Natural-disaster.doc
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1、Natural disasterA natural disaster is the consequence of a natural hazard (e.g. volcanic eruption, earthquake, or landslide) which affects human activities. Human vulnerability, exacerbated by the lack of planning or appropriate emergency management, leads to financial, environmental or human losses
2、. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster, their resilience.1 This understanding is concentrated in the formulation: disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability.2 A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas withou
3、t vulnerability, e.g. strong earthquakes in uninhabited areas. The term natural has consequently been disputed because the events simply are not hazards or disasters without human involvement.3Natural hazards A natural hazard is a threat of an event that will have a negative effect on people or the
4、environment. Many natural hazards are related, e.g. earthquakes can result in tsunamis, drought can lead directly to famine and disease. A concrete example of the division between hazard and disaster is that the 1906 San Francisco earthquake was a disaster, whereas earthquakes are a hazard. Hazards
5、are consequently relating to a future occurrence and disasters to past or current occurrences.Natural disasters Land movement disastersAvalanchesAvalanche on the backside (East) of Mt. Timpanogos, Utah at Aspen Grove trailNotable avalanches include: The 1910 Wellington avalanche The 1954 Blons avala
6、nches The 1970 Ancash earthquake The 2019 Galtr Avalanche The 2019 Kolka-Karmadon rock ice slide EarthquakesEarthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or wildlife. It is usually the secondary events that they trigger, such as building collapse, fires, tsunamis and volcanoes, that are actually the
7、human disaster. As many of these could be avoided by better construction, safety systems, early warning and evacuation planning, the term unnatural disaster is not unwarranted.Some of the most significant earthquakes in recent times include: The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, the second largest earth
8、quake in recorded history, registering a moment magnitude of 9.3. The huge tsunamis triggered by this earthquake cost the lives of at least 229,000 people. The 7.6-7.7 2005 Kashmir earthquake, which cost 79,000 lives in Pakistan. The 7.7 magnitude July 2006 Java earthquake, which also triggered tsun
9、amis. A Sumatran village, devastated by the tsunami that followed the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake The 7.9 magnitude May 12, 2008 Sichuan earthquake in Sichuan Province, China. Death toll at over 61,150 as of May 27, 2019. LaharsThe Tangiwai disaster is an excellent example of a lahar, as is the one
10、 which killed an estimated 23,000 people in Armero, Colombia, during the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz.Landslides and MudflowsThese occur with some regularity in parts of California after periods of heavy rain.Volcanic eruptionsPuu An Eruption may in itself be a disaster, due to the explosion of
11、the volcano or the fall of rock, but there are several effects that may happen after an eruption that are also hazardous to human life. Lava may be produced during the eruption of a volcano, a material consisting of superheated rock. There are several different forms, which may be either crumbly (li
12、ke aa) or gluey (like pahoehoe). Leaving the volcano, this destroys any buildings and plants it encounters. Volcanic ash - generally meaning the cooled ash - may form a cloud, and settle thickly in nearby locations. When mixed with water, this forms a concrete-like material. In sufficient quantity,
13、ash may cause roofs to collapse under its weight, but even small quantities will cause ill-health if inhaled. Since the ash has the consistency of ground glass, it causes abrasion damage to moving parts, such as engines. Supervolcanos: According to the Toba catastrophe theory, 70 to 75 thousand year
14、s ago, a super volcanic event at Lake Toba reduced the human population to 10,000 or even 1,000 breeding pairs, creating a bottleneck in human evolution. The main danger from a supervolcano is the immense cloud of ash, which has a disastrous global effect on climate and temperature for many years. P
15、yroclastic flows consist of a cloud of hot volcanic ash which builds up in the air above a volcano, until it collapses under its own weight, and streams very rapidly from the mountain, burning anything in its path. It is believed that Pompeii was destroyed by a pyroclastic flow. Lahars, mentioned ab
16、ove, may be triggered by volcanic eruptions. Water disastersFloods The Limpopo River, in southern Mozambique, during the 2000 Mozambique floodSome of the most notable floods include: The Huang He (Yellow River) in China floods particularly often. The Great Flood of 1931 caused between 800,000 and 4,
17、000,000 deaths. The Great Flood of 1993 was one of the most costly floods in United States history. The 1998 Yangtze River Floods, also in China, left 14 million people homeless. The 2000 Mozambique flood covered much of the country for three weeks, resulting in thousands of deaths, and leaving the
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