美国文学下学期期末复习(课堂PPT).ppt
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1、 American Modernism(I)American Modernism(I)II.ModernismII.ModernismIII.ImagismIII.ImagismIV.Ezra PoundIV.Ezra PoundI.Historical BackgroundI.Historical Background1I.Historical BackgroundA.Influences of the World War Ia.People went into it with extreme enthusiasm,inspired by the ideal of making the wo
2、rld safe for democracy.b.There was a tremendous disillusionment because nothing had changed.There was a popular contempt for the law.A loss of faith began with Darwins theories of evolution.2B.Philosophical IdeasB.Philosophical IdeasA.NietzscheA.NietzscheNietzsche offered the most insightful analysi
3、s as to why the mainstream Western civilization has declined:the highest values(a combination of Christianity and Platonism)have devalued themselves.3B.FreudB.FreudFreud boldly and naturalistically explained that human behavior is largely the result of instinctual drives,such as sexual and aggressiv
4、e urges.The“self”is a dynamism shaped by tension-filled negotiations between the individual desires(id)and the pressures from civilization(superego).When the tensions and traumas therein do not appear,they become unconscious.The repressed in the unconscious returns repeatedly as symptoms.4c.Marxismc
5、.MarxismMarxism is an indispensable paradigm for modernism because it defines“modernity”as a historical stage in which capitalism,profit-oriented and technology-driven,seriously changes the world we live in and our“humanity”.5II.ModernismA.Modernist MovementA.Modernist MovementThe term modernism ref
6、ers to the radical shift in aesthetic and cultural sensibilities evident in the art and literature of the post-World War One period.The ordered,stable and inherently meaningful world view of the nineteenth century could not,wrote T.S.Eliot,accord with the immense panorama of futility and anarchy whi
7、ch is contemporary history.6The large cultural wave of Modernism,which gradually emerged in Europe and the United States in the early years of the 20th century,expressed a sense of modern life through art as a sharp break from the past,as well as from Western civilizations classical traditions.Moder
8、n life seemed radically different from traditional life-more scientific,faster,more technological,and more mechanized.7B.Modernism in LiteratureB.Modernism in LiteratureIn literature,the movement is associated with the works of(among others)Eliot,James Joyce,Virginia Woolf,W.B.Yeats,Ezra Pound,Gertr
9、ude Stein,H.D.,Franz Kafka and Knut Hamsun.In their attempt to throw off the aesthetic burden of the realist novel,these writers introduced a variety of literary tactics and devices.8The most active and influential writers Poets:Ezra Pound,T.S.Eliot,E.E.Cummings,Robert Frost,William Carlos Williams,
10、Wallace Stevens,and Carl Sandburg;Novelists:Ernest Hemingway,F.Scott Fitzgerald,and William Faulkner;Playwright:Eugene ONeill.Other writers,such as Sherwood Anderson,Gertrude Stein,Sinclair Lewis and Willa Cather are also important.9Modernism is often derided嘲弄嘲弄 for abandoning the social world in f
11、avor of its narcissistic自我陶醉的自我陶醉的 interest in language and its processes.Recognizing the failure of language to ever fully communicate meaning,the modernists generally downplayed content in favor of an investigation of form.The fragmented,non-chronological,poetic forms utilized by Eliot and Pound r
12、evolutionized poetic language.10III.ImagismA.DevelopmentA.Development1.19081909 T.E.Hulme founded a Poets Club in 1908.The most effective means to express the momentary impressions is through“the use of one dominant image”.2.19121914 Ezra Pound took over the movement.In 1912,they published Des Imagi
13、stes.a.Direct treatment of the“thing”,whether subjective or objective;11b.To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;c.As regarding rhythm,to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase,not in the sequence of a metronome节拍节拍.3.19141917 Amy Lowell took over the movement
14、and developed it into“Amygism”.In 1915,1916,1917,three volumes of Some Imagist Poets came out,containing six principles based on the original three.12B.DefinitionB.DefinitionRichard Aldington:The exact word must bring the effect of the object before the reader as it had presented itself to the poets
15、 mind at the time of writing.T.E.Hulme:The image must enable one“to dwell and linger upon a point of excitement,to achieve the impossible and convert a point into a line”.Ezra Pound:An image is“that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time”.13C.Contribution C.Contri
16、bution It was a rebellion against the traditional poetics which failed to reflect the new life of the new century.It offered a new way of writing which was valid not only for the Imagist poets but for modern poetry as a whole.Almost all major modern poets were in one way or another associated with i
17、t and benefited from it in a significant way.It is this movement that helped to open the first pages of modern English and American poetry.14IV.Ezra Pound(1885-1972)A.General IntroductionA.General IntroductionB.Main WorksB.Main Works1909 Personae,poems;1909 Exultations,poems;1910 The Spirit of Roman
18、ce,essays;1915 Cathay,poems/translations;1920 Hugh Selwyn Mauberley,poems;1931 How to Read,essays;151934 ABC of Reading,essays;1935 Make It New,essays;1936 Chinese written character as a medium for poetry,by Ernest Fenollosa,edited and with a foreword and notes by Ezra Pound;1948 The Pisan Cantos,po
19、ems;1951 Confucian analects,translated by Ezra Pound;1915-1962 The Cantos16C.C.Three Imagist Poetic PrinciplesThree Imagist Poetic Principles Direct treatment of the thing whether subjective or objective.To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.As regarding rhythm:to co
20、mpose in the sequence of musical phrase,not in sequence of a metronome.17In a Station of the MetroThe apparition of these faces in the crowd:Petals on a wet black bough.Modernism-MetroApparition:魅影魅影18补充补充:How is the central image in the poem related to the subject the poet intends to present?This p
21、oem is probably the most famous of all imagist poems.Pound attempt to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim light.To capture the emotion,Pound uses the image of petals on wet,black boughs.19In two lines it combines a
22、 sharp visual image or two juxtaposed images意象的叠加“petals on a wet,black bough”with an implied meaning.The faces in the dim light suggest both the impersonality and haste of city life and the greater transience of human life.The word“apparition”is a well-chosen one which has a two-fold meaning:firstl
23、y,it means a visible appearance of something real.Secondly,it builds an image of a ghostly sight,a delusive and unexpected appearance.20 Pounds short one-image poem In a Station of the Metro is among the most celebrated Imagist works.Pound had seen a succession of beautiful faces one day on the Pari
24、s Metro,and in the evening he found suddenly the expression for his sudden emotion.21 Through the metaphoric suggestion of that word,Pound fuses融合融合 the mundane image of faces in the crowd,with an image possessing visual beauty and the rich connotations of countless poems about spring.In a Station o
25、f the Metro relies on just two images,both presented in a simple,direct way,plus the catalyst of one word which is not straightforward description:apparition.22 The heart of the poem lies neither in the apparition nor in the petals,but in the mental process which leaps from one to the other.In a poe
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