英文论文写作41.doc

Unit 5 Sentence Defects
1. She bought several picture books and put them into her bag, which she intended to give her children.
2. Fred is energetic, capable, and a man you can rely on.
Fred, whom you can rely on, is energetic, capable.
3. The children promised to be careful and that they would return home early.
The children promised to be careful and return home early.
4. Galileo found it difficult to believe that the sun rotates around the earth and the earth to be the centre of the universe.
5. She reviewed the lesson taught last week and all the exercises assigned by the teacher were done.
She reviewed the lesson taught last week and did all the exercises assigned by the teacher.
6. We need to preserve open space, to contain hazardous wastes, and fuel should be conserved.
We need to preserve open space to contain hazardous wastes and fuel.
7. To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase.
To get ready for the trip, she needed put all the things into a suitcase
8. Glancing out of the window, a beautiful view attracted my attention.
Glancing out of the window, I was attracted by a beautiful view.
9. He drove the car into the side road and quickly turns off the motor.
He drove the car into the side road and quickly turned off the motor.
10. First build a fire and then you should make the coffee.
First build a fire and then make the coffee.
11. Twenty dollars are a small price to pay.
12. An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, you should not plagiarize.
13. The committee considered all the recommendations, then they voted to reject all of them.
14. She had intended to become a biologist, however, medicine seemed more exciting.
15. Lisa listed several qualities she admires in her father. His compassion, his perseverance, his integrity, and his honesty.

Practice
1. The actors and actresses first discussed the play, and then nightly rehearsals began.

2. John worked hard for three years, and then a job was given to him that let him use his special talent.

3. He drove the car into the garage and the motor was quickly stopped

4. After inspecting my passport, I was permitted to go on board the boat.

5. According to the police records, many dogs are killed by automobiles and trucks roaming unleashed.

6. Most Americans refuse to give up unhealthful habits, consequently their medical costs are higher than those of many other countries.

7. If a student does not understand a problem, they should consult the instructor.

8. This paper presents the current problems in the personnel management, and solutions are proposed.

9. Our responsibility in the lab was to remove the labels from the dishes and wash them.

10. Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as the eye can reach.

Unit 6 Paragraph Coherence
Sample
There can be little question that one of the turning points in the twentieth century was the great stock crash of 1929. There are many reasons for the crash, including the fact that many people had bought stocks “on margin”, that is, by paying only a fraction of the real cost in the hope that the stocks would go up and they would make a profit, whereas many of them went down and they couldn’t cover their losses. Why did the stocks go down? One reason was simple panic: people got scared, and began to sell. Because many sold, prices went down. This caused others to sell, and as a result prices went down still further. In a few months paper profits melted away like ice in July, fortunes were lost, and purchasing power dropped sharply. Because people stopped buying, business generally collapsed, causing more failures and fewer markets, so that factories slowed down or closed down, more jobs were lost, and the great depression was under way.

I Coherence devices
1)
(1) Chocolates are a national craving. (2) Records show that they are sold in huge quantities---11.2 pounds per capita per year. (3) Designer chocolates often sell for nearly $30/1b. (4) It is obvious that these candies are America’s number one choice.
2)
(1) I saw a strange man in the street. (2) He was wearing a large badge. (3) The badge was multicolored and gaudy.
3)
(1) Body language varies from culture to culture. (2) To say yes, Americans nod their heads up and down. (3) Japanese and Italians use the same nod to say no. (4) Body language is an important skill for international managers

II Study the following list of grammatical and lexical coherence and cohesive devices. Learn to use them in your writing.
1.
John bought a new car. It is expensive, but it runs much better than his old one.
2.
I bought a pocket calculator last year. That calculator proved very useful.
3.
These particular train services are not used very much by commuters. As a rule, commuters tend to travel much earlier.
4.
These cars were first made in 1972. When they were first produced, they were not very popular.
5.
Seven people have been arrested so far. The arrests were made late last night.
6.
To have and to hold from this day forward, for better for worse, for richer for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish, till death us do part.
7.
a) listing
b) showing the cause and effect relationship between one idea and another
c) indicating that the writer is to illustrate his ideas by giving examples
d) introducing an idea which runs against what has been said, or is going to be said.
e) summing up
f) expressing time relationship
g) expressing a condition
h) indicating the extension or further development of ideas which are closely related to the previously discussed topics.
i) re-phrasing what has already been said, or introduce a definition
…

III Paragraph hooks
1.
Example 1
…In addition, they carried a wireless radio set, warm clothing, and an extra three weeks’ food supply.
Because of these careful preparations, the expedition was ready when the unexpected emergency happened…
2．
Example 1：
…For several months the geologists lived in the caravan crossing the most dangerous part of the desert.
The desert was most dangerous here because of the hostile natives, the extreme temperature change, and the lack of any water supply…
Example2：
In 1889, when the British occupied Sudan, their first aim was to find land for planting cotton because many textile industries in England at that time needed cotton. After a serious study by the English agricultural experts, the Gezira area was chosen for the establishment of an agricultural project. The choice was excellent; even today, although there are now other agricultural schemes in Sudan, still the Gezira Project is the most successful.
The main reason for the success of the Gezira Project is its soil. The clay allows the construction of canals which do not require expensive concrete. In addition, the Gezira area slopes downward towards the north and west. This makes the siting of the canal system relatively easy. Furthermore, a slight ridge runs from Hag village to Masid village along the eastern edge of the project.

3．
Example：
For one thing, celebrities don’t have the privacy an ordinary person has. The most personal details of their lives are printed all over the front pages of newspapers and magazines. Even a celebrity’s family is thrown into the spotlight….
In addition, celebrities are under constant pressures. Their physical appearance is always under observation. Famous women, especially, suffer from the “she really looks old” or the “boy, has she put on weight” spotlight…
Most important, celebrities must deal with the stress of being in constant danger. The friendly grabs, hugs, and kisses of enthusiastic fans can quickly turn into uncontrolled attacks on a celebrity’s hair, clothes, and car….

Practice 1
Exercise 1
You have probably heard about the alchemists who for centuries tried to turn plain lead into gold. They failed because gold is completely different from lead. Transforming carbon into diamonds, however, is not illogical at all. This change takes place in nature, so it should be possible to make it happen in the laboratory.
It should be possible, but for one hundred and fifty years efforts failed. During this period, none the less, several people believed that they had solved the diamond riddle. One of these was a French scientist who produced crystals that seemed to be the real thing. After the man’s death, however, a curious rumour began to go the rounds. The story told that one of the scientist’s assistants had simply put tiny pieces of genuine diamonds into the carbon mixture. He was bored with the work, and he wanted to make the old chemist happy.
Exercise 2
In 1889, when the British occupied Sudan, their first aim was to find land for planting cotton because many textile industries in England at that time needed cotton. After a serious study by the English agricultural experts, the Gezira area was chosen for the establishment of an agricultural project. The choice was excellent; even today, although there are now other agricultural schemes in Sudan, still the Gezira Project is the most successful.
The main reason for the success of the Gezira Project is its soil. The clay allows the construction of canals which do not require expensive concrete. In addition, the Gezira area slopes downward towards the north and west. This makes the siting of the canal system relatively easy. Furthermore, a slight ridge runs from Hag village to Masid village along the eastern edge of the project.

Practice 2
Exercise 1
By using various means of subordination (participial phrase, appositive, subordinate clause, etc,) combine or revise the following sentences in each group into one smooth sentence.
1) Engineers reported that a tunnel would be more practical than a bridge. The City Commission authorized the construction of a tunnel.
2) The boys were caught in a sudden rainstorm, and they took refuge in a haystack.
3) We made the runways at the London Airport longer. Our purpose in doing this is to enable the big jets land.
4) Mr. Sampson’s will named his secretary as principal beneficiary and his business partner as executor. The will disappointed his relatives. They had expected to find themselves in one or the other of those positions.
5) His sister was calling for help, and she sounded hysterical.
6) Helen did not want another extracurricular job. She accepted the presidency of the Girls’ Athletic Association. She was more interested in sports than in anything else.
7) He told me to look in the unabridged dictionary, and it was on his desk.
8) The students complained that they could not study in Miss Baker’s study hall. There was too much confusion. They did not realize that they themselves were responsible for the confusion.
9) The nuts vary in height. They measure from ten to fifteen feet in diameter. They contain no modern conveniences.
10) My uncle noticed the frightened look on my face, and he told me that the snake was not a real one.
Exercise 2
This exercise consists of stringy sentences. Revise the sentences by subordination, division into more than one sentence, and reduction of co-ordinate clauses to a compound predicate. Get rid of the monotonous use of and and so. You may add a few words of your own if the words will help you to improve the sentences.

1) The story begins with a family that came over from Europe years ago, and they started West in a wagon train, but they had trouble with their wagon, so they told their friends to go ahead, but then it was hard to find the wagon train again out on the prairie.
2) You have an hour for lunch, so you plow through the crowds and finally get pushed into a cheap hamburger stand, and then you wait a half hour for a seat and another twenty minutes for them to kill and warm the meat, and you get back to work five minutes late, so you get a scolding from the boss.
3) I asked Sue for a date, but she had already accepted an invitation, so I asked Barbara, but she had heard that I had asked Sue first, so she wouldn’t go with me.
4) The next morning most roads were impassable, so there was hardly anyone in school, so we were given a holiday.

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