北京航空航天大学外国语学院《357英语翻译基础》[专业硕士]历年考研真题及详解.pdf

目录2010年北京航空航天大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2011年北京航空航天大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2012年北京航空航天大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2013年北京航空航天大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2014年北京航空航天大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2015年北京航空航天大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2016年北京航空航天大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2017年北京航空航天大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2018年北京航空航天大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2010年北京航空航天大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解第一部分：将下列术语翻译成中文，并用中文简单解释（本题共15分，每一题1分）。1.corpus语料库（翻译研究中传统上沿用的术语，指较小规模的文本集合，（其中有些部分）供人工从中搜索特征中有趣的范例。）【答案】mission委托（弗米尔在译者行动框架内使用的术语，指译者在做出目标文本时所遵循的工作要求。委托可以指来自客户或其他第三方一系列明确的指令和要求。）【答案】3.adequacy充分性（某些译评者讨论源文本与目标文本关系属性时所采用的术语。）【答案】pensation补偿（当源语中某些表达方式在目标语中无法找到对应的词句，这就需要译者在翻译中始终要有跨文化意识，灵活运用增译和补译，从而减轻译文受众的理解障碍。）【答案】5.direct translation直接翻译（一些学者使用的术语（如图里），指目标文本直接产生于最初源文本而非转译自另一篇用其他语言所作中介译文的翻译程序。）【答案】6.dubbing配音（用来指翻译试听材料（如电影，电视节目）的两种主要翻译技巧之一。）【答案】7.terminology术语（指与任何科技领域相关的话语中所存在的大量的专业词汇。）【答案】8.transliteration音译（按照卡特福德的解释，指“源语字形单位被目标语字形单位替代”的过程。）【答案】9.FIT国际翻译家联盟（翻译者组织的协会，于1953年成立于巴黎。）【答案】10.addition增补法（根据译文的语法结构、表达习惯、语义连贯和修【答案】辞的需要，增加一些原文中虽无其词却有其义的一些词句，从而更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。）11.sublanguage子语言（机器翻译语境中采用的术语，指“专业技术领域使用或为了专业目的而使用的语言。”）【答案】12.translatability可译性（用于讨论在多大程度上，单个词，词组或者整个文本可以从一种语言译成另一种语言的术语。）【答案】13.MT机器翻译（是利用计算机把一种自然源语言转变为另一种自然目标语言的过程，一般指自然语言之间句子和全文的翻译。）【答案】14.version改译（译者在内容方面的微小变动抑或是文体方面的大变动，以期来满足翻译目的的行为。）【答案】15.transcription注音（指原文形式（如语音，字母或单词）在目标文本中保持不变的一种语际转换的一般性术语。）【答案】第二部分：将下列术语翻译成英文，并用英文简单解释（本题共15分，每一题1分）。1.重写rewriting(Andr Lefevere thought translation,analects,literature review,adaptation from TV and film scripts and so on all are a formof rewriting.Andr Lefeveres theory of“rewriting”has exerted greatinfluences on translation studies.)【答案】2.翻译单位translation unit(It is the minimal stretch of language that has tobe translated together,as one unit.)【答案】3.地道翻译idiomatic translation(Idiomatic translation makes every effortto communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural formsof the receptor language.)【答案】4.词对词翻译word-for-word translation(Word-for-word translation,alsoknown as literal translation,refers to translate a sentence originally,keep theoriginal message form,including construction of sentence,meaning of theoriginal words,metaphor of the original and so on.)【答案】5.对应correspondence(Correspondence is a term used to refer to therelationship which exists between elements of source language and targetlanguage that are in some way considered to be counterparts of each other.)【答案】6.工具型翻译Instrumental translation(Instrumental translation functions asan instrument of communication in its own right,it works independently of asource text,and is judged on how well it expresses its message.)【答案】7.归化Domesticating translation(Domesticating translation refers tothe translation strategy in which a transparent,fluent style is adopted in orderto minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers.)【答案】8.回译Back Translation(Back Translation is the process of translatinga document that has already been translated into a foreign language back tothe original language.)【答案】9.会议传译Conference interpreting(Conference interpreting is a term usedto refer to the type of interpreting which occurs in international conferencesas well as other high-profile settings such as lectures,television broadcasts orsummit meetings.)【答案】10.伪朋友False friends(False friends are used to describe sourcelanguage and target language items which have the same or very similar bydifferent meanings,and which consequently give rise to difficulties intranslation(and indeed interlingual communication in general).)【答案】11.经纪人agent(An agent is a term used by Sager to the person who is“itan intermediary position between a translator and an end user of atranslation”.)【答案】12.可接受性acceptability(Acceptability is a term used by Toury to denoteone of the two tendencies which can be observed in translated texts.)【答案】13.目的语target language(A target language is a language into which atext written in another language is to be translated.)【答案】14.受控语言controlled language(A controlled language is defined byArnold as“a specifically simplified version of a language.”)【答案】15.文体对等stylistic equivalence(Stylistic equivalence is a kind offunctional equivalence.When translating,you should try to keep the styleunchanged.)【答案】第三部分：英译汉（本题共60分，第一段25分，第二段35分）。1Even discussions of architectural esthetics have taken a strange turn.TheBloomberg Tower is now finished,dominating the skyline in one area ofmidtown Manhattan;love it or hate it,its quite a building.“I just wish itwasnt so tall”,someone lamented at dinner.The citizens of New York,who live in the spiritual home of theskyscraper,now fear the office tower and the high-rise.In San Francisco theybuild structures that are earth-quakeproof.But theres no structural steel,noreinforced foundation that can ward off fear.Its been nearly five years since an area in the southernmost part ofManhattan was renamed Ground Zero.On September 11,2001,New Yorkbecame a city of survivors.Thats on a sliding scale,of course:it would be aninsult to claim otherwise.【参考译文】甚至关于建筑美学的讨论都发生了奇怪的转变。布隆伯格塔现在已经竣工，遮住了曼哈顿中心城区一个地区的天际线。不管人们喜不喜欢，这都是一个很棒的建筑。“我只是希望它不这么高”，有人在餐桌上遗憾地表示。生活在满是摩天大楼的精神家园里的纽约公民们，现在很害怕这种办公塔楼和高层建筑。在旧金山，人们建造了防震的建筑。不过，没有哪种建筑钢材和加固的地基能够让人们不再恐惧。自从曼哈顿的最南端被重新命名为“归零地带”以来，差不多五年时光已经过去了。在2001年9月11日，纽约成为了幸存者的城市，当然，这是按照比例计算的。其他的说法都只会是一种侮辱。2Every country with a monetary system of its own has to have some kindof market in which dealers in bills,notes,and other forms of short term creditcan buy and sell.The“money market”,is a set of institutions or arrangementsfor handling what might be called wholesale transactions in money and shortterm credit.The need for such facilities arises in much the same way that asimilar need does in connection with the distribution of any of the products ofa diversified economy to their final users at the retail level.If the retailer is toprovide reasonably adequate service to his customers,he must have activecontacts with others who specialize in making or handing bulk quantities ofwhatever is his stock in trade.The money market is made up of specializedfacilities of exactly this kind.It exists for the purpose of improving the abilityof the retailers of financial servicescommercial banks,savings institutions,investment houses,lending agencies,and even governmentsto do their job.It has little if any contact with the individuals or firms who maintain accountswith these various retailers or purchase their securities or borrow from them.【参考译文】每一个拥有独立金融系统的国家都应该有这样的市场：在这里，汇票、期票和其他形式的短期信贷可以进行买卖。“金融市场”就是一组用钱和短期信贷进行批发交易的机构或协议。将多样化经济中的产品在零售层面分配给最终用户需要许多便利设施，同样在批发层面对这类设施的需求也在快速增长。如果零售商要为他的客户提供充足的服务，他必须主动同大量制造及买卖他所要存货物品的其他商人接触。金融市场就是由这种专门的设施、组织组成的。其存在的目的是为了帮助金融服务行业金融银行、储蓄机构、投资公司、信贷中介、甚至政府的零售商们提高能力，以做好他们的工作。它与那些在不同零售商那里开立账户或购买它们的有价证券或借贷的个人或公司几乎没有什么联系。第四部分：汉译英（本题共60分，第一段40分，第二段20分）。11957年10月苏联成功发射第一颗人造卫星，揭开了人类历史由地球迈向太空的第一页。此后短短半个世纪里，人类的外空探索活动突飞猛进，取得了辉煌的成就。人类不仅成功登陆月球，而且还将研究的触手伸向火星等更为遥远的星球。截止到2006年底，环绕地球飞行的各类人造物体，包括人造卫星、航天飞机、国际空间站、空间实验室等接近6000个。【参考译文】On October,1957,the Soviet Union successfully launched the firstartificial satellite,which turned the first page in human history of entering thespace.During the half century coming after,humans explorations in outerspace have grown by leaps and bounds and have made brilliant achievements.Humans not only successfully landed on the moon,but also reached towardeven more distant planet such as Mars.At the end of 2006,the number of thevarious types of artificial objects flying around the Earth,including satellites,space shuttles,international space stations,space laboratories,etc.is alreadyclose to 6,000.2博鳌论坛的经历给了刘晓宁不小的打击，生活上的拮据让她开始反思自己做公务员两年多的经历。都说公务员舒服，但刘晓宁每天的工作时间都在10小时以上，加班到晚上八九点钟，是很正常的事。如果有活动，赶工到夜里l2点，也是家常便饭。【参考译文】The experience in Boao Forum is not a small blow to Liu Xiaoning.Thebare livelihood forced her to reflect on her life as a civil servant for more thantwo years.Everyone says that civil servants enjoy a comfortable life,butXiaoning works more than 10 hours every day.Working overtime until eightor nine in the evening is perfectly normal.When there are activities,stayingup to l2 at night is also not uncommon.2011年北京航空航天大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解第一部分：将下列术语翻译成中文，并用中文简单解释（本题共15分，每一题1分）。1.accuracy正确性（翻译评估中用来表示译文与原文相符程度的术语。）【答案】petence能力（翻译评估中用来表示译文与原文相符程度的术语。）【答案】3.correspondence对应（用来指源语成分与目标语成分关系的术语，这些成分在某种意义上被认为互为对应。）【答案】4.direction of translation翻译方向（用来指翻译是从译者本族语（或译者常用语）译入还是译出的术语。）【答案】5.informative texts信息类文本（前称重内容文本。按照赖斯的解释，指三种主要的文本类型之一，另两种分别是表情型文本和运作型文本。）【答案】6.literal translation直译，字面翻译（勒弗维尔在分析卡图鲁斯一首诗的各种英语译本时把字面翻译界定为诗歌翻译的七种可能的策略之一。）【答案】7.parallel corpora平行语料库（按照贝克的解释，指“用A语写成的源语文本和用B语言翻译的译文”组成的一种语料库。）【答案】8.rephrasing变换措词（赫维与希金斯采用的术语，指“在不增删原文本明确传达的细节的情况下，特定源文本的信息内容被形式上截然不同的目标文本完全转换的现象。”）【答案】9.TL目标语（用来指译入语的两个标准术语之一。目标语往往是译者的本族语。）【答案】10.shift转换（最初由卡特福德界定为“偏离从源于到目标语过程中的形式对应。）【答案】11.translation unit翻译单位（需要翻译的对象；可以分为单词、词组、句子和篇章等。）【答案】12.translationese翻译腔（通常来说是一个贬义术语，用来指明显依赖源语的语言特色而让人觉得不自然，费解，甚至可笑的目标语用法。）【答案】13.disambiguation消解歧义（指的是歧义的消除，避免含糊性的做法。）【答案】14.coherence连贯（在一般用法中按照佛米尔的解释模式被界定为“文本与情景保持一致”。）【答案】15.textual norms文本规范（图里界定的两种操作规范类别之一，其作用在于决定选择目标语材料以取代源语的文本和语言材料。）【答案】第二部分：将下列术语翻译成英文，并用英文简单解释（本题共15分，每一题1分）。1.不可译性Untranslatability(A property of a text,or of any utterance,in【答案】one language,for which no equivalent text or utterance can be found inanother language when translated.)2.超额翻译over translation(The translation that carries more informationthan those contained in the original texts.)【答案】3.成分分析componential analysis(To divide a sentence into different partsthen make detailed analysis of its syntactic structure.)【答案】4.重写rewriting(Andr Lefevere thought translation,analects,literature review,adaptation from TV and film scripts and so on all are a formof rewriting.Andr Lefeveres theory of“rewriting”has exerted greatinfluences on translation studies.)【答案】5.计算机辅助翻译Computer-aided Translation(A form of language translation inwhich a human translator uses computer software to support and facilitate thetranslation process.)【答案】6.异化foreignization(The strategy of retaining information from the【答案】source text,and involves deliberately breaking the conventions of the targetlanguage to preserve its meaning.)7.改编adaptation(A term traditionally used to refer to any target textin which a particularly strategy has been used.)【答案】8.术语terminology(The set of special words and expressions used in aspecific subject.)【答案】9.口译interpreting(The way interpreters translate the source languageinto target language in spoken language.)【答案】10.冗余redundancy(A term used to refer to information that isexpressed more than once.)【答案】11.迁移transference(Introduction of the words in the source languageinto the translation.)【答案】12.释译paraphrase(To express what people have said or written in adifferent way for better understanding.)【答案】13.调整adjustment(A change of a translation method according tospecific expressive forms.)【答案】14.译后编辑Post-editing(It refers to the process of improving thetranslation of the machine through a small amount of manual modification.)【答案】15.忠信fidelity(A term used to describe the extent to which a targettext can be considered a fair representation of source text according to somecriterion.)【答案】第三部分：英译汉（本题共60分，第一段30分，第二段30分）。1As 56 million children return to the nations 133,000 elementary andsecondary schools,the promise of“reform”is again in the air.EducationSecretary Arne Duncan has announced$4 billion in Race to the Top grants tostates whose proposals demonstrated,according to Duncan,“a boldcommitment to education reform”and“creativity and innovation that isbreathtaking.”What they really show is that few subjects inspire moreintellectual dishonesty and political puffery than“school reform.”To be sure,some improvements have occurred in elementary schools.But what good are they if theyre erased by high school?Theres also been amodest narrowing in the high-school achievement gaps between whites,blacks,and Hispanics,although the narrowing generally stopped in the late1980s.(Average scores have remained stable because,although blacks andHispanics scores have risen slightly,the size of these minority groups hasalso expanded.This means that their still-low scores exert a bigger drag onthe average.The two effects offset each other.)【参考译文】随着5600万儿童重返全国的13万3千所中小学，“改革”的承诺再次引发人们的关注。美国教育部长阿内邓肯公布了总金额达40亿美元的“力争上游（Race to the Top）”计划奖金，以鼓励那些在申请方案中展示出，用邓肯的话说，“勇敢地致力于教育改革”并“拥有令人振奋的创造力和创新力”的各州。然而，实际上它们表明的是，比起“学校改革”而言，更少的项目将引发更多的学术腐败和政治吹嘘。当然，小学现在已有了一些进步。但是，如果取得的进步将被高中抹杀，那么它的意义又何在呢？白人、黑人和西班牙裔学生在高中学业上的差距正缓慢缩小，尽管这种趋势在80年代未曾出现基本停滞。（他们的平均分基本保持稳定，原因是，虽然黑人和“西班牙裔”学生的分数在缓慢上升，这些少数民族学生的数量也在扩张。这意味着，他们依旧落后的分数极大地拖了平均分的后腿。两种效应相互抵消了。）2An equally exciting area for research is to genetically alter crops to gethigher yields from soils that are infertile or too acidic,toxic,or saline forvarieties now in use.Vast land areas of the earth are either not utilized,or areunderutilized for economically important crop production.Marketable yieldshave been obtained in California with a salt-tolerant research line of barelyirrigated with water from Pacific Ocean.This genetic approach to saline cropproduction has been proven with barley,and is applicable to other crops.Barley grown with seawater was found satisfactory as a feed,and yields wereappreciable.This development could be the shape of things to come ingenetically opening a vast new,heretofore inaccessible,water resource forcrop production.Few regulatory constraints would likely be leveled on thisnew technology.Genetically controlled plant nutrition will surely play a keyrole in the future of crop production.Genetic resources will continue to be utilized for improvement of thenutritional(biological)value of food crops.Cereals still dominate the diets ofmost people.Progress in genetically raising the levels of protein and criticallydeficient amino acids in cereal grains has been singular.【参考译文】另一个令人同样兴奋的研究领域是改变作物的基因，从而能在贫瘠、强酸、强碱或有毒性土壤中获得更高产量以满足各种需求。地球上还有广袤的土地未被开采，或是未被用来生产有重要经济价值的作物。在加利福尼亚，一项耐盐性研究基本上完全采用太平洋的海水灌溉作物，却仍取得了可观的市场效益。人们曾使用这种基因方法在盐湖附近种植大麦，同样获得了产量，因此它也适用于其他作物。作为一种粮食作物，使用海水灌溉的大麦并没有什么异样，而且产量可观。这种进步是未来的趋势，通过基因改造从而利用那些巨大的、迄今为止无法使用的水资源获得产量。这项新技术几乎不会受到什么监管约束。在未来的农作物生产中，凭基因控制植物所需养分必将起到关键作用。基因资源将继续用来提高粮食作物的营养（生理）价值。谷类食品依旧占据着多数人的饮食结构。人们已经在通过基因提高谷粒中的蛋白质和人体必需氨基酸含量上取得显著成效。第四部分：汉译英（本题共60分，第一段40分，第二段20分）。1“给力”是当前在中国极为流行的网络热词，它的字面意思是“给予力量”。最早在网络上流行起来的是“给力”的反义词。“给力”现在被广泛用做形容词，描述某事物很“酷”“牛”“带劲儿”。后来，“给力”一词逐渐演化，发展出按照汉语音译的英文版本和法文版本。2010年11月10日，“给力”一词出现在当天人民日报头版头条的标题中。一个网络热词竟然登上了相对比较保守的党报，这件事让千百万网民们又惊又喜。【参考译文】Nowadays,the cyber buzzword“geili”is very popular in China.Originating from its antonym“bugeili”,geilis literal meaning is“toempower”.However,it is now widely accepted as an adjective describingsomething thats“cool,”“awesome”or“exciting.”Gradually,the word has evolved an English word“gelivable”and aFrench word“trs gulile”,based on its Chinese pronunciation.OnNovember 10,2010,“Geili”featured in a headline on the front page of thePeoples Daily.Millions of internet users were thrilled to find that such acyber buzzword could appear on a comparatively conservative Partynewspaper.22010年12月，为了向年轻一代普及航天科学教育，海南省开始在文昌市建设航天主题公园。公园占地1800亩，紧邻文昌卫星发射中心。工程预计花费30亿元，在2013年完工。这个航天主题公园将分四个展览区，包括地球、月球、火星和太阳。游客甚至可以进入发射台，实地观看火箭发射。【参考译文】To