可再生能源发展:中国距离实现碳中和还有多远?.pdf
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1、 ADBI Working Paper Series RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT:HOW CLOSE IS THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA TO ACHIEVING CARBON NEUTRALITY?Yao Lixia No.1438 March 2024 Asian Development Bank Institute The Working Paper series is a continuation of the formerly named Discussion Paper series;the numbering of th
2、e papers continued without interruption or change.ADBIs working papers reflect initial ideas on a topic and are posted online for discussion.Some working papers may develop into other forms of publication.Suggested citation:Lixia,Y.2024.Renewable Energy Development:How Close is the Peoples Republic
3、of China to Achieving Carbon Neutrality?ADBI Working Paper 1438.Tokyo:Asian Development Bank Institute.Available:https:/doi.org/10.56506/HXPU5515 Please contact the authors for information about this paper.Email:esiyaolnus.edu.sg Yao Lixia is a senior research fellow,Energy Security Division,Energy
4、Studies Institute,National University of Singapore.The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of ADBI,ADB,its Board of Directors,or the governments they represent.ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this
5、 paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use.Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.Discussion papers are subject to formal revision and correction before they are finalized and considered published.The author gratefully acknowledges the
6、contribution of Phan Dam Quan,a former student of the National University of Singapore,concerning the literature review for this study.Asian Development Bank Institute Kasumigaseki Building,8th Floor 3-2-5 Kasumigaseki,Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100-6008,Japan Tel:+81-3-3593-5500 Fax:+81-3-3593-5571 URL:www.a
7、dbi.org E-mail:infoadbi.org 2024 Asian Development Bank Institute ADBI Working Paper 1438 Y.Lixia Abstract Goals to mitigate climate change are to be achieved through government strategies and policies,as well as the availability of low-carbon technologies,and are subject to the underlying instituti
8、onal,political,economic,and other factors that promote or constrain progress and the path taken.A large CO2 emitter,the Peoples Republic of China(PRC),has set the goals of carbon dioxide emissions peaking by 2030 and achieving greenhouse gas neutrality by 2060.This study reviews the PRCs efforts to
9、phase out fossil fuels and analyzes the factors that have an impact on the PRCs renewable energy development and its path towards carbon neutrality.Four factors are found to be critical in the decarbonization of the PRC:the costs of retrofitting existing coal-fired power plants and upgrading the pow
10、er grid to accommodate renewable energy;institutional factors;technology factors;and market-based schemes.Given these factors and the PRCs enormous coal-dependent infrastructure,transitioning away from fossil fuels will be challenging.Another big challenge is the intermittence of renewable energy so
11、urces.Hence,the growing penetration of renewable energy in the PRCs electricity mix requires effective policy tools and appropriately designed market signals.To put it simply,the PRC has the potential to develop renewable resources on a large scale,yet it still has a long way to go to achieve carbon
12、 neutrality.Keywords:Peoples Republic of China,carbon neutrality,fossil fuel phase-out JEL Classification:P28 ADBI Working Paper 1438 Y.Lixia Contents 1.INTRODUCTION.1 2.THE PRCS RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCE AND CARBON REDUCTION TARGETS.2 3.FOSSIL FUEL PHASE OUT.4 4.CRITICAL FACTORS IN ACCELERATING REN
13、EWABLE ENERGY ADOPTION.5 4.1 Cost.5 4.2 Potential Institutional Factors.6 4.3 Technology.8 4.4 Supportive Schemes.10 5.GOVERNMENTS EFFORTS TO ADDRESS CHALLENGES IN RENEWABLE ENERGY ADOPTION.11 6.CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS.12 REFERENCES.14 ADBI Working Paper 1438 Y.Lixia 1 1.INTRODUCTION In
14、December 2020,President Xi announced to the United Nations that the PRCs carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP would decline by 65%from 2005 levels,and the share of nonfossil fuels in the energy mix would rise to 25%(Xinhua Net 2020).This followed an earlier pledge by the President to the United
15、Nations General Assembly on 22 September 2020 that emissions would peak before 2030 and that the country would strive to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060(Farand and Darby 2020).Given the ambition of the PRC government,this study aims to explore what factors are critical to energy transition in the
16、PRC and what challenges should be tackled in the process of energy transition to achieve carbon neutrality.Several measures can help accelerate energy transition,such as developing renewable energy,increasing energy efficiency,and prioritizing environmental protection.Since 2020 when President Xi an
17、nounced that the PRC would strive to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060,an increasing number of scholars have been conducting research on the PRCs climate mitigation and energy transition issues.Many of them are quantitative studies using modeling.Some reviewed the PRCs financial development on carbo
18、n emissions,analyzing the pathways,and suggested that the PRC should be focused in particular on the promotion of green finance(Zhou and Zhang 2024).Some project mitigations of carbon neutrality in the PRC(Li et al.2022a);others focus on the projection of carbon neutrality of a specific region in th
19、e PRC,e.g.,BeijingTianjinHebei Region,finding that under the constraint of the carbon neutrality target,this region should formulate more stringent emission reduction measures to ensure that the overall carbon emission will reach its peak in 2030.This indicates that the final allocation scheme will
20、greatly encourage carbon emission reduction in Hebei Province(Zhang et al.2023a).Zhang et al.(2023b)examine specific policies,such as the Carbon Trading Pilot Policy and its impact on the achievement of the carbon neutrality target.Besides studies using quantitative methods,a few qualitative studies
21、 look into the PRCs carbon neutrality issue from a policy or legislative perspective.Gao et al.(2023)conduct an evolutionary analysis of the issuance and implementation of the PRCs carbon neutrality policies,finding that the PRCs carbon neutrality policies and initiatives grew gradually and in an or
22、derly manner in the preliminary and decentralized exploration stage from 2006 until 2013,and continued to grow steadily from 2014 to 2019.The PRCs carbon neutrality policies started to grow explosively from 2020.Since then,there has been a series of top-down design policies and supportive policies i
23、n various industries and sectors.Shi and He(2023)look into the PRCs current legal system in achieving carbon neutrality goals and discuss the improvement of the legal system.It is suggested that a unified legislation system among central,local governments should be established to achieve carbon neut
24、rality.Little research is focused on a comprehensive discussion about the roles and challenges of renewable energy development in achieving carbon neutrality in the PRC.This paper is focused on renewable energy because it is crucial for achieving carbon neutrality.Having said that,this paper intensi
25、vely reviews the PRCs renewable energy development and overall current situation in phasing out the use of fossil fuels in the power sector.After that,this paper analyzes the critical factors that may have an impact on the phasing out of fossil fuels in the PRC.These factors include cost,institution
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