计算机专业英语第3版unit1.ppt
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1、计算机专业英语第3版unit1内内 容容 简简 介介 本书共分本书共分6个单元,个单元,第第1单元单元介绍计算机硬件基介绍计算机硬件基础,分别讲述处理器、存储器和输入础,分别讲述处理器、存储器和输入/输出技术。输出技术。第第2单元单元是计算机软件知识部分,内容有是计算机软件知识部分,内容有C语言、数语言、数据结构、操作系统、编译原理及数据库技术。据结构、操作系统、编译原理及数据库技术。第第3单元单元是多媒体及应用方面的知识,包括多媒体、图是多媒体及应用方面的知识,包括多媒体、图形图像、形图像、CAD、计算机动画和多媒体应用软件。、计算机动画和多媒体应用软件。第第4单元单元是计算机网络相关知识介
2、绍,包括计算机网是计算机网络相关知识介绍,包括计算机网络基础、互联网搜索引擎、无线网络技术及网络安络基础、互联网搜索引擎、无线网络技术及网络安全。全。第第5单元单元讲述电子商务方面的内容,有电子商讲述电子商务方面的内容,有电子商务基础、务基础、EDI和网络广告。和网络广告。第第6单元单元是计算机领域是计算机领域新技术介绍,包括人工智能、虚拟现实和神经网络。新技术介绍,包括人工智能、虚拟现实和神经网络。6/2/20242Unit 1 Hardware Basics1.1 Central Processing Unit1.2 Memory1.3 Input/Output Systems6/2/20
3、2431.1 Central Processing Unit The CPU is the heart of the computer system.It is responsible for performing all arithmetic operations and logic decisions initiated by the program.The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the computer.It determines which operations should be
4、 carried out and in what order.6/2/20244Block diagram of a digital computer 6/2/20245Three basic capabilities of computersFirst,computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations,such as:addition,subtraction,division,multiplication and exponentiation.Second,computers have a means of commun
5、icating with the user.Third,computers have circuits which can make decisions.6/2/20246The control unit The control unit is the functional unit that is responsible for supervising the operation of the entire computer system.The control unit fetches instructions from memory and determines their type o
6、r decodes them.It then breaks each instruction into a series of simple small steps or actions.By doing this,it controls the step-by-step operation of the entire computer system.6/2/20247The Arithmetic/Logic Unit Data are brought into the ALU by the control unit,and the ALU performs whatever arithmet
7、ic or logic operations are required to help carry out the instructions.Arithmetic operations include adding,subtracting,multiplying,and dividing.Logic operations make a comparison and take action based on the results.6/2/20248Registers A register is a storage location inside the processor.Registers
8、in the CPU are used to store the current instruction,the location of the next instruction to be executed,and the operands.6/2/20249Instruction An instruction is made up of operations that specify the function to be performed and operands that represent the data to be operated on.When the operands ar
9、e stored in the computers memory,they have an address to indicate where they are.6/2/202410The steps of executing each instructionFetch the next instruction from memory into the instruction register.Change the program counter to point to the following instruction.Determine the type of instruction ju
10、st fetched.If the instruction uses data in memory,determine where they are.Fetch the data into internal CPU registers.Execute the instruction.Store the results in the proper place.Go to step 1 to begin executing the following instruction.6/2/202411Key Words address 地址,寻址analogous 类似的,相似的arithmetic 算
11、术的auxiliary 辅助的,补充的awesome 惊人的,令人敬畏的capability 性能,能力decode 解码,译码distinguish 区别,辨别exponentiation 幂运算fetch 获取,取得fraction 小部分initiate 开始,启发,提议,创始instantaneously 瞬间地,即时地instruction 指令6/2/202412Key Words keyboard 键盘mainframe 大型机manipulation 操作,处理microelectronic 微电子的operand 操作数originality 创意,创造力retrieve 恢
12、复remarkable 显著的,不平常的sequence 顺序,序列silicon 硅transistor 晶体管6/2/202413Notes 1 Although most CPU chips are smaller than a lens of a pair of glasses,the electronic components they contain would have filled a room a few decades ago.本句由“Although”引导让步状语从句,“the electronic components”作主语。译文:虽然大多数CPU芯片比一块眼镜片还小
13、,但所包含的电子元件在几十年前却要装满一个房间。6/2/202414Notes 2 The program,which tells the computers what to do and the data,which provide the information needed to solve the problem,are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.这里的主语是“the program and the data”,由which引导的两个定语从句分别修饰the program和the data。译文:程序的作用是指示
14、计算机如何工作,而数据则是为解决问题提供的所需要的信息,两者都存储在存储器里。6/2/202415Notes 3 The Arithmetic/Logic Unit(ALU)is the functional unit that provides the computer with logical and computational capabilities.本句由“that”引导定语从句,修饰“the functional unit”。译文:算术逻辑单元(ALU)是为计算机提供逻辑及计算能力的功能部件。6/2/202416Notes 4 For example,if an instructi
15、on is to perform the operation of adding two numbers,it must know what the two numbers are and where the two numbers are.这里的“what the two numbers are and where the two numbers are”作宾语,它由两个并列的从句组成。译文:例如,一条指令要完成两数相加的操作,它就必须知道:这两个数是什么?这两个数在哪儿?6/2/202417Notes 5 A timer called a clock releases precisely
16、timed electrical signals that provide a regular pulse for the processors work.本句中的“that provide a regular pulse for the processors work”修饰electrical signals。译文:一个称做时钟的计时器准确地发出定时电信号,该信号为处理器工作提供有规律的脉冲信号。6/2/202418Translation Exercises1.集成电路 integrated circuit2.取指译码执行 fetch-decode-execute3.算术逻辑运算 Arith
17、metic Logical Operations4.微电子技术 microelectronic techniques5.数字计算机系统 digital computer system6.辅助存储器 auxiliary storage7.工作区 workspace8.逻辑决策 logic decisionp6/2/202419Translation Exercises1.Central Processing Unit 中央处理器2.functional unit 功能单元3.current instruction 当前指令4.instruction register 指令寄存器5.program
18、 counter 程序计数器6.electronic components 电子元件7.input information and commands 8.输入信息和指令8.Arithmetic/Logic Unit 算术逻辑单元6/2/202420Reading Material:MicroprocessorMicrocomputer,or micro for short,is a kind of computers.It was born in the early 1970s.the microprocessor is built as a single semiconductor devi
19、ce;that is,the thousands of individual circuit elements necessary to perform all the logical and arithmetic functions of a computer are manufactured as a single chip.6/2/202421Reading Material:MicroprocessorComputer programs tell the microprocessor what to do,which is how everything works inside a P
20、C.Other terms for the microprocessor include the processor;the central processing unit(CPU);and the number of the microprocessor,such as 8088,80286,80386,80486,and so on.6/2/2024221.2 MemoryA systematic arrangement of memory cells constitutes a memory.Two basic types of semiconductor memory are cons
21、idered.The first is the Random Access Memory(RAM),a read-write memory,in which each individual cell can be addressed at any particular time.A second class of semiconductor memory is the Read-Only Memory(ROM).The set of data in this type of memory is generally considered to be fixed.6/2/202423SRAM an
22、d DRAMTwo type of RAM are the static RAM(SRAM)and dynamic RAM(DRAM).A static RAM consists of a basic bi-stable flip-flop circuit that needs only a dc current or voltage applied to retain its memory.A dynamic RAM is an MOS memory that stores one bit of information as charge on a capacitor.6/2/202424T
23、ypes of ROM The first is programmed either by the manufacturer(mask programmable)or by the user(programmable,or PROM).Once the ROM has been programmed by either method,the data in the memory are fixed and cannot be altered.The second type of ROM may be referred to as an alterable ROM in that the dat
24、a in the ROM may be reprogrammed if desired.This type of ROM may be called an EPROM(erasable programmable ROM),EEPROM(electrically erasable PROM),or flash memory.6/2/202425Basic memory architecture 6/2/202426Memory ContentsMemories consist of a number of cells,each of which can store a piece of info
25、rmation.Computer memory is measured in kilobytes or megabytes of information.A byte is the amount of storage needed to hold one character,such as a letter or a numeric digit.One kilobyte(KB)equals 1024 bytes,and one megabyte(MB)is about 1 million bytes.Software requires the correct amount of RAM to
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