初中英语语法精讲+精练-主谓一致.docx

主谓一致

定义：主谓一致指句子的谓语动词与其主语在人称和数上必须保持一致。

主谓一致要遵循三个基本原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。

一、语法一致
语法一致指主语和谓语在语法形式上保持一致，即主语是单数形式时，谓语动词也用单数形式；主语是复数形式时，谓语动词也用复数形式。

1.单数可数名词或代词单数、不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；可数名词复数或代词复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
如：He works at a radio station.
他在广播电台工作。
The manager is going to take a dinner party tonight.
那位经理今晚将要参加晚宴。
In fact, the Internet has changed the way we communicate.
实际上，网络已经改变了我们的交流方式。

         2.由and或 both... and...连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
如：Mr. Black and Mrs. Black have a son called Mike.
  布莱克夫妇有个儿子叫迈克。
       Both Nancy and John are Grade 8 students.
  南希和约翰都是八年级的学生。

         3.用“one,every one, each one, any one, each, either,neither等+of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数 形式。
   如：Each one of the children is eager to go home.
  每个孩子都想回家。
             Neither of the students is coming to the party.
     两个学生都没有来参加聚会。

         4.不定代词either,neither,each, one, the other, another, someone, somebody,something,anyone,            anything, everyone,everybody,everything,nothing,no one.等作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
如：Everyone is good at something, but some people are truly talented.
每个人都擅长某件事，但有些人真的很有天赋。
Everything has two sides—a good one and a bad one.
任何事物都有两面性——好的一面和坏的一面
No one wants to waste time talking to someone who is not honest.
没有人愿意浪费时间与不诚实的人交谈。

         5.不定式、动名词或从句作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
 如：Making a difference means making a good change.
 有所作为意味着做出好的改变。

        6.主语后带有伴随状语with，together with, along with, as well as等时，谓语动词的数与主语保持一致。
如：The boy along with his parents goes to the science museum once a week.
这个男孩和他的父母每周去一次科学博物馆。
Trees as well as grass grow everywhere in the village.
村庄里到处都是树和草。

      7.数量词 most.rest,several, many,few，分数、百分数等+of+名词”作主语，谓语动词与of后的名词保持数的一致。如果of后的名词是单数名词不可数名词，谓语动词用单数；of后的名词是复数名词，谓语动词用复数。
如：Most of her paintings are done in watercolour.
她大部分的画都是水彩画。
Several of the guests have decided to walk home.
几个客人已经决定步行回家。
   The rest of the money was used to help poor people.
 剩下的钱被用来帮助穷人。

      8.“a number of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数；“the number of +复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
如：A number of trees were planted here last year.
去年这里种植了很多树。
The number of candles is the person's age.
蜡烛的数量是人的年龄。

      9.none作主语指代不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式；指代可数名词时，谓语动词可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。
如：Is there any water in the bottle?
瓶子里还有水吗？
No,there is none.
没有，一点也没有。(none指代water)

      10.由两部分构成的名词作主语，如：glasses, trousers,pants,shoes 等作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。如果这类词被a pair of,a kind of 等词修饰时，谓语动词的数与表示计量的词保持一致。
如：My glasses were broken.
我的眼镜坏了。
      The shoes are too big for me.
这双鞋对我来说太大了。
        The pants are dirty.They need washing.
裤子很脏。它们需要洗一洗。
        This kind of shoes is more comfortable when you are running.
当你跑步时，穿这种鞋会更舒服。

       11.在定语从句中，关系代词that,who,which 用作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。
如：This is the girl who always plays the piano in the music room.
这是经常在音乐教室弹钢琴的女生。
        The book which has a beautiful cover belongs to me.
封面很漂亮的这本书属于我。

        12.在主语和谓语倒装的句子中，动词的数应和其后面主语的数一致。
如：Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。
Such were his words.这就是他的原话。

练习一：
1.Linda and I_____discussing how to protect our eyes.(be)
2. Reading usually_____ four steps and it's not easy to finish.(include)
3. The teacher together with the students________ to have a school trip next week.(plan)
4. In China, people always invites their relatives to celebrate the festivals together.(改错)
 A                                            B                                    C                                       D
_____________________________________
5. Your trousers looks very cool. And you can try on the shoes.(改错)
       A                  B                    C             D
_____________________________________

二、意义一致
意义一致指主语和谓语动词的一致关系取决于主语的单、复数意义，而非语法上的单、复数形式。比如有时主语在形式上并非复数，但在意义上视为复数，随后的谓语动词也用复数形式，反之亦然。

1.表示时间、距离、价值、重量等的名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。
如：Three hours is not enough to finish the work.
三个小时完成这项工作是不够的。
  100 dollars has been raised.
已经筹集到了100美元。

2.集体名词作主语，如果指整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果指具体成员，谓语动词用复数形式。
如：The family are all early risers.
她家的人都喜欢早起。（指家里具体成员）
         The family now lives in Paris.
那家人现在住在巴黎。（指家这一整体概念）

3.表示复数意义的集体名词，如people，police，cattle 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
如：The police are looking for the lost boy.
警察正在寻找这个失踪的男孩。
         People wear different traditional clothes all around the world.
世界各地的人们穿不同的传统服饰。

4.复数形式、单数意义的名词，如：news, maths, physics, politics，electronics 等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
如：Physics is a little difficult for me.
物理对我来说有点难。
        The good news is that we will have seven days off.
好消息是我们将有七天的假。

5.单复数同形的名词，如sheep, fish, deer, means, species, series，craft等作主语,谓语动词要根据句意来确定。表示单数意义时，谓语动词用单数，反之用复数。
如：Every means has been tried to find the truth.
为了找到真相，每种方法都试过了。
        The means of communication between here and outside are interrupted.
  这里同外界的交流方式都被中断了。

6.“the+形容词/分词”表示一类人作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；表示一类事物或抽象概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。
如：The old need to be taken care of.
老人需要被照顾。
        The beautiful gives pleasure to all.
美好的事物给所有人带来快乐。
        The new is sure to replace the old.
新事物一定会代替旧事物。

7.the+姓氏复数”表示“一家人或夫妇二人”作主语时，谓语动词应用复数形式。
如：The Greens are going to have a picnic on the weekend.
格林先生一家人打算这个周末去野餐。
        The Smiths are coming to dinner.
史密斯一家将要去赴宴。

8.由and连接的并列成分作主语时，并列成分如果指同一个人、事物或者概念(and后无冠词），谓语动词用单数形式。
如：The scientist and doctor is going to give us some advice on keeping healthy.
   （一人身兼两职）
这位科学家兼医生将会给我们一些关于保持健康的建议。

(有些由and 连接的名词，由于关系密切常被视为一个整体，因此用作主语时，谓语动词用单数。)
如：Bread and milk is her favorite breakfast.
（视为一个整体）
面包加牛奶是她最喜欢的早餐。

9.and连接的两个或多个不定式、动名词或从句作主语表示不同概念时，谓语动词用复数形式；若表示同一概念谓语动词用单数形式。
如：To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.
早睡早起是一个好习惯。
        To play basketball and to go swimming are useful for character-training.
打篮球和游泳对于性格的塑造都是有用的。

10.“each...and each.... ,“every... and every...”和no...and no...”类结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数
如：Every boy and every girl has the right to get education.
男孩和女孩都有受教育的权利。
        No bird and no beast is seen in the lonely island.
这座孤岛上既没有鸟也没有野兽。

11.“more than one/many a+单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
如：More than one activity was involved in this project.
这个项目涉及不止一个活动。
        Many a student wants to reduce homework.
许多学生想要减少家庭作业。

“more than one +单数名词”在There be结构中作主语，谓语动词用单复数均可。
如：There is/are more than one possible solution.
可能的解决办法不止一种。
“more+复数名词+than one"作主语，谓语动词用复数。
如：More roads than one lead to the mountain village.
= More than one road leads to the mountain village.
通往那个山村的路不止一条。

练习二：
1. No water and plant_______ seen in this desert.(be)
2. A dancer and singer_________ been invited to take part in the party.(have)
3. The young is asked to respect the old and behave politely.(改错)
       A                    B                        C                      D
______________________________
4. Three hundred and fifty pounds seem an unreasonable price for a second-hand car.(改错)
                 A                                         B                                             C              D
______________________________

三、就近一致
就近一致指谓语动词的数与邻近它的名词或代词的数一致。

1.or, either....or..., neither... nor..., not only....but also...等并列成分作主语时，谓语动词的数与最邻近的名词或代词保持一致。
如：Neither Millie nor her friends know about types of personality.
米莉和她的朋友们都不知道个性的类型。
        Not only the students but also the teacher is coming to my birthday party.
不仅学生，老师也将会来参加我的生日聚会。

2.在there/here be或“here+动词”结构中，如果有并列成分作主语时，谓语动词遵循就近一致原则。
如：There is a pen,a few books and some pieces of paper for you.
这是给你的一支钢笔、几本书和几张纸。
        Here comes a singer and two dancers.
这里来了一位歌手和两位舞蹈家。

练习三：
1. Neither I nor my brother________well in painting.(do)
2.One or two new comers________ coming this evening.(be)
3.There________a table, two chairs and three boxes in Linda's room. (be)
4.Either you or one of your students are to attend tomorrow's meeting.(改错)
     A                  B                      C                         D
___________________________
5.Not only Tom but also his friends speaks English well.(改错)
    A                            B                    C                          D
___________________________

练习：

一、单项选择。
1.As we all know, using public chopsticks_____necessary when we eat with others.
A.is          B. are     C. was
2.Ta avoid gathering(聚集)，neither the students nor their head teacher____ going to the party this evening.
A.was    B. are      C. is
3. Two weeks______ a long holiday. I advise you to make a plan for your holiday.
 A. is       B. was    C. are      D. were
4. Either you or I _____going to attend the meeting tomorrow morning. So have a rest early.
 A. am      B. was    C. are      D. were
5. Be polite to others. After all, nobody______to communicate with a man who is rude.
A. want  B. wants  C. wanted  D. will want
6. If someone_____ to cheer you up, don't be impolite to him or her.
 A. try    B. tries       C. tried        D. will try
7. Not only I but also my parents_____ going to visit my aunt this weekend.
 A. is     B. are          C. was         D. were

二、用所给词的适当形式填空。
1. Everyone except Amy and Lucy_______ playing ping-pong in the playground.(enjoy)
2. The museum is very interesting. All of us_________ to go there once again. (dream)
3. The whole family________ watching TV when someone knocked at the door.(be)
4. The famous singer and dancer_______ going to Xi'an to give a performance next week.(be)
5. Both Jim and Mike_________ to visit the Great Wall this weekend.(plan)

答案：
练习一：
1.are   2.includes   3.plans
4.B----invite  
5.A----look

练习二：
1.is     2.has
3.A----are
4.B----seems

练习三：
1.does    2.are     3.is
4.C----is   
5.C----speak

练习：
一、1-5：A C A A B
         6-7: B B

二、1.enjoys   2.dream    3.were
          4. is       5.plan