专四语法复习-从句篇.doc

从句专题
从句引导词的确定
从句引导词通常起两个作用①引导和连接主从句
②在从句中作某种成分
答题依据：看它在句中做什么成分、表达什么意义
（一） 主语从句
引导词：从属连词—that, whether
连接代词—what, which, who, whom
连接副词—when, where, why, how
1 That he is always ready to help others is known to all.
2 In some countries, ____ is called “equality” doesn’t really mean equal right for equal people.
A which B what C that D one
答案 B
（二） 宾语从句
引导词：从属连词—that, whether, if
连接代词—what, which, who, whom(词尾加-ever加强语气)
连接副词—when, where, why, how
1 By success, I don’t mean ___ usually thought of when that word is used.
A what is B that we C as you D all is
2 We agreed to accept ___ they thought was the best tourist guide.
A whichever B whoever C whatever D whomever
3 The basic features of communication process are identified in one question: who says ___ through what channel to whom?
A what B how C when D such
4 Although Anne is happy with her success, she wonders ___ will happen on her private life.
A this B that C it D what
5 They always give the vacant seats to ___ come first.

A whoever B whomever C who D whom
答案：ABADA
（三） 表语从句
引导词：从属连词—that, whether, if
连接代词—what, which, who, whom
连接副词—when, where, why, how
That’s what they did. / why I didn’t come.
The question is whether we shall stay or not.
/ how we can get there.
/ who he is.
/ whom he is looking for.
The reason is (that) he is ill.
（四） 同位语从句
引导词：从属连词—that, whether
连接副词—when, where, why, how
that—无意义，不做成分，但不能省略
同位语从句所修饰的名词被称为先行词。
常见先行词有：idea, fact, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt, question…以及表示“建议、命令、请求”的词（句中要用虚拟语气）
The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the results.
There was the question where we were to go.
what we were to do.
when we were to start.
how we could get there.
why we should help them.
区别：同位语从句—解释、说明先行词
定语从句—修饰、限定先行词
1 There are signs ___ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A that B which C in which D whose

2 The mere fact ____ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.
A what B which C that D why
答案 AC
(五)定语从句
1定语从句引导词起三个作用：
① 连接作用
②在从句中作某种成分
③替代先行词（因此从句中不能再有先行词或其代词）
2引导词：关系代词—that, which, who, whom, as, whose
关系副词—when, where, why→介词+关系代词which
n.短语+从句：the moment/each time/the distance…+…
that, which :先行词为事、物，在句中可作主语、宾语；
who, whom：先行词为人，在句中可作主语、宾语；
whose：先行词为人、事、物，在句中作定语；
as—先行词被the same, such修饰或先行词本身就是the same, such
--引导非限定性定语从句，代替整个句子，在从句中作主语或宾语
I still remember the day when / on which I met her for the first time.
That was the year when /in which he was born.
This is the room where they lived for ten years.
that /which they lived in for ten years.
in which they lived for ten years.
As is well known, Rome is not built in a day.
As we all know, Rome is not built in a day.
①This is the city ___________.
A I like to visit it most B I like to visit most
C I most like to visit D I most like to visit it
②Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, ____ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.

A whose B which C that D what
③The hours ____ the children spend in their one-way relationship with TV people undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people.
A when B on which C that D in which
答案：BAC
3只用that：①先行词既包括人又包括物
②先行词前有不定代词修饰或先行词本身为指物不定代词/复合不定代词时
③先行词前有表示唯一概念的词修饰时
④先行词被序数词、adj.最高级修饰时
⑤先行词为疑问pron.时
He talked loudly of the men and the books that attracted him.
All that glitters is not gold.
There is little/nothing that I can do.
He is the only person that is reliable.
Who that have studied with him do not admire him?
Nothing is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.
4 介词+关系代词
不定pron./数词+介词+关系代词which/whom/whose+n.
解题依据：①介词与关系代词（即先行词）为固定搭配
②介词与从句中某一词为固定搭配
① Agriculture was a step in human progress ___ which subsequently there was nothing comparable until our own machine age.
A to B for C in D from
② It is useful to be able to predict the extent ____ which a price change will affect supply and demand.
A from B to C for D with
③ I bought a dozen eggs, ____ broke when I dropped the box at the door.

A six eggs B six eggs of them
C six of them D six of which
④ He introduced me to his students, ___ offered to go with me as a guide.
A one of them B one student
C one of whom D one of which
⑤ The residents, ____ had been damaged by the fire, were given help by the Red Cross.
A all of their homes B all their homes
C whose all homes D all of whose homes
⑥ This is the theory ____ which his experiment is based.
A from B to C on D for
答案：ABDCDC
（六）状语从句
1 时间状语从句
常见引导词：when, while, until / till, as, before, after, since, whenever,
as soon as, once, each/ every time…
no sooner…than…
hardly/ scarcely…when…
考点：
when—“正在这时…
before/ after: It is a long time before/ after …
since: It is/was …since…（完成时）…
until/ till ①not…until…
②强调句式：It is/was not until+从句+that +主句
③not提到句首，句子倒装→
Not until+时间状语（从句）+部分倒装的主句
no sooner…than… & hardly/ scarcely…when…
①时态：主句--过去完成时；从句--过去时

②否定副词提到句首，句子要部分倒装
1) I had just started back for the house to change my clothes ____ I
heard voices.
A as B when C after D while
2) No sooner had we reached the top of the hill ____ we all sat down to rest.
A when B then C than D until
3) Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ___ it comes to classroom tests.
A when B since C before D after
4) A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time ____ the guards discovered what had happened.
A before B until C since D after
5) You see the lightning ____ it happens, but you hear the thunder later.
A the instant B for an instant
C on the instant D in an instant
6) It was almost 10 years ___ I had seen her last time.
A before B after C when D since
答案：BCAAAD
2地点状语从句
常见引导词：where, wherever
Boys always go to swim where the water is deep.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
3 原因状语从句
常见引导词：because, as, for（并列句）, since, that, in that, now that
seeing (that)…; given (that)…
She was disappointed that her services had been overlooked by her superiors.
Given her interest in children/

Given (that) she is interested in children, I’m sure teaching is the right career for her.
Seeing (that) he was better, they didn’t send for the doctor.
because着重指直接的原因或理由，其所引导的从句为全句的重心，用以直接回答why的问题，在本组词中语气最强。既可放在句首，也可放在主句之后。
Just because I don’t complain, you mustn’t suppose that I’m
satisfied.
He had to ask his neighbor for a ride because his car was being repaired.
as多用于口语中，使用本词引导的从句时，主句为全句的重心，从句只是附带地指出原因或理由，语气比because和since弱，通常用于句首，如放在主句后，所说明的原因一般是对方知道的。
As he wasn’t ready in time, we went without him.
We remained at home as it was raining.
for着重指附加或推断的理由、根据、解释，连接的是相对独立的并列句，不能用于句首。
I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her.
since可放在句首或主句之后，有时与as同义，有让步的含义，着重指双方均已熟悉或稍加分析既可明白的理由，有时也指产生行动的自然原因，口语中较为少用。
Since everyone is here, let’s begin our class.
Since we’ve no money, we can’t buy it.
4 结果状语从句
常见的引导词：so(并列句), that, so that…; so…that…; such…that…;
It was so cold that the river had frozen.
It was such an interesting story that I couldn’t stop reading it.
5目的状语从句
常见引导词：that, so that…; in order that…;
lest, for fear that…; in case…(虚拟语气)

Man does not live that he may eat, but eats that he may live.
Here is my telephone number so that you can call me when you arrive here next time.
They had to get up very early in order that they wouldn’t miss the express train.
I’ll be kind to her lest she decide to leave me.
He jotted the name down for fear that he should forget it.
Here’s some money in case you should need it.
6 条件状语从句
常见引导词：if, unless, as/so long as, in case, on condition that,
providing/ provided (that)…
suppose/ supposing (that)…
You can’t pass the exam unless you work harder.
If it rains tomorrow, I will go to school by taxi.
I can lend you my dictionary as long as you can keep it clean.
Please let me know in case he comes.
She would be prepared to come to the party, provided/ providing that she could bring her daughter.
Supposing /Suppose all the doors were locked, how would you get into the house?
7 让步状语从句
常见引导词：though, although, as, even if/ though, while
for all that...（尽管…）；whether…or…;
no matter +特殊疑问词 / 特殊疑问词+-ever
Even if it is raining very hard, he would still go to take care of the young trees in the schoolyard.
He is a good comrade for all that he may have shortcomings and faults.
注：
① as引导让步状语从句，须用倒装语序。

倒装情况：a把从句中作表语的adj./n.提到句首；若表语为单数可数名词，提前时要省略（即去掉）不定冠词
b把从句中作状语的adv.提到句首
c有时把从句中的谓语动词原形提到句首
Difficult as the work was, it was finished on time.
Child as he is, he can speak English fluently.
Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his suggestion.
Fail as he did, he would try again.
② though引导让步状语从句可倒装可不倒装；although引导让步状语从句不能倒装
Very late though it was, they went on working. /
Though it was very late, they went on working.
Air exists everywhere although we can’t see it.
③ no matter+特殊疑问词 / 特殊疑问词+-ever引导让步状语从句，从句中有时要用虚拟语气：may+动词原形或直接用动词原形；有时还要用倒装语序。
注意词序：no matter how/ however + adj./adv. +…
no matter what/ whatever + n. +…
However rich people are, they always seem anxious to make money.
No matter what difficulties we may have, we have confidence in ourselves.
Whatever may come, we won’t leave the work half done.→
Come what may, we won’t leave the work half done.
Whoever you be, you have no right to do such a thing.
④ whether…or…引导让步状语从句，常省略whether，且把动词原形be提到句首。
Be rich or poor, he is kind to everybody. (Whether he is rich or poor)
Be friend or foe, the law regards him as criminal. (Whether he is a friend or a foe, …)
8 方式状语从句

常见引导词：as, as if/ though(有时用虚拟语气)
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
He looks as if he is ill. (He is really ill.)
He talks as if he were a scholar. (In fact, he is not a scholar.)
He speaks as if he had seen it with his own eyes. (Actually, he didn’t
see it at all.)
It looks as if it might rain.
9 比较状语从句
常见引导词：as/ so…as…; …than…; The more…, the more…
the same…as…; the same as…; such…as…
He knew about the newcomer as much as I did.
He finished the exam earlier than his classmates did.
She is the same age as you.
We are not such fools as to believe him.
The harder you work, the more achievement you will make.
注意：
① 排斥问题
China is larger than any other country in Asia.
China is larger than any country in Africa.
② 替代问题：one/ones；that/those
在比较从句中为了避免重复，常用that/those, one/ones代替前面出现的名词：that指物，one既可指人也可指物； that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，those代替可数名词复数；one代替可数名词单数，ones代替可数名词复数；重复的名词后面有of短语时，常用that/those代替；重复的名词前有形容词修饰时，常用one/ones代替。
The up trains are fuller than the down ones.
The engine of your car is better than that of mine.
③ 比较对象一致、主谓一致及时态等问题
The population of China is larger than America. (wrong)

The population of China is larger than that of America.
④ 倍数表达法a倍数+比较级+than
b 倍数+ n.+ as +原级+as/
倍数+ as +原级+ n.+ as
c倍数+ n.短语（the + n.+ of）
d倍数+ that of
e倍数+ what从句
注意：to→增加到…; by→净增…
The room is three times as large as that one.
这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。
The room is three times larger than that one.
这个房间比那个房间大三倍（是那个房间的四倍大）。
This river is four times the width of that one.
这条河比那条河宽三倍。
That city is now almost ten times its original size.
现在那座城市几乎是它原来大小的十倍。
The area of that continent is about twice that of this one.
那个大洲的面积比这个的大一倍。
They produce 1000 cars with a total value more than 20 times what it was in 1980.
他们生产了一千辆小汽车，总产值是１９８０年的二十倍还多。
⑤ 级的修饰语
a比较级：表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前表示程度的状语，如even, still, yet, rather, no, a lot, lots, a (good) bit, a little (bit), a great /good deal, slightly, still, much, many, all the, any, far, by far等；数词或其它表示数量的词（组）也可以用来修饰比较级。
He is a head/5cm taller than Tom.
注意：by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面；如放在前面，应在二者中间加the。

He is taller by far than his brother.
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
B最高级：最高级可被序数词以及much, by far, nearly, almost, by no means, not quite, not really, nothing like, far and away, very(不修饰most)等词语修饰。very置于定冠词或者物主代词之后，其它的加强语一般置于定冠词之前。
She put on her very best dress.
The Pacific is by far the largest ocean.
This hat is by far/much/nearly/almost/not nearly/by no means/not quite/nothing like the biggest.
How much did the second most expensive hat cost?
10 类比状语从句
常见引导词：what/as（数字间的类比）
A is to B what C is to D 为固定结构，表示A与B的关系和C与D的关系具有可比性。但是，如果A，B，C，D为数字时，则用as取代what,表示比例上的相等。
The people is to the Party’s army what/as water is to fish.
人民的军队离不开人民，就象鱼离不开水。
Intellect is to the mind what sight is to the body.
智力之于大脑，犹如视力之于躯体。
Twelve is to three as four is to one.
12之于3等同于4之1。
Reading is to the mind what /as exercise is to the body.
读书对于思想，好比运动对于身体一样。
Leaves do for plants what/as lungs do for animals.
叶子对于植物的作用，正如肺对于动物的作用一样。
The blueprint is to the builder what/as the outline is to the writer.
蓝图对于建筑设计师就象提纲对于作家一样。

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