秸秆还田与氮肥施用量对夏季稻田的生态经济效应.pdf
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1、2023 年 36 卷9期Vol.36No.9引用格式:陈浩,淡亚彬,王吕,秦宇航,任琼芝,郝兴顺,吴玉红,廖兴茂,李小刚,黄重,蒙天竣,陈永刚秸秆还田与氮肥施用量对夏季稻田的生态经济效应J西南农业学报,2 0 2 3,36(9):198 1-1990.Chen H,Dan Y B,Wang L,Qin Y H,Ren QZ,Hao X S,Wu Y H,Liao X M,Li X G,Huang C,Meng TJ,Chen Y G.Eco-economic effect of retur-ning straw and nitrogen fertilizer application on p
2、addy fieldJJ.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2023,36(9):1981-1990.D01:10.16213/ki.scjas.2023.9.018.西南农业学报Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences秸秆还田与氮肥施用量对夏季稻田的生态经济效应1981陈浩12,淡亚彬2,王吕12,秦宇航-2,任琼芝”,郝兴顺1-2吴玉红1-2,廖兴茂1-2,李小刚12,黄重1-2,蒙天跋12,陈永刚1.2(1.汉中市农业技术推广与培训中心,陕西汉中7 2 30 0 0;2
3、.陕西省水稻研究所,陕西汉中7 2 30 0 0;3.陕西省留坝县农业综合执法大队,陕西留坝7 2 410 0)摘要:【目的】为探究不同轮作模式下秸秆还田与氮肥施用量的稻田生态经济效应,借助汉中盆地稻区施肥和秸秆还田长期定位试验,比较分析秸秆还田和不同氮肥施量对稻田杂草密度、数量、群落结构特征、土壤养分、水稻产量及构成要素的影响。【方法】采用大田试验,在2 种不同轮作模式下各设4个处理:常规施肥NPK+秸秆不还田(CNS/CK)、常规施肥NPK+秸秆还田(CSM)、常规施肥PK,N减量15%+秸秆还田(CSM.)、常规施肥PK,N减量30%(CSM2)。在水稻成熟期统计稻田杂草种类、数量和密度
4、。水稻收获后,测定0 2 0 cm土养分含量、水稻产量及产量构成因素。【结果】肥施用量与秸秆还田对杂草种类和数量影响较大,数量和种类均不同程度减少,各处理间杂草密度差异显著。稻油轮作模式下,RCSM、RCSM I和RCSM2处理的杂草总密度较RCNS(CK)分别降低2 7.7 9%34.5%和8.0 6%;稻麦轮作模式下,WCSM、W CSM,和WCSM2处理的杂草总密度较RCNS(CK)分别降低14.59%、36.51%和11.7%。与CK相比,其他3个处理的稗草密度无显著差异,但禾本科和莎草科杂草均有不同程度减少,柳叶菜科和玄参科杂草显著增加。2 种轮作模式下,与CK相比,CSM、CSM,
5、、CSM 2 处理土壤pH有不同程度的降低,CSM,差异显著。稻油轮作模式下,与CK相比,RCSM和RCSM,、RCSM 2 处理土壤速效钾分别提高14.46%、8.7 2%、9.41%,土壤速效磷分别提高44.0 5%、31.1%32.7 5%。除RCSMi处理的土壤有机碳显著提高(增加2 0.35%)外,其他处理的土壤有机碳无显著差异。稻麦轮作模式下,与CK相比,土壤速效钾、速效磷、有机碳均显著提高,WCSM、W CSM 1、W CSM 2 处理的土壤速效磷分别提高41.0 1%、2 0.6%12.6 3%,土壤速效钾分别提高45.8 9%2 4.2 4%、19.14%,土壤有机碳分别提高
6、16.18%、14.2 3%、10.8 6%,其中WCSM处理的增幅最大。稻油轮作模式下,与CK相比,RCSM、RCSM 处理水稻产量差异显著,水稻产量分别增长5.97%和7.68%,稻麦轮作模式下,与CK相比,WCSM1处理水稻产量显著提高,增幅为4.92%。稻油轮作模式下,除有效穗增幅低于RC-SM处理外,RCSM处理水稻的穗长、有效穗、穗粒数、结实率和千粒重高于其他处理,与CK相比,RCSM处理的增幅分别8.13%、1.51%26.3%、2.0 9%和4.2 4%。稻麦轮作下,WCSM处理水稻的穗长、有效穗和结实率高于其他处理,WCSM处理水稻的穗粒数和千粒重高于其他处理。【结论】2 种
7、轮作模式下,秸秆还田利于速效磷、速效钾、有机质等土壤养分含量的积累,降低农田杂草的数量和种类,改善杂草群落组成结构,降低草害风险。在氮肥减量15%的情况下,秸秆还田可以提高水稻产量构成要素,达到水稻稳产增产的效果。因此,可以通过秸秆还田来抑制优势杂草生长和改善农田杂草群落结构,并合理减少氮肥的施入量,在保持土壤肥力的同时,提高氮肥的利用效率,减少药害带来潜在的农田环境污染,达到稳产、增产的作用。关键词:轮作模式;秸秆还田;氮肥施量;杂草;土壤养分;水稻产量中图分类号:S511;S143.1CHEN Hao-2,DAN Ya-bin2,WANG Lyu-2,QIN Yu-hang*2,REN Q
8、iong-zhi?,HAO Xing-shun2,收稿日期:2 0 2 3-0 4-14基金项目:陕西省重点研发计划项目(2 0 2 2 ZDLNY02-06);国家水稻产业技术体系(CARS-01-83);陕西省农业协同创新与推广联盟项目(LM202201)第一作者:陈浩(198 3-),男,硕士,农艺师,主要从事农业生态环境评价、农业资源化利用等研究。E-mail:通讯作者:吴玉红(198 3),女,硕士,高级农艺师,主要从事农业资源化利用、农田土壤管理等研究。E-mail:文献标识码:AEco-economic effect of returning straw andnitrogen
9、fertilizer application on paddy field文章编号:10 0 1-48 2 9(2 0 2 3)9-19 8 1-101982(1.Hanzhong Agricultural Technology Extension and Training Center,Hanzhong,Shaanxi 723000,China;2.Shaanxi Rice Research Institu-te,Hanzhong,Shaanxi 723000,China;3.Agricultural Integrated Law Enforcement Brigade in Liuba C
10、ounty,Liuba,Shaanxi 724100,China)Abstract:ObjectiveThe effects of straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer application on weed density,quantity,community structure,soilnutrients rice yield and components,were analyzed through a long-term field experiment of ferilization and straw returning in Hanzhon
11、g Basinin order to study the eco-economic effects of straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer application in paddy field under different rotation patterns.MethodField experiments included four treatments under two different rotation patterns:conventional fertilization NPK+without straw re-turn(CNS/CK
12、),conventional fertilization NPK(CSM)+straw return,and conventional fertilization with PK,N reduced by 15%(CSM,)+straw returning,PK,N reduced by 30%(CSM2).The species,quantity and density of weeds in rice field were investigated during rice ma-turity.After rice harvest,soil nutrient content in O-20
13、cm soil sample,rice yield and yield components were determined.ResultThe a-mount of nitrogen fertilizer and straw returning had great effects on weed species and quantity,the number and species decreased in differentdegrees,and there was significant difference in weed density among the treatments.Th
14、e total weed densities of RCSM,RCSM and RCSM2were 27.79%,34.5%and 8.06%lower than those of RCNS(CK)under rape-rice rotation,respectively.Compared with RCNS(CK),WCSM,WCSM1 and WCSM2 decreased the total weed density by 14.59%,36.51%and 11.7%under rape-rice rotation,respectively.Compared with CK,the de
15、nsity of Echinochloa crusgalli(L.)Beauwv.of the other three treatments had no significant difference.The weedsfamily of Gramineae and Cyperaceae decreased in different degrees,and the weeds family of Onagraceae and Scrophulariaceae increased sig-nificantly.Compared with the CK,the pH of CSM,CSM,and
16、CSM,decreased in different degrees,and the difference of CSM,was signifi-cant.Compared with CK,RCSM,RCSM,and RCSM,increased the available K by 14.46%,8.72%and 9.41%,and the available Pby44.05%,31.1%and 32.75%under rape-rice rotation,respectively.Organic carbon of RCSM,significantly increased by 20.3
17、5%,whileno significant difference was found in other treatments.Under wheat-rice rotation,available K,available P and organic carbon were signifi-cantly increased compared with the CK,available P was increased by 41.01%,20.6%and 12.63%by WCSM,WCSM,and WCSM2,re-spectively,and available K increased by
18、 45.89%,24.24%,19.14%,and soil organic carbon increased by 16.18%,14.23%and10.86%,respectively.WCSM had the biggest increase in the various indicators.Compared with CK,RCSM and RCSM,significantly in-creased rice yield by 5.97%and 7.68%under rape-rice rotation,respectively.WCSM,significantly increase
19、d rice yield compared withCK,growth was 4.92%under wheat-rice rotation.Under rape-rice,panicle length,effective panicle,grain number per panicle,seed set-ting rate and 1000-grain weight of RCSM,were higher than those of other treatments,except that the increase of effective panicle was lowerthan tha
20、t of RCSM.Compared with CK,RCSM,increased by 8.13%,1.51%,26.3%,2.09%and 4.24%,respectively.Under wheat-rice rotation,panicle length,effective panicle and seed setting rate of WCSM were higher than that of other treatments,and grain number perpanicle and 1000-grain weight of WCSM,were higher than tha
21、t of other treatments.ConclusionJStraw returning was beneficial to the accu-mulation of soil nutrients,such as available P,available K and organic carbon,and to the reduction of the number and species of weeds,theimprovement of weed community structure and the reduction of grass damage risk under th
22、e two rotation patterns.The components of riceyield could be increased to achieve the effect of stable yield and yield increase under the condition of 15%reduction of nitrogen fertilizer.Therefore,it is possible to control the growth of dominant weeds and improve the weed community structure by retu
23、rning straw.The efficiencyof nitrogen fertilizer utilization and maintaining the soil fertility could be improved by reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer reasonably.The potential environmental pollution of farmland caused by pesticide could be reduced to achieve stability and increase the yiel
24、d.Key words:Rotation pattern;Straw returning;Nitrogen fertilizer application;Weed;Soil nutrient;Rice yield【研究意义】为了追求农业经济效益最大化,人们往往忽视了农用化学品残留造成的土壤肥力下降、抗性杂草种群产生、作物品质下降和农田环境污染等问题1-3,对粮食安全、农田生态环境和生态系统平衡造成极大威胁,不利于农业可持续发展4-5。秸秆还田作为我国一项长期的保护性耕作模式,已成为水旱轮作制度下一项重要的农业耕作措施,通过合理的氮肥管理不仅能起到节本增效、培肥地力、增加作物产量、改善农田环境等
25、作用6-9,还可以抑制恶性杂草生长,减少除草剂施用量和减缓除草剂负面影响,对有效保护农田生物多样性和提高作物在农田生态群落中的竞争力具有重要意义1-1【前人研究进展】秸秆还田与氮肥合理配施是促进农田养分循环利用及氮肥高效利用的重要手段,也西南农业学报WU Yuhong,AO Xingmal,I iogang,HUANG Chong,MNC Tianjul,CHN Yongang.是兼顾田间杂草危害控制、作物产量提高的有效措施12-1间。研究表明,秸秆还田与氮肥管理可以有效调节土壤养分供给,改善土壤理化性质和农田气候环境,影响田间杂草种类、数量和种群分布特征,提高土壤养分,进而影响作物产量水平,
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- 秸秆 还田 氮肥 施用 夏季 稻田 生态 经济 效应
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