直接引语倒装.doc

所谓完全倒装，就是将谓语动词置于主语前。完全倒装一般具有以下两个条件：谓语动词是单个(即不带情态动词、助动词或be)的不及物动词，且只限于一般现在时或一般过去时；主语只能是名词。一、以here等副词开头引出的完全倒装在描述情景时，为了使景象更生动，有时把here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, off, away等方向性副词作为句子开头，句子用完全倒装。此时，句子主语必须是名词；谓语动词通常是be, come, go, run, rush, fly, follow, fall等表示位移的不及物动词，且为一般时态；其中的here, there不是表示地点，而是用以引起对方注重。如：Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。There goes the bell. 铃响了。Here are some advertisements about cars. 这儿是几则有关汽车的广告。二、以表语或状语开头引出的完全倒装有时为了强调或者为了使句子平衡或者为了使上下文连接得更加紧密，就将表语和地点状语(多为介词短语)置于句首，谓语动词也常置于主语前，构成完全倒装。如：Among the people was a man named Brown. 在这些人中有一个叫布朗的人。On the top of the hill stands an old temple. 这山顶上有一座庙。三、there be 结构及其变体的完全倒装There is a tall tree in front of the house. 这房子前面有一棵树。注：在there be结构中，可以代替be的还有以下动词：live, lie, stand, appear, rise, remain, happen, come, go等。如：Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. 从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一个老人。四、直接引语放在句首引起的完全倒装若直接引语的部分或全部放在句首，并且说话人是名词时，将say或ask置于说话人前，构成完全倒装。如：“Are you ready?” asked the teacher. “预备好了没有？”老师问道。“It is unbelievable!”said Alfred Butts. 阿尔弗雷德布滋说，“这真叫人难以置信！”直接引语放句首时，有时用倒装；谓语动词另有宾语时，不倒装。例如：“I shall not scold you.” said the man, “you are punished enough now.”“You have done a good job”, our teacher said to us.英语中的语序通常是主语在前，谓语动词在后。所谓倒装就是把动词放在主语之前。这种情况出现在疑问句中，也出现在其他一些特殊情形下。28.1两种倒装(Twotypesofinversion)倒装一般分为两种，即主谓倒装和主语/功能词倒装。28.1.1主谓倒装(Subject-verbinversion)主谓倒装，又称为全部倒装（Fullinversion），即把整个谓语动词放在主语之前。这一类倒装主要出现于地点状语后面，saidJohn,answeredPeter等有直接引语的结构中以及表语提前的情况下。例如：-Atthefarendoftheroomstoodatallpoliceman.-“Iloveyou,”whisperedJohn.-Completelydifferentisthelaststory.28.1.2主语/功能词倒装(Subject-operationinversion)这种倒装又称为部分倒装，即把功能词(助动词或情态动词)放在主语之前，动词的其余部分依然在主语之后。如果句中没有助动词或情态动词，则要加一个助动词do,does或did。例如：-Hehadnomoney,nordidheknowanyonehecouldborrowfrom.-Onnoaccountmustthisswitchbetouched.-OnlybychancedidIhearthathermotherhaddied.-Wereshealivetoday,shewouldgrieveatthechanges.28.2在以neither,nor,so等开始的句子中(Sentencesbeginningwithneither,nor,so,etc.)用neither,nor和so引导的句子表达某人、某事或某种情况与刚才提到的相同，在这种情况下必须要用倒装。neither,nor表示“也不”；so表示“也如此”。这种倒装是部分倒装。-“Ididntgetmuchsleeplastnight.”“Neither/NordidI.”-“Myhusbandnevertouchesadrying-upcloth.”“Neitherdoesmine.”-Herefusedtoapologize.Neither/Norwouldheofferanyexplanation.-Allthestudentswereobviouslyverymiserable.Norweretheteacherssatisfiedwiththeconditionsattheschool.-JohnsawtheaccidentandsodidMary.-ShewasangryandsowasI.请比较下面两句中so和neither/nor表达截然不同的意思。-Thecornisripening,andsoaretheapples.-Thecornisntripening,andneither/noraretheapples.请注意： 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a.so放在句首也可以用来表达另外一种意思，即对于别人讲的情况加以肯定，表示附和。在这种情况下，不用倒装。请比较：-“Youvespilledcoffeeonyourdress.”“Oh,dear.SoIhave.”(哎哟，真的呀。)-Youvespilledcoffeeonthetable,andsohaveI.(=,andIvespilledcoffeeonthetable,too.)-“ThatsIsabel,look!”“Soitis!”(就是她)-“Imhavingatoothouttomorrow.”“SoamI.”(=,Iamhavingatoothouttomorrow,too.)-Youaskedmetoleave,andsoIdid.(你叫我走，我就走了。)-Youaskedhimtoleave,andsodidI.（你叫他走，我也叫他走啊。）b.neither虽然放句首，但是其中心词作句子主语时，不用倒装。例如：-Neitherofthemwantedtostay.c.Neithernor句型中的nor分句也应该用倒装。如：-Samneitherhaslonghair,nordoeshewearjeans.-Marywasneitherhappy,norwasshesad.-Theyhaveneitherrepliedtomyletters,norhavetheyansweredmytelephonecalls.28.3在以否定副词（如hardly,never等）开始的句子中(Sentencesbeginningwithnegativeadverbexpressions:hardly,never,etc.)|在正式文体中，许多表达否定意义的副词或状语词组可以放在句首。在这种情况下，必须用部分倒装。表达否定意义的副词和词组常见的有seldom,rarely,scarcely,hardly,never,few,little,invain,much/even/stillless,以及含有no/not的词组/句型如nosooner(than),onnoaccount,innocircumstances,innoway,bynomeans,atnotime,nolonger,notuntil,nowhere等等。例如：-SeldomhadIseensuchconfusion.-Neverinhistoryhadtechnologymadesuchspectacularadvances.-HardlyhadIarrivedwhenaquarrelbrokeout.-Nosoonerwasshebackathomethansherealizedhermistake.-Atnotimewastheentranceleftunguarded.-Nottillhegothomedidherealizethathehadlostit.-Onnoaccountmustthisswitchbetouched.-Innocircumstancesmustthedoorbeleftopen.-InnowaycanMrs.Pethersbeheldresponsible.-Tonoonewilltheyadmittheirguilt.注意，如果位于句首的这种否定词/词组是作句子主语，句子不需要倒装。如：-LittlehelpcanbeexpectedfromPeter.-Notasinglewordthathesaidentitlesyoutomakethataccusation.-Nohonestmanwouldlie.-Notmanypeoplecametotheparty. 28.4在以表示地点或方向的副词（如here,there,down,away等）开始的句子中(Sentencesbeginningwithadverbsofpositionanddirection:here,there,down,away,etc.)当表示地点或方向的副词位于句首时，句子可用全部倒装。句中的谓语动词常常是come,lie,stand,walk,live等不及物动词或是系动词be。在文学性和描写性文章中采用这类倒装主要是为了使其更加生动，而把主语置于句末则是为了使之成为信息中心。-Downfelladozenapples.-Awaygoesmychanceofwinning!-Inwalkedamandressedinablackgown.-Nexttoitstoodapileofpapercups.-AfewmilesfurtheronliestheenchantingsuburbofBalham,gatewaytotheSouth.-Overthebridgemarchedthesoldiers.-Ontheverytopofthehilllivesahermit.以上例句也可以不用倒装而用正语序，如：-Adozenapplesfelldown.-Mychanceofwinninggoesaway.-Amandressedinablackgownwalkedin.但是如果主要动词是be时，句子总是用倒装，这时将be动词置于主语之前。例如：-Belowisarestaurant.-Nexttoitisadifferentsignwhichsayssimply“Beware”.-Alongsidehimontherostrum讲坛willbeMr.MitchellFromstein.以here,there开始的倒装句在口语中尤其多见。如：-Ah,herecomessomebodyatlast!-Theregoesyourlastchance.-Herecomesthetrain.-Theregoesthevicar(牧师).试比较here,there放句首和放在动词之后的区别：“Tomishere.”意思是“汤姆在这儿”。但是“HeresTom.”意味着他刚出现或我们刚发现他。“Tomcomeshere.”意味着他习惯于来这儿。“HerecomesTom.”则有他正在到来或刚刚到达的含义。注意：主语是代词时，此类以地点状语开始的句子不用倒装。-Hereshecomes!她来了！-Thereheis.-Awaytheywent.-Downtheyflew.-Intothestiflingsmokeweplunged.28.5在表语提前的句子中(Sentencesbeginningwithafrontedpredicative)表语（主语补语）置于句首时，句子需要全部倒装。这种倒装主要是为了达到三种目的：a.把主语置于句末使之成为信息中心，同时又可以利用句子的前一部分来设置布景。例如：-BestofallwastheChristmaspudding. b.为了使上下文联系更紧密。例如：-Hisanswerwasadisgrace;equallyregrettablewashisdepartureimmediatelyafterwards.-Herfacewasstonyandevenstonierwasthetoneofhervoice.-Ayearago,twocrashesoccurred,andmorerecentlyhascomethenewsofathird.c.避免头重脚轻（因为原句主语太长，而谓语太短。）如：-AttheheadwasDr.Bethuneonhorse-back,followedbyadonkeyloadedwithmedicalsupplies.-Justasfirmwasherdeterminationtotellthetruthaboutherexperiences.-Faintgrewthesoundofthebell.另外，出于同样的原因，有时会把状语提前，句子全部倒装。如：Withoutfearliveshewhoisdevotedtoajustcause.28.6在以only+状语开始的句子中，或是notonly(but)also句型中(Sentencesbeginningwithonly+adverb,notonly(but)also,etc.)|28.1|28.2|28.3|28.4|28.5|28.7|top|以only+状语开始的句子中，句子要部分倒装。在“notonlybutalso”句型中，notonly分句要部分倒装。这类倒装常见于正式文体中。如：-OnlyafterenteringthestoredidAnnerealizethattherewasdanger.-Onlyinthiswayisitpossibletoexplaintheiractions.-Onlyinafewcountriesdoesthewholeofthepopulationenjoyareasonablestandardofliving.-Onlybyshoutingwasheabletomakehimselfheard.-Notonlydidweloseallourmoney,butwealsocameclosetolosingourlives.-Notonlyisheill-mannered,butheisalsothelaziestandmostirresponsiblecreatureyoucouldeverhopetomeet.-Notonlydotheyrobyou,theysmasheverythingtoo.注意：如果notonly出现在句首，但它修饰的中心是句子主语，此时主语和功能词不能倒装。-Notonlyheprotested;severalothersjoinedin.28.7用于其他一些特殊句型中|28.1|28.2|28.3|28.4|28.5|28.6|top|28.7.1用于有直接引语的句型中在直接引语之后，“主语+say/ask之类的动词”可以用正语序，也可以倒装，在书面语中常用全部倒装。如：-“Whatdoyoumean?”askedHenry.（or:Henryasked.）-“Perhapsheisntabadsortofchapafterall,”remarkedDave.-“Iamawareofthat,”repliedtheEnglishman.-“Pleasegoaway,”saidonechild.“Anddontcomeback,”pleadedanother.但是，主语是代词时不用倒装。请比较：-“Whatdoyoumean?”heasked.-“Whospaying?”shoutedthefatmanatthecorner.“Youare,”Ianswered.28.7.2用于表示祝愿/意愿的句型这种祈求性虚拟语气一般只用于几种相当固定的说法中。如：-LonglivethePeoplesRepublicofChina!-Farbeitfrommetospoilthefun.“may+主语+谓语”这种结构表示一种愿望或诅咒。-Mayyoulivealongandhappylife!-Maythebestmanwin!-Mayheneversetfootinthishouseagain!-Mayyoubreakyourneck!28.7.3用于“sothat”句型中把so置于句首的情形下，需要部分倒装。如：-Soabsurddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim.-Sosuspiciousdidhebecomethat-Sovigorouslydidheprotestthattheauthoritiesreconsideredhiscase.28.7.4用于as之后，表示状态和相似倒装在文学体裁中有时出现在as之后，例如：-Shetraveledagreatdeal,asdidmostofherfriends.-Thepresentownerisakeenartcollector,aswereseveralofherancestors.-Shelooksforward,asdoeshersecretary,tothecompletionofthebuilding.28.7.5在条件和让步分句中，尤其在相当正式的用法中，可以用倒装。a.用于条件句中表达虚拟的if从句(非真实条件从句)中的if可以省略，句子呈现倒装。例如：-WereITomIwouldrefuse.(=IfIwereTom)-HadIknownwhatwasgoingtohappen,Iwouldneverhaveleftheralone.（=IfIhadknown）-Shouldyouchangeyourmind,noonewouldblameyou.(=Ifyoushouldchange)b.用于以as,though引导的表达让步的从句中在这样的分句中，句子部分倒装。如果是though作引导词，句子可以用倒装也可以不用倒装，而如果是as为引导词，则一定要用倒装。如：-Eloquentthough/asshewas,shecouldnotpersuadethem.（or:Thoughshewas