考研英语语法全突破.pdf

6满分 夕夕 manfen.满分网()考研英语语法全突破一、时态、语态需要掌握的要点：1.以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时，同样不用于完成进行时：(1)表示感知的动词：hear;feel,not ice,recognize,see,taste,smel l;(2)表示意愿、情感的动词：desire,di si 汰 e,forgive,hat e,l ike,l ove,prefer;refuse,want,wish,fear,l ove,hate;表示思考、看法的动词:bel ieve,doubt,expect,forget,hope,feel,mean,know,agree,real ize,mind,recal l,recol l ect,remember;trust,suppose;(4)表示所有、占有的动词：bel ong to,owe,own,possess,hol d(容纳)；(5)其他动词：cost,appear;concern,contain,consist,deserve,mat ter;seemo如：I d say whenever you are going aft er something t hat is bel onging to you,anyone who is depriving you of t he right to have it is criminal.(1997 年考研题,bel ong表示归属，不用于进行式)He was seeing somebody creeping int o the house through t he open window l ast night(1990年考研题，see表示结果，不用于进行式)2.不用wil l/shal l表达将来时的形式：(l)be going t o表示现在的打算和意图；(2)arrive,come,drive,go,l eave,retire,return,set off st art,t ake off 等表位的动 词的进行体表示按计戈I肯定要发生的将来动作；更多英语资料请访问：http:/ 夕夕 manfen.满分网()bet。（d。）表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事,如：Greater effort s to increase agricul tural production must be made if food short age is to be avoided.(4)be about to(do)表示才镀(做)，如：Marl in is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compl iment s to his pol it ical l eaders.(5)be on t he point/verge of(doing)表示马上就要，T殳不与表示将来的时间状语 连用；(6)be,begin,come,depart,get oft go,l eave,return,st art 的一般现在时表示按日历或 时刻表要发生的将来动作或事件，如：If you want your fil m to be properl y processed,you II have to wait and pick it up on Friday,which is t he day aft er t omorrow.(画线部分一般不用 wil l be)(7)在时间、条件、让步从句中,一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：I don*t know where he wil l go t omorrow.我不知道他明天去哪儿。(宾语从句)F II tel l him when you wil l ring again.我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)比较：F II tel l him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)(8)在make sure,make certain,see(to it)后的t hat从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替 将来时，如：S ee to it t hat you incl ude in t he paper what ever questions t hey didn t know the answer to l ast time.(incl ude 不能用 wil l incl ude 他形式)更多英语资料请访问：http:/ 夕夕 manfen.满分网()3.完成时是时态测试的重点,注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：(l)by/bet ween/up t o/t il l+过去时间、since,by t he t ime/when+表示过去发生情况的 从句,主句用过去完成时。如:We had just had our breakfast when an ol d man came to t he door.Bet ween 1897 and 1919 at l east 29 mot ion pictures in which art ificial beings were port rayed had been produced.(表示 1919 年时已发生的情况)(2)by+将来时间、by t he t ime/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成 时。如：By t he t ime you arrive in London,we wil l have stayed in Europe for two weeks.I hope her heal t h wil l have improved great l y by t he t ime we come back next year.(3)by now、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/t he past/l ast few(或具体数 字)years/days/mont hs,主句用现在完成时，但在it is+具体时间since/before这一句型 中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：The changes t hat howe taken pl ace pl ace in air travel during the l ast sixt y years woul d have seemed compl et el y impossibl e to even the most bril l iant scient ist s at t he turn of t he 19th century.It is four years since John l eft school.(4)在It is t he+序数词/形容词最高级+t hat的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：It isn t t he first t ime t hat I have found mysel f in an embarrassing situation.(5)在 no sooner.t han.,hardl y/scarcel y.when/before句型中，主句常用过去完成时。(6)其他与完成时连用的时间状语：al l t his whil e,al l t his year,for some t ime,so far,更多英语资料请访问：http:/ 夕夕 manfen.满分网()al ready,beforejust,l ong,yet 等。4.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：The company has been promising a rise in sal ary for ages,but nothing has happened.The school board l istened quiet l y as John read the demand t hat his fol l owers had been demonstrat ing for.时态、语态答题思路：Q)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状 语，缩小选择范围,进而选出正确答案;(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是 被动语态。二、不定式1.不定式做主语(1)做形式主语的代词：不定式做主语，通常用it充当形式主语，把做主语的不定式短语后置。如：It t ook me onl y five minut es t o finish the job.To be frank,it is a great rel ief t o have t he t ask ful fil l ed in so short a time.(2)引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：absurd,bol d,brave,courageous,careful,carel ess,cl ever;wise,fool ish,sil l y,stupid,更多英语资料请访问：http:/ 夕夕 manfen.满分网()good,nice,kind,t hought ful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,pol ite,rude,cruel,sel fish,l azy,wicked,wrongo 如：Experts say wal king is one of t he best ways for a person to stay heal thy.It s cl ever of you to have invented such a device.(3)不定式做主语补足语：掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间并采用相应形式。如：saidreportedt houghtbe to do sth.bel ievedknown supposedByron is said to have l ived on vinegar and potatoes.The bank is reported in t he l ocal newspaper to have been robbed in broad dayl ight yesterday.2.不定式做宾语Q)必须按不定式做宾语的动词：掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：agree,afford,aim,arrange,appear;ask,at tempt,choose,cl aim,decide,desire,更多英语资料请访问：http:/ ee,hope,endeavor;intend,l ong,mean,manage,offer;ought,pl an,pl edge,pretend,prepare,promise,proceed,prove,resol ve,refuse,request,swear;tend,t ry,vent ure,wait,wisho 如:Even though t he chil dren pret ended to be asl eep,t he nurses were not deceived when t hey came into t he room.注意：1）有的动词要求特殊疑问词+不定式做宾语，这类动词有：consider;discover;expl ain,forget,guess,know,l earn,observe,remember;see,tel l,understand,wonder,如：Whil e stil l a young boy,Bizet knew how to pl ay the piano wel l and as he grew ol der;he wrot e operas,t he most famous of which is Carmen.2）如果该特殊疑问词在不定式中做介词宾语，介词往往置于该特殊疑问词的前面。如:The professor can hardl y find sufficient grounds on which to base his argument in favor of t he new theory.Wit hout fact s,we cannot form wort hwhil e opinion for we need to have factual knowl edge upon which t o base our thinking.（2）可以用不定式做宾语补足语（复合宾语）的动词：下列动词可以用不定式做宾语补足语（复合宾语）：advise,al l ow,ask,beg,cause,command,compel,enabl e,determine,encourage,expect,feel,find,force,hat e,have,hear;hel p,inform,invit e,l et,l ike,make,mean,need,not ice,not ify,obl ige,order;permit,persuade,remind,request,require,see,send,teach,tel l,tempt,troubl e,urge,want,warn,watch,wisho更多英语资料请访问：http:/ 夕夕 manfen.满分网()注意：画线动词后面的不定式不带t o。如：Because of t he recent accidents,our parents forbid my brother and me to swim in t he river unl ess someone agrees to watch over us.3.不定式做定语Q)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,l ast,onl y,not a,the,very等限定词 时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：the first woman to set foot on the moon第一个登上月球的女性(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：t endency t o dotend to do,decision to do-decide to doThis book is an at tempt to hel p you use Engl ish and recognize how it is used.(3)如果其形容词形式要求按不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：ambition to do 干 的雄心”be ambit ious to do 有雄心干.curiosit y to do”对 的好奇心”be curious to do 对.好奇abil it y to do 做的能力-abl e to do 有能力做According to Darwin,random changes t hat enhance a species,abil it y to survive are natural l y sel ect ed and passed on to succeeding generation.(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语,这些名词包括：way,method,reason,time,pl ace,chance,occasion,opport unit y,evidence,power;right,movement,drive(运动),effort 等。如:I worked so l ate in t he office l ast night t hat I hardl y had t ime to cat ch t he l ast bus.We appreciate your effort s to bring about a comprehensive sol ution to the exist ing更多英语资料请访问：http:/ 夕夕 manfen.满分网()probl em.(5)不定代词something,not hing,l itt l e,much,a l ot习惯上用不定式做定语。如：Though we have made great progress,t here is stil l much to be improved.4.不定式做状语 不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。in order to(do),so as t o(do)结构引导目的状语,so as t o不能置于句首。如：To succeed in a scient ific research project,one needs to be pesist entI advise them to wit hdraw so as not to get invol ved.(2)so.as to,such.as to,enough.t o,t oo.t o 结构做程度状语。如:The sol ution works onl y for coupl es who are sel f-empl oyed,donr t have smal l chil dren and get al ong wel l enough to spend most of t heir t ime toget her.The vocabul ary and grammat ical differences between Brit ish and American Engl ish are so t rivial and few as hardl y to be not iced.(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用onl y加强语气。常见的不定式动词有 find,hear,see,be tol d,form,give,make,produce 等。如：Great l y agit ated,I rushed to t he apart ment and tried the door;onl y t o find it l ocked.(4)not/never t oo.to,t oo.not t o,but/onl y t oo.t o,t oo ready/eager/apt/incl ined t o表示肯定意义。如：I am onl y too pl eased to hear from you furt her.能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。三、动名词1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词更多英语资料请访问：http:/ 夕夕 manfen.满分网()牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：acknowl edge,advocate,ant icipat e,appreciate,advise,avoid,admit,confess,consider;defend,del ay,deny,disl ike,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor;finish,forgive,imagine,incl ude,invol ve,just ify,keep mind,miss,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,permit,report,resent,resume,recal l,recol l ect,risk,resist,suggest,t ol erat eo 如：Al though a teenager;Fred coul d resist being tol d what to do and what not to do.I appreciate having been given t he opport unit y to st udy abroad t wo years ago.2.动名词做介词短语考生尤其要识别下列短语中的t o是介词,不是不定式符号：object to,resort t o,react to,cont ribute to,l ook forward to,be accustomed to,be commit ted t o,be exposed to,be subject ed to,be devot ed to,be dedicated to,be opposed to,be reconcil ed to,be cont rary to,be(get)used to,come cl ose to,get down to,give onesel f up t o,prefer.to,see to,set to,take t o,in addition t o,with regard to,with a view to,on t he way t oo 如:There was no sign t hat Mr.Jospin,who keeps a firm cont rol on the party despite having resigned from l eadership of it,woul d int ervene personal l y.Our modern civil ization must not be t hought of as having been created in a short period of time.Nowhere in nat ure is al uminum found free,owing to its al ways being combined wit h other el ements,most commonl y wit h oxygen.更多英语资料请访问：http:/ 夕夕 manfen.满分网()As t he chil dren become financial l y independent of t he famil y,t he emphasis on famil y financial securit y wil l shift from protection to saving for the retirement years.Everyone wit h hal f an eye on t he unempl oyment figures knew t hat the assert ion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.四、分词 分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上考生应清楚：现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。过去分词表示被动,表示动作结束了的状态或结果。1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握：Q)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如：It s easy to bl ame t he decl ine of conversat ion on the pace of modern l ife and on t he vague changes taking pl ace in our ever-increasing worl d.(相当于 the changes which t ake pl ace.)There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Engl ishman t hat I read recentl y giving what he t hought was a reason for t his American charact erist ic1相当于 which gave.)How many of us att ending,say,a meeting that is irrel evant to us woul d be interested in t he discussion?(相当于 How many of us who wil l attend.)(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：Good news was somet imes rel eased prematurel y,with the British recapture of the 更多英语资料请访问：http:/ 夕夕 manfen.满分网()port announced hal f a day before the defenders act ual l y surrendered.(相当于.recapt ure of t he port which had been announced.)Just as the val ue of a t el ephone network increases wit h each new phone added to t he system,so does t he val ue of a comput er syst em increase with each program t hat t urns out(相当于.each new phone which is added t o.)The aut hor gave a det ail ed description based on his personal observat ion of nat ure.(相当于.descript ion which was based on.)(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：deceased,departed,el apsed,faded,fal l en,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travel l ed,newl y arrived,recentl y comeo 如:an escaped prisoner一个逃犯 a retired worker一位退休工人a faded curt ain 一个褪了色的窗帘 a newl y arrived st udent 一个新来的学生2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的T殳式与完成式Q)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如：Having compl eted one t ask,we started on anot her one.(compl ete 先于 st art 之前 发生)(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用式。如：He wasn*t asked to take on t he chairmanship of the society,being considered insufficient l y popul ar with al l members.更多英语资料请访问：http:/ 夕夕 manfen.满分网()There seemed l ittl e hope t hat t he expl orer;having been desert ed in the tropical forest,woul d find his way through it.(3)表示伴随、方式,置于句尾,用分词的一般式。如：Hel en borrowed my dict ionary t he ot her day saying t hat she woul d return it soon.Anna was reading a piece of science fict ion,compl et el y l ost to the outside worl d.(4)表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：The city found it sel f in a crisis sit uat ion l ast summer when the air conditioning on dozens of t he new buses broke down,them unusabl e.(5)表示补充说明(同位),置于句尾,用分词的一般式。如：The art icl e opens and cl oses wit h descript ions of t wo news reports,each making one major point in cont rast wit h the other.Ford tried dividing t he l abor;each worker assigned a separate t ask.3.分词的独立主格结构分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格 结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分，但在翻译时经常译成独立的句子，考生要注 意英汉两种语言在结构上的区别。如：Al l fl ight s having been cancel ed because of the snowstorm,we decided to t ake the train.Darkness set ting in,t he young coupl e l ingered on merrymaking.4.分词做表语和补语,尤应注意由使役动词变来的分词的形式现在分词表示主语或宾语的特征，多以事物做(逻辑)主语。如：更多英语资料请访问：http:/ 夕夕 manfen.满分网（）His vict ory in t he final was no more convincing than I had expected.（2）过去分词表示主语或宾语所处的状态或对某事的心理反应和感受,多以人做（逻辑）主语。如：These students are quick at l earning.We II have them trained in new methods.Peopl e cannot but feel puzzl ed.For t hey simpl y cannot understand how he coul d have made such a stupid mist ake.五、非谓语动词的其他考点1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法mean to do想要（做某事）propose to do打算（做某事）mean doing意味（做某事）propose doing建议（做某事）forget to do忘记（要做的事）remember to do记得（要做某事）forget doing忘记（已做的事）remember doing记得（已做过的事）go on to do继而（做另一件事）stop to do停下来去做另T律go on doing继续（做原来的事）stop doing停止正在做的事regret to d。（对将要做的事）遗憾regret doing（对已做过的事）后悔如:Mr.Jankin regretted having bl amed his secret ary for t he mist ake,for he l at er discovered it was his own faul t.The boy is const ant l y being tol d not to scratch the paint off the wal l,but he goes on doing it al l the same.2.不定式的习惯用法句型:cannot hel p but docannot but do更多英语资料请访问：http:/ 夕夕 manfen.满分网()cannot choose but docan do not hing but dohave no choice/al t ernat ive but to do上述句型的意思接近，即不得不做、不禁做、不由自主地做、不能不做、只能做。其共同的特点是都有一个否定词和but。如：Nobody can hel p but be fascinat ed by the worl d int o which he is taken by the science fict ion.When I consider how tal ented he is as a paint er;I cannot hel p but bel ieve t hat t he publ ic wil l appreciate his gift.3.动名词的习惯用法句型：be busy/active doing sth.have difficul t y/t roubl e/probl emdoing sth.If s no good/use/picnic doing sth.have a good/great/wonderful timedoing sth.spend/wast e t ime doing sth.There is no point/sense/harm/use doingsth.cannot hel p doing sth.There is no doing sth.I know it isnr t import ant but I can1 t hel p thinking about itAl ice was having troubl e control l ing the chil dren because there were so many of them.There is no use crying over spil t mil k.4.there be非谓语动词的用法(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如：更多英语资料请访问：http:/ 夕夕 manfen.满分网()The students expected there to be more reviewing cl asses before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用for there to be,做其他状语用there being,如：For t here to be successful communication,t here must be at t ent iveness and invol vement in t he discussion it sel f by al l present.(for t here to be在句中做目的状语)It isn*t col d enough for there to be a frost t onight,so I can l eave Jim*s car out quite safel y.(for t here to be.在句中做程度状语)There being no furt her questions,we II stop here today.(t here being.44因状语)(3)引导主语用 for there to be0 如：It is unusual for t here to be no l at e