高中英语语法大全.pdf

词法第1章主谓一致一.概念：主谓一致是指：1）语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3）就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。例如：There is muc h water in the thermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：Ten thousand tons of c oal were produc ed last year.二.相关知识点精讲1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如：Reading and writing are very important.读写很重要。注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓 语动词用单数，and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.钢铁工业对我们的 生活有重要意义。典型例题The League sec retary and monitor _ asked to make a speec h at the meeting.A.is B.was C.are D.were答案B.注：先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.,Co 本题易误选D,因为The League sec retary and monitor好象是两个人，但仔细辨别，monitor 前没有the,在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and相 连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B2.主谓一致中的靠近原则1）当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如：There is a pen,a knife and several books on the desk.桌上有一支笔、一把小刀 和几本书。There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the c lass.班上 有二十个男孩，二十三个女孩。2）当eitheror与neithernor,连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持 一致。如果句子是由here,there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语 一致。例如：Either you or she is to go.不是你去，就是她去。Here is a pen,a few envelops and some paper for you.给你笔、信封和纸。3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致当主语有 with,together with,like,exc ept,but,no less than,as well as 等词组 成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如：The teac her together with some students is visiting the fac tory.教师和一些 学生在参观工厂。1He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。4.谓语需用单数的情况1）代词eac h以及由every,some,no,any等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有 eac h,eve。时，谓语需用单数。例如：Eac h of us has a tape-rec order.我们每人都有录音机。There is something wrong with my watc h.我的表坏了。2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.天方夜谭是英语 爱好者熟悉的一本书。3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。例如：Three weeks was allowed for making the nec essary preparations.用三个星期来 做准备。Ten yuan is enough.十兀够了。5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数1）代词 what,whic h,who,none,some,any,more,most,all 等词的单复数由其指代 的词的单复数决定。例如：All is right.一切顺利。All are present.人都到齐了。2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family,audienc e,c rew,c rowd,c lass,c ompany,c ommittee等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的 各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如：His family isn，t very large.他家成员不多。His family are music lovers.他家个个都是音乐爱好者。但集合名词people,polic e,c attle,poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如：Are there any polic e around?附近有警察吗？3）有些名词，如 variety,number,population,proportion,majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。例如：A number of+名词复数+复数动词。The number of+名词复数+单数动词。A number of books have lent out.The majority of the students like English.6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况1）用 half of,most of,none of,heaps of,lots of,plenty of 等引起主语时，谓语 动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如：Most of his money is spent on books.他大部分的钱化在书上了。Most of the students are taking an ac tive part in sports.大部分学生积极参 与体育运动。2）用 a portion of,a series of,a pile of,a panel of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通 常用单数。例如：A series of ac c idents has been reported.媒体报道了一连串的事故。A pile of lots was set beside the hearth.炉边有一堆木柴。3）如many a或more than one所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由 more than-of作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如：Many a person has read the novel.许多人读过这本书。2More than 60 perc ent of the students are from the c ity.百分之六十多的学生来 自这个城市。三.巩固练习()1.The number of people invited absent for different reasons.A.were,was B.C.was,were D.()2.E-mail,as well as telephones,c ommunic ation.fifty,but a number of themwas,waswere,were an important part in dailyC.A.C.is playing are playingB.have playedD.play()3._grass.of the land in that distric t _ c overed with trees andA.Two fifth,is B.Two fifth,areC.Two fifths,is D.Two fifths,are()A.4.Ten minutes _ a long time for one who waits,seem B.seemsseemedD.are seemed()5.Eric is the only one of the boys;who a driving lic ense.(A.C.has B.haveis having D.are having)6.Joy and Sorrow next-door neighbours.(A.is B.are C.were D.be)7.In my opinion,some of the news unbelievable.(A.are B.is C.)8.When the United Nationshas been D.have been;founded?(A.is B.are C.)9.Every possible means.was D.were(A.C.A.has triedwas tried)10.What she says and does _was B.were)11.There a dic tionary andB.has been triedD.were tried nothing to do with me.C.has D.haveseveral books on the desk.(A.A.C.are B.must)12.Nobody_seen the film,but Tom and Jac k have but my friends has)13.No teac her and no studentC.have been D.isIt s a pity.B.exc ept Tom and Jac k haveD.but I have(A.C.are admitted B.is admittedare admitting D.is admitting)14.All but one here just now.(A.is B.was C.has been D.were)15.When and where to build the new fac tory _ yet.3(to(A.is not dec idedC.has not dec ided)16.The writer and singerA.isB.areC.were)talk)B.D.here.the(are not dec idedhave not dec idedD.do17.As I have a meeting at four,ten minuteswith you.A.are B.wasC.isD.were18.exam.A.C.)19.A.C.20.In those days John with his c lassmatesB.arcwasD.wereall that I c an sparekept busy preparing for-No,mine Is it,is Is it,are The SmithofA.C.21.c ountriesA.C.theirwere,were,Whatare,are,oldyour c lothes?hanging over there.s family,whic h houses.werewasB.D.Are these,Are these,rather aB.was,D.was,waswerearelarge one,very fondthe teac her and the students want to say beautiful.that either of theareB.is,isD.is,are()22.He is the only one of the students whoa winner of sc holarshipfor three years.A.isB.are)sports()()C.have beenD.has been23.of mybrothers arereporters.Covering events,meetings,ormeetings A.Eac h,areC.Neither,aretheir duty.24.ItA.value25.What doyou think ofs rather high.Y ouB.c ostAre the two answersNo,A.no one isC.neither isc orrec t.B.Both,isD.None,is the of the c oat?c an buy a c heaper one in that shop.C.pric e D.use c orrec t?B.both are notD.either is not26.The wind,together with rain and fog,making sailing diffic ult.A.have beenC./B.wasD/are四.答案l.C 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.C11.D12.C 13.B 14.D 15.A 16.A 17.C 18.C 19.B 20.D 21.B22.D23.4B 24.C 25.C 26.B第2章动词的时态一.概念：时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是 通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态，但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般 现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过 去完成时,英在完成时和现在完成进行时.二.相关知识点精讲1.一般现在时的用法1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every-,sometimes,at，on Sunday0例如：I leave home for sc hool at 7 every morning.每天早上我七点离开家。2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：The earth moves around the sun.地球绕太阳转动。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国东部。3）表示格言或警句。例如：Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在 时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：I dont want so muc h.我不要那么多。Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。比较：Now I put the sugar in the c up.把糖放入杯子。I am doing my homework now.我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现 在时。2.一般过去时的用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982 等。例如：Where did you go just now?刚才你上哪儿去了?2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：When I was a c hild,I often played football in the street.我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。Whenever the Browns went during their visit,they were given a warm welc ome.那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。3）句型:It is time for sb.to do sth”到.时间了“该.了。例如:It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。It is time that sb.did sth.”时间已迟了“早该.了，例如 It istime you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。would（had）rather sb.did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事。例如：Id 5rather you c ame tomorrow.还是明天来吧。4）wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过 去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些。比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）Mrs.D arby lived in Kentuc ky for seven years.（含义：达比太太已不再住 在肯塔基州。）Mrs.D arby has lived in Kentuc ky for seven years.（含义：现在还住在肯 塔基州，有可能指刚离去）注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1）动词 want,hope,wonder,think,intend 等。例如：D id you want anything else?您还要些什么吗？I wondered if you c ould help me.能不能帮我一下。2）情态动词c ould,would。例如：Could you lend me your bike?你的自行车，能借用一些吗？3.一般将来时1）shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：Whic h paragraph shall I read first?我先读哪一段呢？Will you be at home at seven this evening?今晚七点回家好吗？2）be going to+不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow?明天打 算作什么呢？b.计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produc ed next montho 这出戏下月开播。c.有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark c louds,there is going to be a storm.看那乌云，快要下雨了。3）be+不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：We are to disc uss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4）be about to+不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：He is about to leave for Beijing.他马上要去北京。注意：be about to do不能与tomorrow,next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连 用。4.一般现在时表将来1）下列动词c ome,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时可以表示将 来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火车明天上午六点开。When does the bus star?It stars in ten minutes.汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。2）以here,there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：Here c omes the bus.=The bus is c oming.车来了。There goes the bell.=The bell is ringing.铃响了。3）在时间或条件句中。例如：When Bill c omes（不是 will c ome）,ask him to wait for me.比尔来后，让 6他等我。r 11 write to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里，就写信给你。4）在动词hope,take c are that,make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：I hope they have a nic e time next week.我希望他们下星期玩得开心。Make sure that the windows are c losed before you leave the room.离开房间 前，务必把窗户关了。5.用现在进行时表示将来下列动词c ome,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return等现在进行时可以表示将 来。例如：Im leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。Are you staying here till next week?你会在这儿呆到下周吗？6.现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可 表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have（has）+过去分词。7.比较一般过去时与现在完成时1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为 过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday,last week,ago,inl980,in Oc tober,just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。现在完成时的时间状语：for,sinc e,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,in past years,always等，皆不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语：this morning,tonight,this April,now,already,rec ently,lately 等。3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live,teac h,learn,work,study,know.。一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有c ome,go,leave,start,die,finish,bec ome,get marr i ed 等。例如:I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了）I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了）Who hasnt handed in his paper?（强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）He has been in the League for three years.（在团内的状态可延续）He has been a League member for three years.（是团员的状态可持续）句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday,last,week,in I960）时，不能使 用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.8.用于现在完成时的句型1）It is the first/sec ond time.that结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例 如：It is the first time that I have visited the c ity.这是我第一次访问这城市。This is the first time（that）Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。7注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.2)This is+形容词最高级+that结构，that从句要用现在完成时。例如：This is the best film that Ive(ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。9.过去完成时1)概念：表示过去的过去|-1-1-其构成是had+过去分词构成。那时以前 那时 现在2)用法a.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：She said(that)she had never been to Paris.她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。b.状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般 过去时。例如：When the polic e arrived,the thieves had run away.警察到达时，小偷们早 就跑了。c.表示意向的动词，如 hope,wish,expec t,think,intend,mean,suppose 等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能例如：We had hoped that you would c ome,but you didn，t.那时我们希望你能来，但 是你没有来。3)过去完成时的时间状语 before,by,until,when,after,onc e,as soon as。例如：He said that he had learned some English before.他说过他以前学过一些英 语。By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to make a living by himself.到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。10.用一般过去时代替过去完成时1)两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then,and,but等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：When she saw the mouse,she sc reamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。2)两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完 成时。例如：When I heard the news,I was very exc ited.3)叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：Our teac her told us that Columbus disc overed Americ a in 1492.11.将来完成时1)构成 will have done2)概念a.状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。b.动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经8验。例如：Y ou will have reac hed Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此时，你已经到达 上海了 12现在进行时现在进行时的基本用法：a.表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：We are waiting for you.我们正在等你。b.习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr.Green is writing another novel.他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）c.表示渐变，这样的动词有：get,grow,bec ome,turn,run,go,begin等。例如：The leaves are turning red.叶子在变红。Its getting warmer and warmer.天越来越热了。d.与always,c onstantly,forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状 态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：Y ou are always c hanging your mind.你老是改变主意。13.过去进行时1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短 动作发生。3）常用的时间状语有 this morning,the whole morning,all day yesterday,from nine to ten last evening,when,while 等。例如：My brother fell while he was riding his bic yc le and hurt himself.我兄弟 骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。It was raining when they left the station.他们离开车站时，正下着雨。When I got to the top of the mountain,the sun was shining.我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。14.将来进行时1）概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：She，11 be c oming soon.她会很快来的。I（11 be meeting him sometime in the future.将来我一定去见他。注意：将来进行时不用于表示意志，不能说I 11 be having a talk with her.2）常用的时间状语有 soon,tomorrow,this evening,on Sunday,by this time,tomorrow,in two days,tomorrow evening 等。例如：By this time tomorrow,Ill be lying on the beac h.明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。15.一般现在时代替一般将来时When,while,before,after,till,onc e,as soon as,so long as,by the time,if,in c ase（that）,unless,even if,whether,the moment,the minute,the day,the year,immediately等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing.他一到北京，就 去看他姨妈。16.一般现在时代替一般过去时1）书上说，报纸上说等。例如：The newspaper says that its going to be c old tomorrow.报纸上说明天会彳艮冷 9的。2)叙述往事，使其生动。例如：Napoleon,s army now advanc es and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在 向前挺进，大战开始了 17.一般现在时代替现在完成时1)有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如hear,tell,learn,write,understand,forget,know,find,say,remember 等。例如：I hear(=have heard)he will go to London.我听说了他将去伦敦。I forget(=have forgotten)how old he is.我忘了他多大了。2)用句型“It issinc e”代替It has beensinc e”。例如：It is(=has been)five years sinc e we last met.从我们上次见面以来，五年 过去了。18.一般现在时代替现在进行时。在Here c omes/There goes等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如：There goes the bell.铃响了。19.现在进行时代替将来时1)表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如：Are you staying with us this weekend?和我们一起度周末好吗？We are leaving soon.我们马上就走。2)渐变动词,如get,run,grow,bec ome,begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如：He is dying.他要死了。20.时态一致1)如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实，则用现在时。例如：At that time,people did not know that the earth moves.那时，人们不知道地球 是动的。He told me last week that he is eighteen,上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。2)宾语从句中的，助动词ought,need,must,dare的时态是不变的。例如：He thought that I need not tell you the truth.他认为我不必告诉你真相。三.巩固练习：1、I,11 give the book to him as soon as he bac k.2、Has the baby c rying yet?(stop)3、I don t know whether Mother me to Beijing next month,(take)4、She on her c oat and went out.(put)5、“What are they doing?”They ready for the sports meeting.v(get)6、The boy asked his mother him go and play basketball,(let)7、I,m sorry to keep you for a long time,(wait)8、It(take)him half an hour(finish)his homework yesterday.9、If it an interesting film,we 11 see it tomorrow,(be)10、They usually (do)their homework after supper.1011、Listen!Who(sing)in the next room now?12(be)your parents in Shanghai last year?13、Mr.Yu(teach)us maths sinc e 1982.14、They will have a trip to the Great Wall if it (not rain)tomorrow.15、Li Ming often (listen)to the radio in the morning.16 A:Father,may I go out and play football?w B:you(do)your homework?n17 All the people in the town are glad(hear)that a famous music ia