胡壮麟语言学教程(修订版)一至三单元课后名词解释中英对照.doc

(完整word版)胡壮麟语言学教程(修订版)一至三单元课后名词解释中英对照
语言学教程 chapter1-3
1. design feature: are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.
本质特征：决定了我们语言性质的特征。如任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性等等。
2. function: the use of language to communicate,to think ,etc.Language functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function, emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.
功能：运用语言进行交流、思考等等。语言的功能包括信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、感情功能。
3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic means making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.
非位的：相对于“位学的”源于美国语言学家派克对于语音学和音位学的区分。
4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via appeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.
位学的：相对于“非位的”源于美国语言学家派克对于语音学和音位学的区分。言语行为和事件中的位学系统必须是有效而有意义的，是通过言语社会中的本族语者而不仅仅是调查者的聪明和直觉获得的。
5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.
共时：以一个固定的时间（通常，但非必须，是现在）为它的观察角度的描写。大多数的语法书属于此类型。
6. diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.
历时：在语言的历史过程中研究语言。
7. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,i.e.laying down rules for language use.
规定式：规定事情应该是怎样的。如制定语言运用规则。
8. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.
描写式：描述事情是怎样的。
9. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
任意性：人类语言的本质特征之一。它指语言符号的形式与意义之间没有自然的联系。
10. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
二重性：人类语言的本质特征之一。拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。
11. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present (in time and space),at the moment of communication.
移位性：人类语言的本质特征之一。人类语言可以让使用者来表示在说话时（时间和处所）并不存在的物体、事件、和观点。
12. phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language.
交感性谈话：人类语言的功能之一。指语言的社会交互性。
metalanguage元语言: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.
13. macrolinguistics: the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et
宏观语言学：语言和与语言有关的学科。如心理学、社会学、人种学、法学和人工智能等等。宏观语言学的分支包括语言心理学、社会语言学、人类语言学等等。
14. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.
语言能力：一个语言使用者关于语言系统规则的基本理解。
15. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.
语言运用：具体场景中语言的真实使用。
16. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.
语言：说话者的语言能力。
17. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).
言语：语言的实际现象或语料。
18. Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds.
发音语音学：研究语音的产生。
19. Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.
协同发音；涉及到同时或重合的发音过程。协同发音包括逆化协同发音和重复性协同发音。
20. Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.
浊音：发音（通常是一个元音或一个发声辅音）时声带振动。
21. Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.
宽式音标：使用一套简单的符号记音。严式音标：使用复杂的符号来精确地表示语音。
22. Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting压缩 or obstructing阻碍 the vocal tract声道 at some place to divert,impede阻碍,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity口腔.
辅音：声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向，受阻，或完全被阻挡，由此产生辅音。
23. Vowl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence紊乱 of a total stopping of the air can be perceived感觉.
元音：元音的产生不受到这样的阻碍，所以也不会有气流的紊乱或停滞。
24. Phoneme音位: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.
25. Allophone音位变体:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.<th>is an allophone of /t/in English.When /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated<t>.Both<th>and <t>are allophones of the phoneme/t/.
26. Manner of articulation发音方法: in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.
27. Place of articulation发音部位: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.
28. Distinctive features区别特征: a term of phonology语音学,i.e.a property特性 which distinguishes one phoneme from another.
29. Complementary distribution互补分布: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.
30. IPA国际音标: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association国际语音协会 in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics斜体 uprighted正体,obsolete已不用的 letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.
31. Suprasegmental超音段:suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal supra-segmental features are syllable音节,stress,tone声调,and intonation语调.
32. Morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.
语素：就表达和内容之间的联系看，是最小的语言单位，不能再分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。
33. compound：polymorphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.
复合词：组成成分都是自由语素的多语素词。
34. inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.
曲折变化：通过附加屈折词缀的语法关系的表现，如数、人称、有定性、体和格，屈折词缀不会改变所附加词语的语法类。
35. Affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).
词缀：一个构词成分的集合，它们只能附加于另一个语素（词根或词干）上。
36. Derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.
派生词：与复合词不同，派生词表明词根和词缀之间的关系。
37. root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.
词根：词的基本形式，不能再作进一步的分析而完全不损失同一性。
38. Allomorph语素变体:any of the different form of a morpheme.For example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in classes.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.
39. Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.
词干：只能加上屈折词缀的语素或语素的组合。
40. bound morpheme粘着词缀: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the word it is added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.
41. free morpheme自由词素: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.
42. Lexeme词位:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.”dog in the manger”)
43. Lexicon词汇: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.
44. grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.
语法词：表达语法意义的语法词，如连词、介词、冠词、代词。
45. lexical word词汇词: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.
46. open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.
开放词类：成员数目原则上是无穷的，无限的。如名词、动词、形容词和多数副词都是开放词类。
47. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.
混成法：是一种相对复杂的混合形式，由两个单词混合而成，一般是把第一个单词的开头部分和第二个单词的最后部分连接起来，或者是把两个单词的开头部分连接起来。
48. Loanword借词: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.
49. Loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.
混合借词：借词的一部分来自本国语，另一部分借自外来语，但意义全都是借来的。
50. Leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.
转移借词：意义是借用的，但是形式是来自本国语。
51. acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.
缩略语：由组织机构名称的首字母构成的，而这个组合机构的名称有多重修饰语。
52. loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.
53. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.
逆构词法：是构词法中一种不规则的类型，即把一个语言中已经存在的较长单词删去想象中的词缀，由此造出一个较短的单词。
54. Assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.
同化：由于邻近语音的影响而产生的语音变化，更明确的叫法是“接触”同化或邻近同化。
55. dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike,or different.
异化作用：指一个音段影响另一个音段的清晰度，以致语音变得不太相似或不同。
56. folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous相似的
俗语源：只词或短语的形式由于词源的错误而又普遍的解释或对词义的错误理解，或者由于受到更熟悉的词汇的影响而进行错误的类推，导致了新的意义的产生。