语言学导论A.doc

(完整版)语言学导论A
湖南工程学院试卷用纸 __2006__至__2007___学年第__二__学期 专业班级__________ 姓名_________ 学号_____ 共__5___页 第 1__页
（装 订 线 内 不 准 答 题）

命题教师_刘肯红_______________________审核________________________

课程名称 语言学导论 考（查）______(A卷)

适用专业班级___英语0501-0504___考试形式____（闭）

题号
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I. In each of the following sentences， there are four choices. Decide which
one would be the best choice, or best complete the  sentence。 (1'×20)
1。 ____________ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern
linguistics.
   A. Chomsky      B。 Saussure    C. Bloomfield    D. John Lyons

2. The minimal independent unit of language is _________。
   A。 phoneme      B。 word     C. morpheme    D. affix

3. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow" are __ _。
　　A。 gradable opposites B. relational opposites
　　C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms

4。 When we say ”He studies languages", Language here
means: _________.
A。 the concrete act of speaking or writing。
B. a particular variety or level of speaking or writing 。
C。 a consistent way of speaking or writing.
D。 the universal properties of all speech/writing systems, not just one particular language

5. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as _ _。
　　A. unusual B。 something to be feared。
　 C。 abnormal D. natural

6. ____________ is not an English consonant.
   A。 Labio-dental plosive    B。 Alveolar nasal    C。 velar stop D。 Dental fricative

7、 __________ is not a distinctive feature in English phonology.
   A. Nasality     B. Voicing    C. Aspiration    D. rounding

8. Site and sight are ____________。
   A. orthography     B。 homography    C。 homophony    D。 hyponymy

9。 Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stop？
A。   /p/    B. /m/    C. /b/   D. /t/

10。 Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light"。This shows:________ .
　　A。 They cannot pronounce/n/
　　B。 Interlangue interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongue
　　C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method
　　D。 They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds

11. A word with several meanings is called _________word.
　　A. a polysemous B。 a synonymous C. an abnormal D. a multiple

12 。 The function of the sentence “A nice day， isn‘t it ”is ________.
　 　A。 informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative

13。 ____________ is a phenomenon that in some speech communities two varieties of a language exist sides by side， with each having a different role to play。
   A。 Bilingualism    B。 Diglossia    C. Pidgin     D。 Creole

湖南工程学院试卷用纸 专业班级____________ 姓名______________ 学号______ 共___5___页 第___2___页
(装 订 线 内 不 准 答 题）

14. The Indirect Speech Act was developed by __________.
  A. John Austin    B. Levinson    C. John Lyons    D. John Searle.

15。 The totality of linguistic varieties possessed by an individual constitutes his _________。
A。 register     B. linguistic repertoire    C. idiolect     D. dialect

16. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in _________ and vocabulary。
A。 usage B。 grammar C. pronunciation D。 structure

17．If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _________。
A。 prescriptive B。 analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic

18. The semantic components of the word “gentleman" can be expressed as __________。
　 A. +animate,+male,+human，—adult
　 B。 +animate,+male，+human，+adult
　 C。 +animate，-male，+human，-adult
　　D. +animate，-male，+human,+adult

19。 Which of the following can be called “rhymed”？
A. cat/dog     B。 life/knife     C. stake/stood      D。 take/took

20. Applied Linguistics became a science
a） in the latter half the 19th century         b) in the first quarter of the 19thcentury
c） in the forties of the 20thcentury          d） in the sixties of the 20thcentury

II。 Tell true statements from false. Write T for true  statements and F for false ones。 (1’×10）
(      ） 21。 In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.

(      ） 22。 In English， long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i：/，the larynx is in a state of tension。

（      ） 23. A compound is the combination of only two words。

（      ） 24。 “The student" in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”, and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student。” belong to the same syntactic category.

(      ) 25。 Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense。

(    ) 26。 An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation。 That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.

(      ） 27。 The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is non-conventional and not arbitrary。

(      ） 28。 Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist， just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.

湖南工程学院试卷用纸 专业班级____________ 姓名______________ 学号______ 共___5___页 第___3___页
（装 订 线 内 不 准 答 题）

（      ） 29. If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on。

（      ) 30. When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them。

III. Fill in the blanks with proper words, the initial of which has been provided
for you. (1’×10）
31. In the course of time,  the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies, such as sociology and psychology。

32。 Clear ［l］ and dark［l ］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/。They never take the same position in sound combinations， thus they are said to be in  c________ distribution.

33. A r________ is often seen as part of a word， but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear， definite meaning.

34。 A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other。

35。That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms。

36。 While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________ is concrete and context—dependent.

37。 Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian，  with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________。

38。 In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies， b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.

39. The brain's neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________， which is specific to human beings.

40。 In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________。

IV。 Define the following terms: （3’×10）

41. LINGUISTICS：

42. SYNTAX：

43. ARBITRARINESS：

44。 BILINGUALISM：

45. STEM:

湖南工程学院试卷用纸 专业班级____________ 姓名______________ 学号______ 共___5___页 第___4___页
（装 订 线 内 不 准 答 题）

46. HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE：

47. MAXIM OF QUALITY

48. BLENDING:

49。 SOCIOLECT：

50。 NAMING THEORY

V. Write two short passages about the following two topics and show your insight into them. (15’×2)
51. What are the main causes of language change？

52。 Make a brief introduction to Saussure and his contributions to modern linguistics。

湖南工程学院答卷用纸 ___2006___至___2007___学年第__二___学期 专业班级________ 姓名__________ 学号_____ 共__5___页 第__5__页
(装 订 线 内 不 准 答 题）

命题教师_____刘肯红___________________审核________________________

课程名称 语言学导论 考（查）______（A卷）

适用专业班级___英语0501—0504___考试形式____（闭）

题号
一
二
三
四
五
六
七
八
九
十
总分

计分

I. In each of the following sentences, there are four choices。 Decide which
one would be the best choice， or best complete the  sentence。 （1’×20)
1—-20：
II。 Tell true statements from the false。 Write T for true  statements and F for false ones。 (1’×10）
21——30：
III. Fill in the blanks with proper words， the initial of which has been provided for you。 （1’×10)
31-—40
IV。 Define the following terms: （3'×10）
41：

42：

43:

44：

45:

46:

47：

48：

49：

50

V. Write two short passages about the following two topics and show your insight into them。 (15'×2)
51:

52
湖南工程学院试卷参考答案及评分标准 专业班级 英语0501—0505 命题老师 刘肯红 __2006____至__2007___学年 第___二___学期

（装 订 线 内 不 准 答 题）

课题名称：________语 言 学 导 论____A卷__________

I. In each of the following sentences， there are four choices. Decide which
one would be the best choice， or best complete the  sentence。 （1’×20)
1。 B. 2. C. 3。 B. 4。 D。 5. D. 6. A。 7. A. 8. C. 9. A。 10。B. 11.A. 12。B。 13. B。 15。B。 16.C 17.C。 18。B 19.B。 20.C.
（评分标准：本题共二十小题，共计二十分。每选择一个正确答案，得一分。多选、错选、漏选不给分）
II. II。 Tell true statements from the false. Write T for true  statements and F for false ones。 （1'×10)
21.F 22.T 23F 24。T。 25.F. 26.T 27.F 28。T 29。T 30.F
(评分标准：本题共十小题，每题一分.每正确判断一题得一分，误判、漏判不给分)
III. III. Fill in the blanks with proper words, the initial of which has been provided for you. (1'×10）
31。 social 32。 complementary    33. root  34。 complex  35。 complementary  36。 utterance 37。 metathesis 38。 bilingualism 39。lateralization    40.transfer
（评分标准：本题共5小题，十空,每空一分。错填漏填不计分)
IV. IV。 Define the following terms： （3’×10）
41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
42。 SYNTAX: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax。
43。 ARBITRARINESS： It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
44。 BBILINGUAL: It refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers， such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation。
45。 STEM: the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added
46。 HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE： The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent，such as NP and VP。
47。 MAXIM OF QUALITY: Do not say what you believe to be false or without adequate evident
48。 BLENDING： A process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words。
49。 SOCIOLECT： A variety of languages used by a social class.
50。 NAMING THEORY： The words of a language are labels of the objects they stand for
（评分标准：本题共10小题，每小题3分.答题不完整酌情给分)

V. Write two short passages about the following two topics and show your insight into them。 (15’×2)
51.（1）Sound assimilation is the physiological effect of one sound on another。 It may cause loss of vowels or consonants, vowel nasalization and morphological and lexical changes. (2) Rule simplification and regularization are a type of spontaneous morphological rule change involving exceptional plural forms of nouns。 For example， many English speakers tend to ignore the exceptional plural rules, just producing plural nouns such as “hoofs" instead of “hooves”. （3) Internal borrowing caused by the need to lessen the burden on memory。 For example, by analogy to the pairs “reap/reaped” and “seem/seemed”, English speakers are heard saying “He sweeped the floor.” (4) Elaboration is motivated by the need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness. For example， Modern English has a stricter word order than Old English did. (5) Sociological triggers refer to those radical socio-political changes that lead to vigorous language changes. A typical example in the history of English is the Norman Conquest, a military event that marked the dawning of the Middle English period。 (6) The continual process of cultural transmission across generations is another cause of language change。 For example， while old people tend to call a refrigerator “icebox”， the younger generation is more often heard speaking of a “fridge” as they have the desire to sound different from the older generation。 （7) Children’s approximation toward the adult grammar constitutes another basic cause for language change. Children tend to acquire the simplified and regularized expressions, thus giving rise to language change in the long run。 （本题15分。每小点2分，卷面行文计1分)

52. Saussure （1857-1913）is often described as “father of modern
linguistics” and “ a master of a discipline which he made modern”. From 1907 to 1911, he lectured in the University of Geneva。 After his death in 1913, his lecture notes were collected and published in 1916 with the title Course in General Linguistics.(3’)
Saussure’s contributions are:
a. he built the panoramic structures of general linguistics, which includes internal linguistics (which studies the forms， contents and the internal structure of the language system） and external linguistics (which studies the social， historical and cultural aspects concerning language)。（3’）
b. Distinguished synchronic and diachronic linguistics.（2’)
c. Distinguished langue and parole。（2’)
d. Pointed out that language is system of vocabulary ，grammar and sound. And every linguistic item finds its identity through the identity of others.(2'）
e. Sign theory。 A sign is the union of form （signifier) and idea (signified).（2’)