paras.26-30)第34页Introduction BodyClimax&End第35页Love and logic:The story of a fallacy My roommate Rob made a with me that hed give me his girlfriend Polly in exchange for my jacket.And I agreed.Polly had the right background to be the girlfriend of a lawyer like myself.She was pretty,well-off,and radiant.Still,I want to dispense her enough to make her“well-spoken”.pactpearls of wisdomTo be continuedTo be continueddogged,brilliant 第36页 So I tried my best to teach her such logical as Dicto Simpliciter,Hasty Generalization,Ad Misericordiam,and False Analogy.After five nights of diligent work,I actually made a out of Polly.She was an at last.fallacieslogiciananalytical thinkerTo be continuedTo be continued第37页 When I asked her to develop our relationship into a one,however,she my arguments as those logical fallacies I had taught her!And she refused my proposition by making full :She liked Rob in leather,therefore,she had told him to make the pact with me so that Rob could have my .romanticrefuteddisclosurejacket第38页Practical PhrasesPractical Phrases Specific Specific MeaningsMeanings1.In exchange for 作为对交换2.Set a date for 为定日期3.Appeal to 唤起；吸引4.make/draw an analogy between 在之间作类比5.Make sth.out of sb./sth.使变成6.Give sb.the axe 抛弃（恋人）；辞退7.Be dripping with 满是第39页作为对作为对交换交换(revolutionary predecessors/shed blood/sacrifice ones life)In exchange for a peaceful environment for the future generations,our revolutionary predecessors shed their blood and even sacrificed their precious lives.in exchange for短语逆译短语应用为了给后代换来一个和平环境，我们革命先烈们抛头颅、洒热血。意群提醒第40页为为定日期定日期(to achieve success/rather than)In order to achieve success,one had better start immediately rather than set dates for his/her efforts.set a date for短语逆译短语应用要想取得成功，最好马上开始努力，不要推三推四。意群提醒第41页唤起；吸引唤起；吸引(boast/research library)This university boasts many world-famous experts,professors,and the worlds best research library,therefore,it appeals to students and researchers from all over the world.appeal to短语逆译短语应用这所大学拥有许多世界著名教授、教授以及世界上最好研究图书馆，所以吸引了来自世界各地学子和研究人员。意群提醒第42页在在之间作类比之间作类比(require great efforts/reach the top)We often make an analogy between studying and climbing a mountain:both of them require great efforts before you can reach the top.make/draw an analogy between短语逆译短语应用我们经常把学习和登山进行类比：二者在你到达巅峰之前都需要付出巨大努力。意群提醒第43页使使变成变成(military academy/young cadets)The aim of the military academy is to make qualified officers out of the young cadets after four years study and training.make sth.out of sb./sth.短语逆译短语应用这所军校目标是经过四年学习与训练将这些年轻军校生变成合格军官。意群提醒第44页抛弃（恋人）；抛弃（恋人）；辞退辞退(play away/upon graduation)If you continue playing your precious college years away,success will give you the axe upon graduation.give sb.the axe短语逆译短语应用假如你继续浪费宝贵大课时光，毕业时你将一事无成。意群提醒第45页满是满是(words and actions/vulgarity and rudeness)Though the beautiful lady is dripping with jewels,her words and actions are dripping with vulgarity and rudeness.短语逆译短语应用这位漂亮女士尽管满身珠光宝气，言行却低俗无礼。意群提醒be dripping with 第46页 Functional Functional Patterns Patterns Functions&Usages Functions&Usages1.If sb.could do,sb.just might do 用于表示“假设”2.Sb.never/seldom do.Instead,sb.do 用于表示“强调”3.Look at,look at.Can you do?用于表示“对比”第47页假如我能够让我所申请顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴伴随一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅另二分之一，我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。原句译文原句译文逆译练习逆译练习If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant,well-spoken counterpart by my side,I just might edge past the competition.句型提炼句型提炼第48页If sb.could do,sb.just might do 句型提炼句型提炼应用提应用提醒醒用于表示“假设”。句型句型应用应用第49页(make the best of/dream of)经典例句假如你能好好利用现有一切而不是幻想你所没有，你很可能已经取得巨大成功了。意群提醒If you could make the best of what you have instead of dreaming of what you dont have,you just might have already achieved great success.第50页这个人根本没有回答老板问题，而只是在博取老板同情。原句译文原句译文逆译练习逆译练习The man never answered the bosss question.Instead he appealed to the bosss sympathy.句型提炼句型提炼第51页Sb.never/seldom do.Instead,sb.do 句型提炼句型提炼应用提应用提醒醒 用于表示“强调”。句型应用句型应用第52页(public servant/take advantage of/privileges and authorities)经典例句一些人民公仆从不为人民服务，而只是利用手中特权、职权最大程度地为自己谋取私利。意群提醒Some of our public servants never serve the people,instead they take advantage of their privileges and authorities to seek personal interests to the maximum extent.第53页看看我，一个聪明过人学生，一个不一样凡响学者，一个前途无量人。再看看罗伯，一个肌肉发达蠢材，一个有了上顿没下顿家伙。你是否能给我一个充分理由，为何要选择跟他？”原句译文原句译文逆译练习逆译练习Look at me,an ingenious student,a tremendous intellectual,a man with an assured future.Look at Rob,a muscular idiot,a guy wholl never know where his next meal is coming from.Can you give me one good reason why you should be with him?”句型提炼句型提炼第54页Look at,look at.Can you do?句型提炼句型提炼应用提应用提醒醒 用于表示“对比”。句型应用句型应用第55页(tall buildings/war stricken areas/poor straw sheds)经典例句看看我们，住着高楼大厦，穿着耐克、阿迪，吃着麦当劳、肯德基，喝着百事和可乐。再看看那些战乱地域难民们，躲在破烂不堪草棚里，没穿、没吃、没喝。我们怎么还能埋怨我们生活呢？意群提醒Look at us,living in tall buildings,wearing Nike and Adidas,eating McDonalds and KFCs,drinking Pepsis and Colas.Look at the refugees in the war stricken areas,sheltering in poor straw sheds,having almost nothing to wear,to eat a