论《永别了-武器》中的悲剧美学英语论文-学位论文.doc

本科生毕业论文（设计）册

学院 XXX学院
专业 英语教育
班级 XXXX级英语教育X班
学生 XXX
指导教师 XXX

XXXX大学本科毕业论文（设计）任务书
编 号：
论文（设计）题目： 论《永别了，武器》中的悲剧美学
学院： XXX学院 专业： 英语教育 班级： XXX级英语教育X班
学生姓名： XXX 学号： XXXXXX 指导教师：XXX 职称：XXX

1、 论文（设计）研究目标及主要任务
本论文的研究目标是探讨《永别了，武器》中写作手法所体现的悲剧美学。其主要任务是通过分析作者对人物的刻画和写作手法的运用，揭示悲剧美学的产生。

2、论文（设计）的主要内容
本论文分为三章，第一章介绍小说中的悲剧人物，第二章介绍写作手法的运用，最后一章讨论了悲剧美学的产生和意义。

3、论文（设计）的基础条件及研究路线
本论文的基础条件是不同的评论家《永别了，武器》的研究结果。
研究路线是通过分析作者对人物的刻画和写作手法的运用，揭示悲剧美学的产生及其意义。

4、主要参考文献
Hemingway, Ernest, A Farewell to Arms. Shanghai: World’s Books Press, 2011.
Ousby, Lan, A Reader’s Guide to Fifty American Novels. London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd, 1979
张薇，《海明威小说的叙事艺术》.上海：上海社会科学出版社，2005
葛朝霞，浅析海明威的 “冰山”原则与语言风格[J]. 外国文学名作欣赏，2007

5、计划进度

阶段
起止日期
1
确定初步论文题目
3月9日前
2
与导师见面，确定大致范围，填开题报告和任务书，导师签字
3月9日-3月16日
3
提交论文提纲
3月16日-3月23日
4
交初稿和文献综述
3月23日-4月20日
5
交终稿和评议书
5月8日前
指 导 教师： 年 月 日
教研室主任： 年 月
注：一式三份，学院（系）、指导教师、学生各一份
XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书
XXX 学院 英语教育 专业 XXXX 届
学生
姓名
XXX
论文（设计）题目
论《永别了，武器》中的悲剧美学
指导
教师
XXX
专业
职称
XXX
所属教研室
英语高年级教学组
研究方向
英美文学

课题论证：通过分析作者对人物的刻画和写作手法的运用，揭示悲剧美学的产生及其意义。

方案设计：第一章介绍小说中的悲剧人物，
第二章介绍写作手法的运用，
第三章讨论悲剧美学的产生和意义。

进度计划：3月9日前确定初步论文题目
3月16日前写开题报告、任务书
3月23日前提交论文提纲
4月20日前提交初稿和文献综述
5月8日前交终稿和评议书
指导教师意见：

指导教师签名： 年 月 日
教研室意见：

教研室主任签名： 年 月 日
XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）评议书
姓 名
XXX
学院
XXX学院
专业
英语教育
年级（班）
XXXX级英语教育X班
论 文 题 目
论《永别了，武器》中的悲剧美学
完成时间
XXXX5/7
论

文

内

容

摘

要

海明威的作品往往蕴含着一种人生哲理。他擅长描写毁灭性的命运悲剧，刻画海明威式英雄如何在与命运的抗争中受到肉体上和心灵上的双向创伤。海明威的小说《永别了，武器》描写了亨利和凯瑟琳在一系列悲剧遭遇中发生的性格转变与精神升华。《永别了，武器》是以战争为背景的小说，主人公亨利在最危险的环境——战争中，和最浪漫的环境——爱情里，都无法摆脱命运的束缚，最终走向了毁灭。女主人公凯瑟琳在亨利的成长中扮演了重要的角色，她的身上不仅体现了海明威的悲剧人生观，而且体现了海明威在其他作品中表现出的硬汉精神和英雄气质。小说中运用了一系列写作手法以达到悲剧美学的艺术效果，如简洁的语言，冰山理论和象征的运用。海明威的悲剧意识反映了他的爱情观与强烈的反战情绪。

指
导
教
师
评
语

年 月 日
指 导 教 师

职称

初评成绩

答辩小组
姓名
职称
教研室
组长

成员

答辩记录：

记录人签字： 年 月 日
答辩小组意见：

组长签字： 年 月 日
学院意见：

评定成绩： 签章

年 月 日
XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）文献综述
Literature Review

Ernest Hemingway is one of the most important writers in American literary history who won Noble Prize at 1956. He is known for the brief and strong prose language. The connotative style is a distinct feature of his novels. He is a revolutionary figure of literary style and language in American literature. His creative works impact many writers in America as well as all over the world.
A Farewell to Arms is one of Hemingway's great novels and ranks a prominent place in the history of the novel of America. In the novel, an American young man Frederick Henry volunteeres to be an ambulance driver to go to the north of Italy and takes part in the First World War. During this time he comes across an English nurse, Catherine Barkley. Henry is injured when he is performing a task on the front line. He is sent to the background Milan hospital where is lacking of nurse. Catherine also go to Milan hospital where she meets Frederick again. At this time, Frederick find he is deeply falling in love with Catherine. At Milan Hospital, the lover enjoyed a good time and Catherine is pregnant. When Frederick is recovered, he has to go back to the front line. However, when he is back, he find that the Italian army is full of the emotion of failure and despair. The German army finally destroyed the Italian army’s resistance. Soldiers’ moods are agitated. In front of a bridge, the Italian military police start to arrest the officers who are absence from duty and shoot them. Frederick is among them. However, Frederick takes a chance and jumpes to the river and succeedes in escaping the destiny of being shot. Finally he realizes that his duty of being an soldier has washed away by the water. At this time, Frederick only has one aim that is to find Catherine and run away from war. Frederick go to Milan to find Catherine, only to find she has gone to a small city near the frontier. They have a good time there. However, the pursuing and capture of the Italian military police make them have no choice but to escape to Switzerland. They really had a wonderful time at Switzerland. But finally Catherine was dead of dystocia, leaving Frederick wandering lonely and pointlessly in the world.
Since the publication of A Farewell to Arms, critics from both home and abroad have given many comments on it. Many literature critics have made many researches about it. At present, some popular researches include the following three aspects: the characterization, the themes and the writing style of this novel.
The first point that catches the critics’ attention is the characterization. Wang Lei (2008) thought that in Hemingway's works, the most fascinating and deeply moving characters are those code heroes who fight against their tragic fate. With their insistence and energy, they jump into deadly rival fight with the hostile world. They show some common characteristics: strong and determined, brave and with no fear to face death. No matter how dangerous the situation will be they are showing the grace under pressure.
Secondly, the writing style of Hemingway’s works is widely imitating by the writers all over the world. Wang Chen (2006) said that the works of Ernest Hemingway emphasize symbolism. The symbol of A Farewell to Arms caused by a kind of subtle and repeated suggestions. More specifically, the descriptions about sky, land and people perfectly show Hemingway’s symbolism.
Chen Xiaoju (2007) emphasized that another excellence of this novel that lies in Hemingway's language, style and skills are acclaimed by the public. Hemingway uses a telegraphic language. Every sentence, every word has the expression of multiple meaning. Ma Yunfei (2008) claimed that Hemingway took inhibition narrative technique in describing the character. He rarely traced back to the characters’ life experience, he just wrote something straight in front of him, make the point and focus.
Third, many researchers have focused on the themes of this novel. This is the most popular and enduring talked topic about A Farewell to Arms. The first theme is the anti-war theme. A study of Liu Guo (2006) claimed that the author hopes the world will be a peaceful place for human by describing Henry and Catharine’s tragic fate. The author shows the anti-war spirit through the descriptions of the scenery. Jiang Songqiang (2001) claimed that the first paragraph in the beginning of the novel shows the soldier’s strongly anti-war consciousness. Even though this paragraph is regarded as a background description, it reveals the story’s emotional foundation as well as the characters tragic fate. Bai Lina (2008) claimed that the author shows the anti-war topic through the description of the main characters’ tragic fate. Some descriptions including language and action in this novel clearly show the anti-war spirit. Just like Huang Fang (2003) said, “individuals on the battlefield lives like those ants. They unconsciously run here and there, but at last they will die.”
All in all, these literary comments on A Farewell to Arms are very valuable and helpful for my study. From their views, I learn how to appreciate literature. As a mature reader, one can observe some personal strength to face the society from the story. What is more important is that one can analyze the causes and results, finally know more about deep thinking of the works.
In my paper, I will analyze the tragic aesthetic in A Farewell to Arms. It begins with an introduction of the author and the story to let the readers familiar with the general background and the plot of the story. And then I will focus on analyzing the characters of the novel in the following aspects: Henry’s attitude changes with the contact with Catherine, Henry’s tragic ending and the reason, Catherine’s image and her tragic ending and the reason. This paper will discuss Hemingway’s writing techniques in three aspects: terse language, iceberg theory and symbolism. By this paper, people will better understand the tragic aesthetic of the novel, the reason why the two characters will end in tragedy, Hemingway’s vision of love and his anti-war view.

本科生毕业论文设计

论《永别了，武器》中的悲剧美学

作者姓名 XXXX
指导教师 XXX
所在学院 XXX学院
专业（系） 英语教育
班级（届） XXXX级英教（X）班

完成日期 XXXX 年 5 月 7 日

On the Tragic Aesthetics in
A Farewell to Arms

By

XXXX
Prof. XXX , Tutor

A Thesis Submitted to Department of English
Language and Literature impartial
Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of B.A. in English
At XXUniversity

May 7th, 2013

Abstract

Hemingway’s works often contain the life philosophy. He is good at describing the devastating tragedy of destiny. He portrays the code hero’s wounds to the mind and soul when they are fighting against fate. Hemingway's novel A Farewell to Arms depicts the personality changes and spiritual sublimation of Henry and Catherine in a series of tragedies. A Farewell to Arms is set in war. The hero Henry can not escape the bound of destiny in the most dangerous situation----war, as well as in the most romantic situation----love, and finally heads to destruction. The heroine Catherine plays an important role in Henry’s growth. She not only reflects Hemingway’s tragic view of life, but also shows the tough guy spirit and heroic qualities. Hemingway uses a series of writing techniques to express tragic aesthetics, such as the terse language, iceberg theory and symbolism. Hemingway’s tragic consciousness conveys his vision of love and anti-war view.

Key words Hemingway tragic aesthetics iceberg theory symbolism

iii

摘要

海明威的作品往往蕴含着一种人生哲理。他擅长描写毁灭性的命运悲剧，刻画海明威式英雄如何在与命运的抗争中受到肉体上和心灵上的双向创伤。海明威的小说《永别了，武器》描写了亨利和凯瑟琳在一系列悲剧遭遇中发生的性格转变与精神升华。《永别了，武器》是以战争为背景的小说，主人公亨利在最危险的环境——战争中，和最浪漫的环境——爱情里，都无法摆脱命运的束缚，最终走向了毁灭。女主人公凯瑟琳在亨利的成长中扮演了重要的角色，她的身上不仅体现了海明威的悲剧人生观，而且体现了海明威在其他作品中表现出的硬汉精神和英雄气质。小说中运用了一系列写作手法以达到悲剧美学的艺术效果，如简洁的语言，冰山理论和象征的运用。海明威的悲剧意识反映了他的爱情观与强烈的反战情绪。

关键词 海明威 悲剧美学 冰山理论 象征

iv

Table of Contents

Introduction···········································1
Chapter I. Typical Hemingway hero — tragic hero···········5
A. Analysis of the hero — Frederick Henry ············5
B. Analysis of the heroine — Catherine Barkley·········8
Chapter II. Skill of writing in A Farewell to Arms···········12
A. Language style································12
B. Iceberg principle·······························13
C. Symbolism···································15
Chapter III. Tragic aesthetics conveys Hemingway’s view on love and war··············································17
A. Hemingway’s tragic aesthetics····················17
B. Hemingway’s view on love and war················18
Conclusion···········································20
Notes················································22
Bibliography··········································23

v

Introduction

Ernest Hemingway is one of the most important writers in American literary history who won Noble Prize at 1956. He is known for the brief and strong prose language. The connotative style is a distinct feature of his novels. He is a revolutionary figure of literary style and language in American literature. His creative works impact many writers in America as well as all over the world.
Ernest Hemingway was born in July 21st , 1899, whose father was an physician and fond of hunting and fishing. His mother was a musician and loved literary very much. All of these had an important impact on Hemingway’s following life and creativity. He often wrote for magazines and journals when he was young. When the First World War broke out, Hemingway joined the war to be an ambulance driver with the emotion of experiencing the war himself. After the war, Hemingway was awarded medals for his injury at the war. Then he became a reporter of The Star in Kansas City. His creation received many famous writers’ encourage and direction, such as Ezra Pound, Sherwood Andersen. He published many novels in the following years, among which The Sun Also Rises is the most famous. It is Hemingway’s first important novel, telling the story of a group of American youth who were wandering without any goals in Paris like Hemingway. Gertrude Stein called them “Lost Generation”：

Many prominent American writers of the decade following the end of World War I, disillusioned by their war experiences and alienated by what they perceived as the crassness of American culture and its "puritanical" repressions, are often tagged as the Lost Generation. A number of these writers became expatriates, moving either to London or to Paris in their quest for a richer literary and artistic milieu and a freer way of life. Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, and T. S. Eliot lived out their lives abroad, but most of the younger "exiles," as Malcolm Cowley called them, came back to America in the 1930s. Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises and Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night are novels that represent the mood and way of life of two groups of American expatriates.1

A Farewell to Arms which was published at1929 is one of the best works of the “Lost Generation”. It is one of Hemingway's remarkable novels and occupies a prominent place in American literary history of in the 20th century.

In the novel, an American young man Frederick Henry volunteeres to be an ambulance driver and goes to the north of Italy and takes part in the First World War. During this time he comes across an English nurse, Catherine Barkley. Henry is injured when he is performing a task on the front line. He is sent to the background Milan hospital where is lacking of nurse. Catherine also goes to Milan hospital where she meets Frederick again. At this time, Frederick finds he is deeply falling in love with Catherine. At Milan Hospital, the lover enjoyed a good time and Catherine is pregnant. When Frederick is recovered, he has to go back to the front line. However, when he is back, he finds that the Italian army is full of the emotion of failure