2023年小升初英语知识点全.doc

小升初孩子必会英语语法集锦【上】
1.知识点一：小升初必会语法(1)--go的用法“三点谈”

2.知识点二：小升初必会语法(2)--“out of”用法

3.知识点三：小升初必会语法(3)--区分 where，which，that，who，whose，what的用法

4.知识点四：小升初必会语法(4)--As的用法

5.知识点五：小升初必会语法(5)--Happen 用法小结

1.大家都知道单词go的基本含义是“去”，根据它的基本用法，我们可以从三个方面加以总结。请看：
　　一、go与to一起构成动词短语，后接地点名词，表达“去……”。如：
　　go to the playground去操场
　　go to school去上学
　　go to the park去公园
　　go to Beijing去北京
　　二、go后接表达地点的副词，表达“去……”。如：
　　go there去那儿
　　go home回家
　　三、go后接动词的-ing形式，表达“去做……”。如：
　　go shopping去购物
　　go swimming去游泳
　　go fishing去钓鱼
　　go hiking去徒步旅行

2.
　　在下列两个句子中，out of的意思截然不同：
　　Is honesty going out of style?
　　Are these just two stories out of many?
　　在“难道诚实正在变得不合时宜了吗?”中，out of表达“跟不上”，“脱离”的意思;在“这些仅是许多故事中的两个吗?”一句中，out of表达部分关系。
　　在短语介词中，out of表达的意思很多，其用法也颇为复杂。灵活地、有规律地掌握其用法，对学好英语大有裨益，现将其用法归纳如下：
　　1.表达地点(从里向外)
　　Fish can not live out of water.鱼离开了水就不能活。
　　This animal is not found out of certain areas in Africa.这种动物只在非洲某些地区有。(在非洲的某些地区之外，是没有这种动物的。)
　　This plant is situated only five miles out of the city.那个工厂离市区仅五英里。
　　2.表达动作或运动的方向
　　As we pulled out of the garage，I saw the gun pointing against the carwindow.当我们把车开出车库时，我看见那支枪顶住了车窗玻璃。
　　They walked out of the supermarket.他们走出了超级市场。
　　3.表达部分关系
　　This will happen in nine cases out of ten.这种情况十之八九会发生。
　　This is but one instance out of many.那只但是是许多例子中的一个而已。
　　4.表达“在……范围以外”，“越出……界线之外”
　　The ship is out of sight.船已看不见了。
　　They sang out of tune.他们唱得走了调。
　　This plan is out of the ordinary.这是一个非凡的计划。
　　5.表达“出于……动机”，“由于……因素”
　　The traffic accident was out of carelessness in driving.这起交通事故是由于粗心驾驶所致。
　　The treatment of the topic is out of necessity much condensed.由于需要，关于这个问题的阐述已大加压缩。
　　6.表达竭尽和缺少
　　We are out of tea.我们的茶叶用完了。
　　This book is out of print.这本书绝版了。
　　That novel is out of stock.那本小说脱销了。
　　7.表达材料或来源
　　He made the box out of old planks.他用旧木板做了箱子。
　　This paragraph is out of Marx's works in the original.这一段引自马克思原著。
　　8.与某些动词连用，表达“放弃”，“丧失”
　　He talked his wife out of buying a new bicycle.他说服他的妻子不要买新自行车。
　　I couldn't persuade him out of the resolution.我没能说服他改变决心。
　　此外，out of与其他词可以构成许多非常有用的、常见的固定词组，这些词组有：out of accord with(与……不一致;同……不协调)， out of action(失去作用，停止运动)，out of all relation to(和……毫无关系)，out of balance(失去平衡)，out of breath(上气不接下气)，out of character(不相称，不适当)，out of control(失去控制)，out of date(过时)，out of doubt(拟定无疑)，out of fashion(不合时尚)，out of gear(脱节，失调)，out of harmony(不和谐)，out of kindness(出于好意)，out of necessity(出于必要)，out oforder(不整齐，顺序颠倒)，out of one's power(力所不及)，out of place(不适当，不相称)，out of question(毫无疑问)，out of the question(不也许，成问题)out of shape(变形)，out of step(失调，不同步)，out of sympathy with(出于对……的同情)，out of touch with(与…… 脱离接触)，out of true(不诚实，不准确)，out of work(失业)等。

3.
　　用来说明主句中某一名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分)而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。
　　一.词引导的定语从句
　　1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词
　　句子成分　 用于限制从句或非限制性从句　　 只用于限制性从句
　　代替人　　　　代替物　　　　　　代替人或物
　　主语　 Who　　　　　　　 which　　　　　　　 that
　　主语　 Whom　　　　　　　which　　　　　　　 that
　　宾语　 Whose(=of whom)　 whose(=of which)
　　例1：This is the detective who came from London.
　　例2：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.
　　例3：The desk whose leg is broken is very old.
　　例4：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.
　　2.关系代词的用法
　　(1) 假如先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：
　　All the people that are present burst into tears.
　　(2) 假如先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如：
　　(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：
　　There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.
　　(4) which尚有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表达的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：
　　He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
　　(5) that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，(指人作主语时多用who)仅用于限制性定语从句中。
　　(6) which可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特性.品性或才干的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。
　　(7) 假如作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。
　　(8) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应当用that。例如：
　　The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
　　(9) 假如先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应当用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：
　　Is there anyone here who will go with you?
　　3. “介词+关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构
　　(1) “介词+关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词+关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。
　　(2) from where为“介词+关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：
　　We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..
　　(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：
　　This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
　　二.关系副词引导的定语从句
　　1.关系副词也可以引导定语从句
　　关系副词在从句中分别表达时间.地点或因素。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充本地点状语，why充当因素状语。
　　2. that可引导定语从句表达时间.地点或因素
　　That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表达时间.地点或因素，在 that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。
　　三.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
　　1.两者差异比较
　　限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词.关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。
　　2.关系代词和关系副词的选择依据
　　(1) 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语.宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。
　　3.　先行词与定语从句隔离
　　定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如：
　　1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about..
　　2) He was the only person in this country who was invited
　　四.As 在定语从句中的用法
　　1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
　　(1)as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。
　　(2)as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相称于which。例如：
　　The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
　　(3)the same… that与 the same …as在意思上是不同的。
　　2.As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置
　　as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面.中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：
　　(1) As is expected, the England team won the football match.
　　(2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.

4.
　　一、作副词，意为“相同地”，“同样地”。例如：
　　They don’t have as many airplanes. 他们没有同样多的飞机。
　　二、作连词，
　　1. 引导时间状语从句
　　as与when，while都是引导时间状语从句的从属连词，含义都是"当……的时候"。但它们有区别:
　　(1). when作“当……的时候”解，可以指较短的(一点)时间,也可指一段时间。从句的动作可以与主句的动作同时发生，也可以先于主句的动作发生。例如:
　　John was having his dinner when I saw him. 当我看到约翰的时候，他正在吃饭。
　　She can write only when the baby is asleep. 只有婴儿睡着的时候，她才干写作。
　　(2). while常表达一段较长的时间或一个过程，强调主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词同时发生或在从句动作过程中发生。例如:
　　We must strike while the iron is hot. 要趁热打铁。
　　While we were reading, the teacher came in. 我们正在读书的时候，老师走了进来。
　　(3). 但属下列情形时，只用as, 而不用when或while。
　　① 用于表达同一个人的两种动作交替进行,指“一边……,一边……”。例如:
　　The girl dances as she sings on the stage.那个女孩在舞台边唱歌边跳舞。
　　He looked behind from time to time as he went forward. 当他朝前走时，不时地向后看。
　　② 表达两个同步发展的动作或行为,译为“随着……”。例如:
　　As time went on / by, she became more and more worried. 随着时间的流逝，她变得越来越焦急。
　　As he grew older, he became more intelligent. 随着他年龄的增长，他变得更有才智了。
　　③ 表达两个短促行为或事件几乎同时发生。例如:
　　I thought of it just as you opened your mouth. 恰好在你开口时，我想到了它。
　　Just as the flying worm hit her face, she gave a loud cry. 恰巧在飞虫撞到她脸上时，她大哭起来。
　　2. 引导因素状语从句
　　as，because，since都可以表达因果关系，连接因素状语从句，含义是“由于，由于”，但它们有区别：because表达的语气最强;as一般放在句首，语气较弱，较口语化;since经常用在书面语中，表达多为对方已知的、或稍加分析便可得知的因素，有时可译作“既然”。例如：
　　I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是由于我喜欢。
　　Since many of the customers work during the day, Billy has to collect the money at night. 由于许多顾客白天上班,所以毕利只好晚上去收钱。
　　As she has been ill perhaps she'll need some help. 她由于生病也许需要些帮助。
　　3. 引导让步状语从句
　　as与although (或though)，however (或no matter how)等都可以引导让步状语从句，含义是“虽然，尽管”，但它们有区别：although语气稍正式些，可放在句首，也可放在句中，主句中不能再用 but，但可以用yet;as所表达的语气较强，引导的让步状语从句用倒装语序;however引导让步状语从句时，它的后面可跟形容词或副词，也要用倒装语序。例如：
　　Although they are poor they are happy. 虽然他们很穷，但不久乐。
　　Angry as he was, he managed to speak calmly. 虽然他很气愤，但是他发言很安静。
　　However hard the question is, he can answer it. 不管问题有多难他都能回答。
　　注意：当as引导让步状语从句时，句子的倒装语序有以下三种形式：
　　(1). 形容词或副词+as+主语+连系动词be或实义动词。例如：
　　Rich as he is, he never spends a cent on clothes. 虽然他很富有，但他从不花一分钱在衣服上。
　　Much as I admire his courage, I don’t think he acted wisely. 我虽然佩服他的勇气，但我认为他这样做是不聪明的。
　　(2). 名词+as+主语+连系动词be (注意句首的名词不带冠词)。例如：
　　Child as he is, he knows a lot. 尽管他是个孩子，但懂很多事情。
　　Boy as he was, he was chosen king. 尽管他还是个孩子，但却被立为国王。
　　(3). 实义动词+as+主语+助动词[假如没有助动词，则要加上一个do(does或did)]。例如：
　　Try as he may, he never succeeds. 尽管他很努力，但总是不成功。
　　Change your mind as you will, you will gain no additional support. 即使你改变主意，你也不会得到此外的支持。
　　4. 引导方式状语从句，意为“如”，“像”，“按照……的方式”。如:
　　I want you to tell my friend your very interesting experience exactly as you have told it to me. 我想让你像给我讲述的那样，给我的朋友讲一讲你那段极其有趣的经历。
　　Remember, you must do everything as I do. 记住，你必须按照我做的那样做一切。
　　注意：like在非正式语体中可以有与as相同的用法。如：
　　I can’t sing like I used to.我不能像以前那样唱歌了。
　　He writes just like his brother did when he was young. 他现在写文章正像他哥哥年轻时写文章同样。
　　5. 引导比较状语从句,用于“as...as...或 not so/ as...as...”中,前一个as是副词,后一个as是连词，意为“如(不如)…同样”。如:
　　(1). You hate her as much as I (=as I hate her).
　　(2). I don't speak English so/ as well as he does.
　　注意：句中连词as后面的代词实际是省略了与主句相同的部分，即例(1)可以写成You hate her as much as I hate her. 假如很明显就能看出所省略的部分，意义不会模糊不清时，在口语中也可以用代词的宾格形式。例：At your age you can’t expect to play football as well as me (= as I do).但例(1)就不能改I为me，改后意思就变为：You hate her as much as you hate me. 你恨她像恨我同样深;而原句的意思为：你恨她像我恨她同样深。
　　三、作代词
　　as作关系代词的用法
　　关系代词as引导定语从句时，既可以单独使用，也可以与其他词连用，其用法要比that和 which更为复杂。
　　1. as引导定语从句与其他词连用
　　(1). 用于the same...as结构中
　　This is the same watch as I have lost. 这块手表跟我丢失的那块同样。
　　(2). 用于such...as结构中
　　I don’t like such novels as you recommend. 我不喜欢你推荐的那些小说。
　　(3). 用于"so +adj. + a/an + n. (单数) + as "结构中
　　I am not so strong a man as I was. 我已经没有从前那么强壮了。
　　2. as单独引导定语从句
　　as单独引导定语从句时，先行词可以是一个词，也可以是一个句子或短语。例如：
　　(1) She is late, as is often the case. 她迟到了，这是经常的事。(先行词是整个主句)
　　(2) To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish. 对事实视而不见--你们好多人都是如此的愚蠢。(先行词是不定式短语)
　　注意1：(1). 当as引导的定语从句位于具有否认意义的主句之前时，as从句所修饰的范围是整个主句的内容，也就是说，把否认意义也涉及在内。例如：
　　As has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules. 正如前面所说，语法不是一套死条文。
　　(2). 当as引导的定语从句位于具有否认意义的主句之后时，as从句所修饰的范围不涉及否认意义。例如：
　　Spiders are not insects, as many people think. = Spiders are not insects. But many people think they are. 许多人认为蜘蛛是昆虫，但蜘蛛并不是昆虫。
　　(3). 当as引导的定语从句位于具有否认意义的主句中间时，as从句所修饰的范围也不涉及否认意义。例如：
　　She did not, as her friend had feared, open the case. 她没有打开盒子，而她的朋友就是怕她当面打开盒子。
　　注意2: 当修饰句子的非限制性定语从句位于句尾时，as可以用which来替代。例如：
　　I live a long way from work, as (which) you know. 我住得离工作单位很远，这你是知道的。
　　但是，当as从句位于句首或句中是，as就不能用which来替代了。例如：
　　As you will find out, I will never let you down. 你将会发现，我绝不会使你失望的。
　　Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China. 你们知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。
　　此外，假如主句为否认句，则位于句末和句中的as从句所修饰的范围并不涉及主句的否认意义，此时，as也不能用while来替代。例如：
　　Greenland was not a continent, as people thought. 格陵兰并不像人们所想象的那样是一个大陆。
　　四、作介词，
　　1. 表达 “仿佛(某人)”，例如:
　　They entered the building disguised as cleaners. 他们化装成清洁工人的模样进入大楼。
　　2. 表达“作为，当作”，例如：
　　I found a job as a teacher. 我找了一份教师的工作。
　　3. 表达“当某人是(某身份)时。例如：
　　As a child, she was sent to three different countries. 她儿时去过三个不同的国家。
　　4. 表达“因某人是(某身份)”，例如：
　　As her private secretary he has access to all her correspondence. 他是她的私人秘书，能接触到她所有的信件。
　　注意1：as引导的介词短语大多用作状语，as译为"作为"，少数情况可引起宾语补足语。例如:
　　As a Party member, I'll take the lead in everything. (状语)
　　She works as a nurse. (状语)
　　Tom has me as one of his best friends. (引起宾语补足语)
　　注意2：as和like都可以作介词，但意义不同。as表达“以实际的身份或地位”。 like则表达“与…相似，以与…相类似的方式”。例如：
　　(1). He spoke as a teacher.
　　(2). He spoke like a teacher.
　　句(1)的意思是：“他作为老师发言”或“他以老师的身份发言”。句(2)的意思是：“他发言很像是老师”。
　　五、用于一些固定搭配
　　1. as good as差不多，几乎
　　Don’t worry, the matter’s as good as settled. 别紧张，问题差不多已经解决了。
　　When the car was repaired, it looked as good as new. 这辆汽车修理好的时候，看起来差不多就像新的同样。
　　2. as if /as though 似乎;仿佛
　　He behaved as if nothing had happened. 他装着若无其事的样子。
　　She treats him as though he was her own son. 她待他仿佛待自己的儿子同样。
　　此外，as if可以接一个动词不定式短语。例如：
　　He waved his hand to me as if to have something to tell me. 他向我挥手仿佛有什么要告诉我。
　　3. as well as 同(同样也);和;还
　　Joan can speak Chinese as well as English. 琼能讲英语还能讲汉语。
　　He spent all his money, as well as wasting his time. 他不仅浪费了时间，还花光了他所有的钱。
　　4. such...as, such as 像……这样的
　　I bought a lot of fruits, such as apples, oranges, bananas and so on. 我买了许多种水果，像苹果，桔子，香蕉等。
　　We had such books as you never saw. 我们有一些你从未看过的书。
　　5. as for 至于某人(某事物)
　　We had a delightful weekend in the country. As for the traffic, we had no difficulty. 在乡下我们度过了一个快乐的周末。至于交通，我们没碰到任何困难。
　　6. as to 关于某事物;提到某事物
　　I don't know anything as to the others. 至于其他，我一无所知。
　　7. so as to ... 以便, 为了
　　Students should take notes so as to make revision easier. 学生应当记笔记，以便容易复习。
　　8. as a matter of fact 其实;事实上
　　As a matter of fact, I’m very fond of housework. 其实，我很喜欢做家务。
　　9. as a result 结果 (发生某种情况)
　　As a result， he had been given an excellent job. 结果，他得到了一份极好的工作。
　　10. as long as 只要
　　You may borrow this book as long as you promise to give it back. 只要你答应归还，你就可以把这书借走。
　　总之，通过以上的分析，我们对as的词性和用法有了比较全面的理解和把握，才干在实际的运用中做到心中有数，应付自如。
　　巩固练习
　　1. She had a tense expression on her face, ________she were expecting trouble.
　　A. even though B. even as C. as though D. now that
　　2. A good many proposals were raised by the delegates, ________was to be expected.
　　A. that B. what C. so D. as
　　3. ________might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.　　A. As B. That C. It D. What
　　4. Americans eat ________as they actually need every day.
　　A. twice as much protein B. twice protein as much
　　C. twice protein as much D. protein as twice much
　　5. The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn't bothered by his loudness ________by his lack of talent.
　　A. than B. more than C. as D. so much as
　　6. Studies show that the things that contribute most to a sense of happiness cannot be bought, ________a good family life, friendship and work satisfaction.
　　A. as for B. in view of C. in case of D. such as
　　7. ________he works hard, I don't mind when he finishes the experiment.　　A. As soon as B. So far as C. As well as D. As long as
　　8. ________the danger from enemy action, people had to cope with a severe shortage of food, clothing, fuel and almost everything.
　　A. As long as B. As far as C. As soon as D. As well as
　　Key: 1-5 CDAAD 6-8 DDD
　　高考真题直练
　　1. It is generally believed that teaching is ______it is a science.
　　A. an art much as B. much an art as
　　C. as an art much as D. as much an art as
　　2. She doesn't speak ______her friend, but her written work is excellent.
　　A. as well as B. so often as C. so much as D. as good as
　　3. The piano in the other shop will be ______, but ______.
　　A. cheaper; not as better B. more cheap; not as better
　　C. cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good
　　4. After supper she would sit down by the fire, sometimes for ______an hour, thinking of her young and happy days.
　　A. as long as B. as soon as C. as much as D. as many as
　　5. With the help of the German experts, the factory produced ______ cars in 1993 as the year before.
　　A. as twice many B. as many as twice
　　C. as twice as many D. twice as many
　　6. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced______ tractors in 1988 as