一般现在时与一般过去时的讲解与练习.doc

一般现在时的讲解及练习
一般现在时是英语中应用最广泛的时态之一，是初中英语语法重点。
一般现在时表示：
1．经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。
e.g. I go to school on foot. He is very busy now.
2．表示主语的特征、性格、能力、爱好等。
e.g. He can swim. I work hard. I like watching TV.
3．表示客观真理。
e.g. There are seven days in a week. The moon moves round the earth.
　　 其结构按正常语序，即“主语+谓语+其它”，有时为了起强调作用，时间状语也可提前.
　　 其句式变化可分为两种情况：
1．表示动作， 一般人称作主语的，变否定句须在动词前加助动词don’t；变一般疑问句须在句首加助动词do。
E.g. They have lunch at 12:00.
They don’t have lunch at 12:00.
Do they have lunch at 12:00?
2．单三人称做主语的，变否定句须在动词前加助动词doesn’t；变一般疑问句须在句首加助动词does。
　　E.g. Jenny speaks English very well.
　　 Jenny doesn’t speak English very well.
　　 Does Jenny speak English very well?
　　 含有be动词的要在be上做变化：

　　 E.g. Danny is a good student.
　　 Danny isn’t a good student.
　　 Is Danny a good student?
　　其时间状语为often、 usually、 always、 sometimes等频率副词，on Saturdays、 in the morning(afternoon evening) 、every day 等。
　　常见错误如下：
　　一、be动词与行为动词同时出现在句子中
　　例：We are plant (plant) the trees in spring.
　　答案：plant
　　解析：学生往往会用汉语的思维方式去翻译，就成了“我们是在春天植树”。这是学习英语最忌讳的，要看语法是不是正确，在英语中，be是表状态，do是表动作，两种动词不能同时出现在句子中，可记住如下口诀：“英汉语言有差异，be 、do不能放一起，仔细琢磨细分析，语法千万要牢记。”
　　自我检测：
　　(一)、 单选
　　1． Jenny ____ in an office. Her parents ____in a hospital.
A work; works B works; work
C work; are working D is working; work
　　2． One of the boys_____ a black hat.
　　 A have B there is C there are D has
　　3． We will go shopping if it____ tomorrow.
　　 A don't rain B didn't rain C doesn't rain D isn't rain
　　4． He said the sun ____in the east and ____in the west.
　　 A rose; set B rises; sets C rises, set D rise; sets
　　5． Wang Mei ____ music and often ____ to music.
　　 A like; listen B likes; listens
C like; are listening D liking ; listen
　　6． Jenny____ English every evening.
　　 A has study B studies C study D studied
　　答案：1 B 2D 3C 4B 5B 6B
　　(二)、填空
　　1 I can take Li Ming there when he _____ (come) to visit.
　　2 _____your sister_____(know)English?
　　3Her home____ _____ ______(远离 )her school.
　　4The pot_____(not look) like yours very much.
　　5 Where _____you____(have)lunch every day?
　　6 Who_____(想要)to go swimming?
　　7 ______she_____(do) the housework every day?
　　8 Jenny and Danny usually______(play) games in the afternoon .
　　答案：1 comes 2 Does know 3 is away from 4 doesn't look
　　二、单三人称形式易出错
　　例：1 He plaies (play) football very well.
　　2 Danny gos (go) to school at 7:10.
　　答案：1 plays 2 goes
　　解析：1以辅音字母加y结尾的动词变单三人称形式才能把y换成i再加es；2与名词变复数不同，变单三人称形式以o结尾的词要加es.
　　三、在句式变换时易出错
　　例：1 Does Jenny has (has) a good friend?
　　2 Brian doesn’t lives (not live) in China.
　　答案：1 Does have 2 doesn’t live
　　解析：单三人称做主语的一般现在时做句式变化时，可记住如下口诀：“见助动，用原形”。此口诀也可推广用于一般过去时态中。e.g. He didn't go home yesterday.
　　四、对do的理解易出错
例：We don’t (not do) our homework in the afternoon.
　　答案：don’t do
解析：do是一个比较难理解的词，它有三个含义:
a)是所有行为动词的总称；
b)是助动词，无实义；
c)是一个具体的行为动词“做，干”。此句中给出的do指“做，干”，not指把此句变为否定句，故须在do前加助动词don’t。
　　五、对主语的数判断有误
　　例： Li Ming with me are (be) in Beijing.
　　答案: is
　　解析:表面一看是“我和李明两个人在北京”，但with在此做伴随状语，不能做主语，故用is.
　　另外，宾语从句中，从句部分若是表示客观真理，不管主句是何时态，从句都要用一般现在时；在时间和条件状语从句中，主句表将来，从句要用一般现在时。

一般过去式的讲解与练习
一般过去式表示过去的动作和状态。
如：I met him yesterday. 昨天我碰见了他。
一般过去式构成： 表示一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示，而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础上变化的。
动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。规则动词的过去式变化如下：
一般情况下，动词词尾加 -ed ，如：
worked played wanted acted
以不发音的 -e 结尾动词，动词词尾加 -d，如： lived moved decided hoped judged raised
以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词，把-y变为-i 再加-ed，如：
Studied tried copied cried carried
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加 -ed，如： stopped begged dragged dropped planned dripped
注：不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强，须多加记忆。
go - went make - made get - got buy - bought come - came fly-flew
一般过去式的用法：
1) 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句,如 yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。
I worked in that factory last year.
去年我在那一家工厂工作。
I went to the Tian Long Mountain yesterday.
昨天我们去了天龙山。
一般过去时表示(1)过去某个特定时间发生，并且一下子就完成了的动作（即：非持续性动作），
(2)可表示过去习惯性的动作。一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去。
I had a word with Julia this morning.今天早晨，我跟朱丽亚说了几句话。
He smoked many cigarettes a day until he gave up. 他没有戒烟的那阵子，抽烟抽得可凶了。
一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用，如：yesterday, last week, in 1993, at that time, once, during the war, before, a few days ago, when 等等。
句子中谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完成时，取决于动作是否对现在有影响。
Have you had your lunch? 你吃过午饭了吗？（意思是说你现在不饿吗？）
Yes, I have. 是的，我已经吃过了。（意思是说已经吃饱了，不想再吃了。）
When did you have it? 你是什么时候吃的？（关心的是吃的动作发生在何时。）
I had it about ten minutes ago. 我是大约十分钟以前吃的。
Used to do something 表示过去常做而现在已经停止了的习惯动作。
I used to work fourteen hours a day. 我过去常常一天干十四个小时。
I eaten it at 6：45。我在六点四十五分吃了。
一般过去时的基本用法
1 带有确定的过去时间状语时，要用过去时
如：yesterday（昨天）、two days ago…（两天前…… ）、last year…（去年…）、the other day（前几天）、once up on a time（过去曾经）、 just now（刚才）、in the old days（过去的日子里）、before liberation（解放前…）、 When I was 8 years old（当我八岁时…）、at+一个时间点
Did you have a party the other day？
前几天，你们开了晚会了吗？
Lei Feng was a good soldier.
雷锋是个好战士。
注意
1在谈到已死去的人的情况时，多用过去时。
2 表示过去连续发生的动作时，要用过去时
这种情况下，往往没有表示过去的时间状语，而通过上下文来表示。
The boy opened his eyes for a moment，looked at the captain，and then died.
那男孩把眼睛张开了一会儿，看看船长，然后就去世了。
3 表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作，常与always，never等连用。
Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella.
彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞。
（只是说明她过去的动作，不表明她现在是否常带着伞。）
比较
Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella.
彼得太太老是带着伞。
（说明这是她的习惯，表明她现在仍然还习惯总带着一把伞）
I never drank wine.我以前从不喝酒。
（不涉及到现在，不说明现在是否喝酒）
4 如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用used to do
He used to drink.
他过去喝酒。
（意味着他现在不喝酒了。喝酒这个动作终止了）
I used to take a walk in the morning.
我过去是在早晨散步。
（意味着现在不在早晨散步了）
比较：
I took a walk in the morning.
我曾经在早晨散过步。
（只是说明过去这一动作）
5 有些句子，虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语，但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话，也要用过去时，这一点，我们中国学生往往出错，要特别注意！
I didn’t know you were in Paris.
我不知道你在巴黎。
（因为在说话时，我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前，所以只能用过去时表示。实际上，这句话暗指：But now I know you are here.）
I thought you were ill.
我以为你病了呢。
（这句话应是在说话之前，我以为你病了。但是现在我知道你没病）
辨别正误
Li Ming studied English this morning.
（把此句变为一般疑问句）
（×）1.Did Li Ming studied English this morning？
（动词应该用原形）
（×） 2. Does Li Ming Study English this morning？
（时态应该用原句子的时态）
（×） 3.Was Li Ming studied English this morning？
（应该用一般动词，而不是be动词）
（О） 4.Did Li Ming study English this morning？
——————————————————————————
句型结构
1.肯定句
I watched TV last night.
2. 否定句
I didn’t watch TV last night.
3.一般疑问句
Did you watch TV last night?
4.there be 句型
There was an apple on the table last night.
There wasn’t an apple on the table last night.
Was there an apple on the table last night?
一般过去时口诀
一般过去时并不难，表示过去动作、状态记心间。
动词要用过去式，时间状语句末站。
否定句很简单，didn't 站在动词原形前，其它部分不要变。
一般疑问句也好变，did放在句子前，主语、动词原形、其它部分依次站。
特殊疑问句也简单，疑问词加一般疑问句记心间。
最后一条请注意，动词过去式要牢记。
一．用所给词的适当形式填空。
1. Tom and Mary ___________ (come) to China last month.
2. Mike _________________(not go) to bed until 12 o’clock last night.
So he ______ (get ) up late.
3. Mary __________ (read) English yesterday morning.
4. There _________ (be) no one here a moment ago.
5. I ___________ (call) Mike this morning.
6. I listened but ___________ (hear) nothing.
7. Tom ___________ (begin) to learn Chinese last year.
8. Last week we _________ (pick) many apples on the farm.
9. My mother ________________ (not do) housework yesterday.
10. She watches TV every evening. But she ____________ (not watch) TV last night.
11．________ your father ________ ( go ) to work every day last year?
12．--What time _______ you _______ (get) to Beijing yesterday?
--We __________ (get) to Beijing at 9:00 in the evening.
13. What __________ (make) him cry (哭) just now?
14. Last year the teacher ___________ (tell) us that the earth moves around the sun.
15. There ____________ a telephone call for you just now. (be)
16. There __________ not enough people to pick apples that day. ( be)
17. There _____________( be not) any hospitals in my hometown (家乡) in 1940.
18. There ____________ enough milk at home last week, wasn’t there?
19. Eli ____________ to Japan last week. ( move)
20. –When _______ you _________ (come) to china? Last year.
21. Did she ________ (have) supper at home?
22. Jack ____________ (not clean) the room just now.
23. _________ (be) it cold in your city yesterday?
24. How many people ________ (be) there in your class last term?
25. It ________ (be) hot yesterday and most children _______ (be) outside.
26. There ________ (be) a football match on TV yesterday evening, but I _________ (have) no time to watch it.
二． 请用正确动词形式填空。
1. I _________ (have) an exciting party last weekend.
2. _________ she _________(practice) her guitar yesterday? No, she _________.
3. What ________ Tom ________ (do) on Saturday evening?
He ________(watch) TV and __________(read) an interesting book.
4. They all _________(go) to the mountains yesterday morning.
5. She _________(not visit) her aunt last weekend. She ________ (stay) at home and _________(do) some cleaning.
6. When ________ you _________(write) this song? I __________(write) it last year.
7. My friend, Carol, ___________(study) for the math test and __________(practice) English last night.
8. ________ Mr. Li __________(do) the project on Monday morning? Yes, he _________.
9. How _________(be) Jim's weekend? It _________(be not) bad.
10. ________ (be) your mother a sales assistant last year? No. she __________.
三.句型转换
Last week I read an English book.
否定句：__________________________________________
一般疑问句：________________________________________
肯定/否定回答：____________________________________
对划线部分提问：____________________________________
最佳答案
一.1.came2.didn't go, got3.read4.was5.called6.heard7.began8.picked
9.didn't do10.didn't watch11.did, go12.did, get, got13.maked
14.told15.was16.was17.were not18.was19.moved20.did, come
21.have22.didn't clean23.was24.were25.was, were26.were, had
二.1.had2.did, practice, didn't3.did, do, watched, read4.went5.didn't visit, stayed, did6.did, write, wrote7.studied, practiced8.did, do, did9.was, wasn't10.was, wasn't
三.否定句：Last week I didn't read an English book.
一般疑问句：Did you read an English book last week?
肯定/否定回答：Yes, I did./ No, I didn't.
What did you read last week?