英语毕业论文Cultural-Impacts-on-International-Business.doc
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1、Cultural Impacts on International Business文化对国际商务的影响Cultural Impacts on International BusinessContentsAbstract.1Key Words.1I. Introduction.21.1 culture and communication.21.1.1 The basic function of culture. 21.1.2 The ingredients of culture.21.1.3 The elements of communication.31.1.4 The link betwe
2、en culture and communication.41.2 communication and cross-cultural communication. 51.2.1 The definition of cross-cultural communication.51.2.2 The link between communication and cross-cultural communication.6II. International business.72.1 The definition of international business.82.2 Main forms of
3、communication in international business.92.3 Cultural differences in international business.11III. The main elements of cultural conflicts.133.1 The definition of cultural conflicts.133.2 The elements of cultural conflicts .13IV. The effect of culture on international business.144.1 The role of cult
4、ures in international business144.1.1 The language barrier and its consequences: real and perceived.144.1.2 The relationship between language and culture.154.2 The influence of cultures on international business .15V. Cultural differences in international business negotiations.165.1 The impacts of c
5、ultural differences on international business negotiations.185.2 Negotiation manners in international business.19VI. Conclusion.21References.21Cultural Impacts on International Business摘 要: 这篇文章旨在简要地向读者介绍文化冲突的主要因素和它们对国际商务的影响,并从文化的多个方面,比如语言,行为方式,习俗,价值观念和态度,来证明文化冲突对国际商务的影响,从对它们相同点和不同点比较研究和分析的基础上找到一些有效
6、的方法去避免或消除跨文化因素对国际商务产生的负面影响。无论什么时候,不同语言和文化障碍必定是交叉的,当然,这儿还存在一个潜在的交际问题,这将在很大程度上决定一场国际贸易是否成功。价值观是被个人内在化的一种共享的信念或组织标准,态度是建立在这些价值观念基础上对条件的评价。在文化价值方面的差异会影响计划的执行,决定的做出,策略的实施和人员的评价。理解不同行为方式和习俗在国际商务谈判方面非常重要,因为建立在个人参考框架上的说明解释可能会导致完全错误的结论,而在国际商务中要解决文化冲突方面的问题和调节这些文化因素就显得尤为重要。关键词: 文化; 语言; 价值观念; 习俗; 跨文化交际; 国际商务Abs
7、tract: This thesis is briefly to try to present before readers the main elements of cultural conflicts and dimensions on international business, such as languages, manners, customs, values and attitudes on the basis of a comparative study and analysis of their differences as well as similarities so
8、as to find out some effective ways to avoid or mitigate the adverse impacts the cross-cultural elements might produce on international business. Every time a language and cultural barrier must be crossed, there is a potential communication problem, which will largely decide a success or failure of a
9、n international transaction; Values are shared beliefs or group norms that have been internalized by individuals. Attitudes are evaluations of alternatives based on these values. Differences in cultural values affect the way in which planning is executed, decisions are made, strategy is implemented,
10、 and personnel are evaluated; Understanding manners and customs is especially important in business negotiations, because interpretations based on ones own frame of reference may lead to a totally incorrect conclusion. To solve cultural conflicts and coordinate those cultural elements in conduction
11、of international business seems to be much more important.Key Words: Culture; languages; values; customs; cross-cultural communication; international businessI. Introduction1.1 Culture and communication1.1.1 The basic function of cultureCulture is a complex, abstract, pervasive matrix of social elem
12、ents that functions as an all-encompassing form or pattern for living by laying out a predictable world in which an individual is firmly oriented. Culture enables us to make sense of our surroundings, aiding the transition from the womb to this new life. From the instant of birth, a child is formall
13、y and informally taught how to behave. Children, regardless of their culture, quickly learn how to behave in a manner that is acceptable to adults. Within each culture, therefore, there is no need to expend energy deciding what an event means or how to respond to it. The assumption is that people wh
14、o share a common culture can usually be counted on to behave “correctly” and predictably. Hence, culture reduces the chances of surprise by shielding people from the unknown. Try to imagine a single day in your life without access to the guidelines your culture provides. Without the rules that gover
15、n your actions, you would soon feel helpless. From how to greet strangers and how to spend our time, culture provides us with structure. To lack culture is to lack structure. We might even go so far as to say that “our primary mode of biological adaptation is culture, not anatomy”.1.1.2 The ingredie
16、nts of cultureAlthough scholars may lack a definitive ingredient list for culture, most agree that any description should include the three categories submitted by Almaney and Alwan (1982: Communicating with Arabs. Waveland). They contend that Culture may be classified by three large categories of e
17、lements: artifacts (which include items ranging from arrowheads to hydrogen bombs, magic charms to antibiotics, torches to electric lights, and chariots to jet planes); concepts (which include such beliefs or value systems as right or wrong, God and man, ethics, and the general meaning of life); and
18、 behaviors (which refer to the actual practice of concepts or beliefs).These authors provide an excellent example of how these aspects might be reflected within a culture: “whereas money is considered an artifact, the value placed upon it is a concept, but the actual spending and saving of money is
19、behavior,”Other inventories provide additional listings of the content of culture. Some of these additional ingredients of particular interest to intercultural communication include cultural history, cultural personality, material culture, role relationships, art, language, cultural stability, cultu
20、ral beliefs, ethnocentrism, non-verbal behavior, spatial relations, time, recognition and thought patterns.1.1.3 The elements of communicationIn international business, as in most other areas of life, the best idea in the world can fail if it is not communicated effectively.Communication is both sit
21、uational (organizational) and personal (stylistic). Successful business communication depends on answering a few crucial questions: have you mastered and organized all the relevant information? Have you taken into account the personal and organizational context? Have you defined a clear, achievable
22、goal? Have you considered the needs of your audiences? Have you expressed yourself as clearly, vividly, and forcefully as possible? Have you chosen the right communication channels?Managers send messages through writing, speaking, actions, gestures, electronic media, graphics, grapevine, and force o
23、f personality. Good business people devote tremendous attention to shaping their message and deciding how to deliver it. Experienced managers insist that success depends largely on effective communication.A communicator, or source, sends a message to a receiver, or audience, provoking a response. Bu
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