包装材料--外文翻译.doc

Packaging materials
Packaging materials change rapidly on the development of science and technology, but also promote the ever-changing shape of the packaging. The development of aluminum cans technology make the birth of pop cans; flexible packaging drinks are favored by the emergence of composite materials. Familiar with the characteristics of various packaging materials, and reasonably and science use in packaging design to design the beautiful and unique structure, is the necessary professional qualities of a packaging design people.
The design and use of packaging materials
Development today, the use of the material in packaging is very broad, from natural to artificial packaging material, from a single material to synthetic materials. In the design of the packaging material scientific, economic and applicability are usually the basic principles in the choice of materials. At present, the most commonly used packaging materials are four categories: papers, plastic, metal and glass.
1. Paper packaging materials
Paper packaging materials is one of the most widely used in packaging industry, its machining convenience, cost low and suitable for mass production mechanization, and molding and folding is well, material itself is also suitable for fine print.
(1) the type of paper packaging
Materials of paper packaging materials can basically be divided into paper, cardboard, corrugated three categories.
A. The main types of paper
Kraft paper bleaching paper cellophane
B. The main types of cardboard
Manila cardboard White Board yellow cardboard kraft paper composite processing cardboard
C. Corrugated board
Mainly by the two parallel plane paper as a page of paper, inside and outside, through the middle nip the Corrugated Roller processed into the core wave corrugated paper. Paper are glued together by the tile adhesive in the besmeared corrugated peak. Corrugated board are mainly used for boxes outside, to do for the protection of the supply chain of goods, but also smaller corrugated can be used as packaging material sales of goods or merchandise cardboard packaging to the liner and a reinforcement of the role and protection of goods .
Corrugated board are many types, such as single-sided, double-sided corrugated board and double-layer or multi-storey corrugated board.
The corrugated board-type（GB6544—86）
Type
High (m m)
Number （a/300m m）
A
4.5 ~ 5
32 ~ 36
C
3.5 ~ 4
36 ~ 40
B
2.5 ~ 3
48 ~ 52
E
1.1 ~ 2
94 ~ 98

(2) the standard of paper and cardboard paper
With the development of the paper making technical， related industry standards gradually emerge, the paper in the production, use, processing and other sectors are more standardized and internationalized.
(3) the performance of the paper and cardboard paper
To understand the performance of the paper, rational use the different characteristics of the paper, will play a big role in the ultimate visual effects in packaging design.
A. The surface of the paper:
Such as smooth, hardness, adhesion, out of the powder and so on.
B. Physical properties of the paper:
Refers to the quantitative, thickness, strength, bending, texture, softness, non-fold degree of the paper. For example, in the design of glass paste, usually the lines should be in a horizontal direction for the printing and pasting, so that bottle firmly affixed adhesive, or vertical lines are very easily deformed, foaming, loss and impact the beautiful.
C. Printing suitable of the paper:
The different qualities of printing paper will have an impact, like smooth, absorption of ink, hardness, and so out of the powder.
2. Plastic packaging materials
Since the plastic materials advent in the early 20th century, it has gradually developed into the economy, and widely used as a packaging material, the use increased and the applications field continue to expand year by year.
Plastic is a synthetic polymer materials, different with natural fibers of a polymer material, such as paper and cardboard. Polymer plastic polymers in the different ways of polymerization and composition, will form different forms, will also increase because of polymer materials heat or cool the processing environment, conditions and processing methods of the different crystalline state, and produce different results, so the final formation of a number of materials, performance of different products.
In accordance with the form used for packaging, plastic packaging materials can be divided into two major types of plastic film and plastic containers.
For its high strength, oily water-strong, high barrier of the characteristics, plastic film has developed into an extensive use of the inner packaging materials and the production bags of material. Usually, the country no more than 0.2 mm thick is made as the distinction to distinguish t sheet to film boundaries. Based on the use of the different needs, the processing methods of films have a lot of molding, but can basically be divided into single-layer materials and composites two categories.
Plastic containers are created a rigid packaging containers in the case of using the plastic as substrate, it can replace the wood, glass, metal, ceramics and other traditional materials in containers. The advantage is low cost, light weight, can be colored, easy production, chemical resistance, easy molding, and the shortcomings are not of high temperatures and poor ventilation.
Plastic containers are molded with the following several major ways: First, Extrusion, Second, injection, Blow is the third.
3. Metal packaging materials
Metal packaging materials have began to be applied in the early 19th century, initially to meet the needs of preservation of food at the long-term for the military expedition. With the development of industrialization, and the progress of manufacturing technological, metal packaging gradually become like white spoon packaging form by the people. It can be cut off from air, light, and water vapor entering and the aroma outing, confined good, anti-collision, can save food at a long time. And, with the development of the printing in iron technological, more and more beautiful appearance appear. Now commonly used in metal packaging materials mainly be tinplate Paper, aluminum and aluminum foil and composite materials.
Tinplate Paper is the first use in metal packaging materials. The history of aluminum be used in packaging is later than that of iron sheet, but it's appears make metal packaging have a big leap.
In recent years, taking into account the costs of recycling the metal cans, saving resources and other factors, the use of composite materials and the integrated use of tank are more and more attention. The composite use of plastic film, foil, kraft paper and other materials in materials containers, can reduce weight, lower prices, and empty cans are more recycling, it can used more to replace some liquid or powdered family daily necessities and food packaging.
4. Glass packaging materials
Glass has been applied as containers in the 15th and 16th century BC on the old-Egypt time, the main raw material of glass is natural ore, quartz stones, caustic soda, limestone and so on. Glass has a high degree of transparency and anti-corrosive, and are not changing the nature of materials in contact with the most chemicals. Its manufacturing process is simple, free changing shape, hardness, heat, clean and easy to clean up and have the characteristics that can be used repeatedly. Glass mainly used for food, oil, alcohol, beverages, spices, cosmetics and liquid chemical products as a packaging material, use very extensive. But Glass also has its shortcoming, such as weight, high transport cost of storage, intolerance impact.
In accordance with the composition of glass it can be divided into the following: First, the sodium glass, Second, leaded glass, silicon glass is the third boron.
Glass containers produced in accordance with the method of molding can be divided into artificial blowing, machinery blowing and extrusion.
On the top it introduces the four main applications of the current packaging materials. In addition, wood, ceramics, textiles, are also frequently used as packaging materials, especially in the packaging of native products. it also often use to a wide range of supplementary material in packaging to fixed goods and enhance the protection of the role.

包装材料
包装材料依靠科学技术的发展而日新月异地变化，同时也促进着包装形态的千变万化。铝罐技术的发展使易拉罐得以诞生；复合材料的出现使软包装饮料受到青睐。熟悉各种包装材料的特性，在包装设计中合理科学地加以运用而设计出优美独特的形态结构，是包装设计人员必备的专业素质。
包装材料的设计应用
包装发展到今天，所使用的材料是十分广泛的，从自然素材到人造包装材料，从单一材料到合成材料。在包装设计中对材料的选择则通常是以科学性、经济性、适用性为基本原则的。目前，最常用的包装材料有四大类：纸材、塑料、金属和玻璃。
1.纸包装材料
纸包装材料是包装行业中应用最为广泛的一种材料，其加工方便、成本经济，适合大批量机械化生产，而且成型性和折叠性好，材料本身也适于精美印刷。
(1)纸包装材料的种类 纸包装材料基本上可分为纸、纸板、瓦楞纸三大类。
A: 纸的主要种类
牛皮纸 漂白纸 玻璃纸
B．纸板的主要种类
马尼拉纸板 白纸板 黄纸板 牛皮纸板 复合加工纸板
C．瓦楞纸板 主要由两个平行的平面纸页作为外面纸和内面纸，中间夹着通过瓦楞辊加工成的波形瓦楞芯纸。各个纸页由涂到瓦楞楞峰的粘合剂粘合到一起。瓦楞板主要用于制做外包装箱，用以在流通环节中保护商品，也有较细的瓦楞纸可以用做商品的销售包装材料或商品纸板包装的内衬和以起到加固和保护商品的作用。
瓦楞纸板的种类很多，有单面瓦楞纸板、双面瓦楞纸板、双层及多层瓦楞纸板等。
瓦楞纸板的楞型（GB6544—86）
楞 型
楞 高(m m)
楞数（个/300m m）
A
4.5 ~ 5
32 ~ 36
C
3.5 ~ 4
36 ~ 40
B
2.5 ~ 3
48 ~ 52
E
1.1 ~ 2
94 ~ 98

(2)纸和纸板的规格 随着造纸技术的发展，相关的行业标准陆续出现，使造纸在生产、使用、加工等环节更加标准化和国际化。
(3)纸和纸板的性能 了解纸张的性能、合理利用不同纸质的特点，对包装设计最终的视觉效果会起到很大的作用。
A．纸张表面性能：指光滑度、硬度、黏合性、掉粉性等。
B．纸张物理性能：指纸的定量、厚度、强度、弯曲性、纹理走向、柔软性、耐折度等。比如说在设计玻璃瓶贴时，通常应使纸张的纹路处于水平方向进行印刷和粘贴，这样才能使瓶贴黏合牢固，否则纵向纹路很容易变形、起泡、脱落而影响美观。
C．纸张适印性能：不同的纸质会对印刷效果产生影响，像光滑度、吸墨性、硬度、掉粉度等。
2.塑料包装材料
自从20世纪初塑料材料问世以来，已逐步发展成为经济的、使用非常广泛的一种包装材料，而且使用量逐年增加，应用领域不断扩大。
塑料是一种人工合成的高分子材料，与天然纤维构成的高分子材料，如纸和纸板等不同。塑料高分子聚合时根据聚合方式和成分的不同，会形成不同的形式，也会因为高分子材料加
热或冷却的加工环境、条件和加工方法的不同使结晶状态不同，而产生不同的结果，因此最终形成了诸多材料、性能不同的产品。
塑料包装材料按照用于包装上的形式，还可以分为塑料薄膜和塑料容器两大类。
塑料薄膜以其强度高、防水防油性强、高阻隔性等特点，已发展成为使用广泛的内层包装材料和生产包装袋的材料。通常，国内把厚度不超过0．2mm作为区分片材和薄膜的界限。薄膜根据使用需求的不同，加工成型的方法也很多，基本上可分为单层材料和复合材料两大类。
塑料容器是以塑料为基材制造出的硬质包装容器，可以取代木材、玻璃、金属、陶瓷等传统材料的包装容器。其优点是成本低、重量轻、可着色、易生产、耐化学性、易成型等，缺点是不耐高温和透气性较差。
塑料容器包装的成型方法主要有下列几种：一是挤塑 二是注塑 三是吹塑
3.金属包装材料
金属材料的包装在19世纪初期开始得到应用，起初是为了满足军队远征时长期保存食物的需要。随着工业化的发展，制造技术的进步，金属包装逐渐成为深受人们喜爱白勺包装形式。它可以隔绝空气、光线、水汽的进入和香气的散出，密闭性好，抗撞击，可以长时间保存食品。并且，随着印铁技术的发展，外观也越来越漂亮。现在常用的金属包装材料主要有马口铁皮、铝及铝箔和复合材料等。
马口铁皮是最早使用的金属包装材料。 铝材用于包装的历史较铁皮要晚一些，但它的出现却使金属包装产生了大的飞跃。
近年来，考虑到金属空罐回收处理的成本，节省资源等因素，复合材料的使用以及罐体材料的综合使用越来越得到重视。在容器材料上复合使用塑料膜、铝箔、牛皮纸等材料，可以减轻容器重量、降低价格，空罐也更易回收处理，多用于替代一些液态或粉状的家庭日用品和食品的包装。
4.玻璃包装材料
玻璃作为容器早在公元前15、16世纪的古埃及时就得到了应用，玻璃的主要原材料是天然矿石、石英石、烧碱、石灰石等。玻璃具有高度的透明性及抗腐蚀性，与大多数化学品接触都不会发生材料性质的变化。其制造工艺简便，造型自由多变，硬度大，耐热、洁净、易清理，并具有可反复使用等特点。玻璃作为包装材料主要用于食品、油、酒类、饮料、调味品、化妆品以及液态化工产品等，用途非常广泛。但玻璃也有它的缺点，如重量大、运输存储成本较高、不耐冲击等。
玻璃按照成分可分为以下几种：一是钠玻璃 二是铅玻璃 三是硼矽玻璃
玻璃容器的成型按照制作方法可以分为人工吹制、机械吹制和挤压成型三种。
以上介绍了四种目前主要应用的包装材料。除此以外，木材、陶瓷、纺织品等也常被用作包装材料，特别是在土特产品的包装中经常被采用。包装中还经常会使用到各种各样的辅助材料，以起到固定商品和增强保护性的作用。

目 录

第一章 总论 1
1.1项目提要 1
1.2结论与建议 3
1.3 编制依据 4
第二章 项目建设背景与必要性 5
2.1项目背景 5
2.2 项目建设必要性 7
第三章 市场与需求预测 8
3.1 优质粮食供求形势分析 8
3.2 本区域市场需求预测 8
3.3 服务功能 10
3.4 市场竞争力和市场风险预测与对策 10
第四章 项目承担单位情况 12
4.1 基本情况 12
4.2 主要业务范围和业务能力 12
4.3 人员构成 12
4.4 主要技术成果获奖情况及转化能力 13
4.5 现有基础和技术条件 15
4.6 资产与财务状况 16
4.7 项目技术协作单位情况 16
第五章 建设规模与产品方案 17
5.1建设规模确定的原则和依据 17
5.2建设规模及服务种类 18
第六章 项目选址与建设条件 19
6.1 项目选址原则与要求 19
6.2 项目建设用地情况 19
6.3项目用地位置 20
6.4自然与资源条件 20
6.5水资源优势 21
6.6 社会经济条件 22
6.7 粮田基本情况 22
6.8项目实施的有利条件 26
6.9 对环境的影响 26
第七章 工艺技术方案和设备选型 27
7.1 工艺技术方案 27
7.2 设备选型 29
第八章 项目建设方案与建设内容 32
8.1 项目建设方案 32
8.2 项目建设内容与规模 34
第九章 环境保护与安全生产 36
9.1 环境保护 36
9.2 安全生产 36
第十章 组织管理与实施进度 38
10.1 项目组织管理 38
10.2 项目实施各阶段的管理方案 39
10.3 工程招投标方案 39
10.4 项目建成后的运行管理与机制 40
10.5 运行经费解决方案 41
10.6 实施进度 41
第十一章 投资估算与资金来源 44
11.1 投资估算 44
11.2资金来源 45
第十二章 效益分析 46
12.1 经济效益 46
12.2 社会效益 47
12.3 生态效益 47
第十三章 结论与建议 48
13.1 综合评价 48
13.2 结论意见 48
13.3 问题与建议 48