比较劳工政策期末笔记(英文版).doc

(完整word版)比较劳工政策期末笔记(英文版)
1.Employer: strongly resisted
Government: use legal means to restrict labor conflicts.
a) Sharp class confrontation
b) Intense class conflict eg:《结社法》英国
In general, the labor conflicts were mainly in the improvement of labor conditions, the activities
2.Characteristics of Fordism:
a) Economies of scale
b) Uniformity and standardization
c) Large enterprises
d) Keynesian
e) Collective wage bargaining
3.New ideas of contemporary industrial relations
The labor world is facing unprecedented challenges because of the capital globalization
Economic operation mechanism economic structure
4.The theoretical system
Ricardo to Bentham's utilitarianism as the starting point, to establish a labor theory of value
as the basis, to the distribution theory as the center of the theoretical system
5.Ideological and cultural factors that influenced Smith：
（1）Scientific revolution and the enlightenment
（2）Physiocratic school economic liberalism
（3）Economic individualism of David Hume
12.Muller Jentsch，Distinguishes ontologically between system theory
Marxist theory, institutionalism, action theory and economic approaches
The primacy of market
The state behaves essential as an agent of maket forces
Political forces are equally important to market forces,the labor market is seen as a political as well s an economic forum
The state is regarded as an independent actor and the subordinate to the market
13.convergence theories：kerr
Background：
common technologies and cross-national markets would create convergence
Global economy
Forces：
Homogenizing pressure of new technologies which was thought to be central to the logic of industrialism
sh of progress. education, equality and the lon of comparisons
the Labor Theory of value
Labour only source of value
Focus is on unique aspects of labour with respect to all other commodities
Only commodity with difference between commodity"and"commodity-power
A corollary: if labour only source of value, then capital merely contributes stored labour-value to product
Theoretical perspectives on comparative employment relations
introduction
Employment relations: interdisciplinary empirical methodologies
Empirical bias: Conceptual development，Theoretical innovation，Comparative research，Empirical comparisons of emplovment models
Colling and Terry
The indeterminacy of the labor contract
The inequality or asymmetry of power resources of the actors involved the dynamic nature of the relationship and the co-existence of conflict and cooperation
the influence of globalization
Firstly:,globalization has expanded the boundaries of the market place
Secondly, globalization has disturbed the status quo between"capital"and "labor"in each country
Thirdly.,globalization is having a contradictory Impact on IR
Fourth,liberalization leads to competition hich could increase econimic Inequalities
Fifth. The strength of workers continues to be Weakened in economic globalization. Labor
organizations and its bargaining power weakened
Sixth. The development of economic globalization Is also pregnant with a new
mechanism to restrain the power of capital,to provide a new opportunity for rebuilding the relative balance betwveen employers and employees
The political economy or employment relations
Humans beings and citizens of political democracies
A political process
A more institutional sense
Power resource theory: Previous research Inadequate
An important comparative research model
background
In 1929 the American Great Depression
Roosevelt
Unemployment
labor movement
New Deal era
o large-scale intervention in public life
o labor policy that favors to trade unions
o the coordination of labor relations and the labor standards to determine the basis of the legal policy in US is laid in this era
o a large wave of strikes
Big business
large scale of production
Heavy overhead costs
Require new form of public
Regulation to protect consumers and workers from exploitation
o1935 Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act
01935 Wagner act
o1947 Taft-Hartley act
01959 Landrum-Griffin Act
Union
1) New deal era
unionism transformed life for many workers
Assure workers of a fair share of productivity gains
Corporatist model, the implementation of "labor, employers and government tripartite cooperation mechanism
3)During 1970s
Union rate is getting lower and lower
The number ot strikes decreased year by year
PolItical Intluence was diminishing
the reason:
First, the suppress from government and enterprises
and enterprises
Second, the impact of economic globalization
Third, the policy focuses changed from the corporatism to a free competitive market economy
Fourth the cause of the union itself split and corruption
conclusion
1. The special relationship between trade unions and political parties
Obama's policies:
o Higher taxes, higher energy costs, mandatory organizations of labor union, and Obama-style health care reform
o Repeated extension of the long-term unemployment benefit policy
o The tensions between Obama and unions are also resisted
2. Labor unions play an important role in American politics, economy and social life
3. Labor union is a double-edged sword
o positive significance improve the economic treatment of workers, safeguard their rights and interests, promote the rationalization of income distribution and political democratization
o Government Employee Union is an important weight for the political balance of the city
o Maintaining the dynamic balance of the capitalist society.
o Negative significance: Disrupting the economic and social order
comparison
o high taxes---hard for employers
o Cut taxes-good for employers
o better economy--less needs of Trade union
o Crisis-more needs
o Liberalism(positive, big gov, small society)
o Conservatism, Nationalism, populism
background
A 4
B 4
1979: Collective bargaining was the dominant method of pay determination
2010 norm and collective agreements declined
The power resources of workers had substantially declined

The actors of the processes in employment relations
Early 19C
Late 19C
Post-second world war:voluntarist
1960s,this system began to unravel
1968-1970s,unsuccessful
1979-1997

(2)trade unions and collective bargaining
the state of trade union must be measured along a number of dimensions
membership has declined and the scale has declined
2011:a single confed
1979-2010: slumped
three main reason p173
unions response to the p174
(3)employers and employer organizations
employer associated
early 1980: the bargaining function of associations disappeared
The contracts have changed with a decline in the proportion of full-time contracts
1980-2004: consultation has declined
The literature on IR
Combusion
(4)government
distinct roles
1970s: Keynesian views influence p176
1979 conservative government p176
neo-liberal policy
1997-2010: labor government
departed from conservative governmen p177
(5)employment relations outcomes

Conclusion:
the growth of individual legal claims against employers
Thatcher's union pressure policy
1. Limiting and depriving trade union powers through legislative and administrative ways.
2. Take an uncompromising position against the union's strike action and demands
3. Indirectly weakening trade unions through economic and social policies
The effect of labor policy
(1) Economic effect
The British economy has regained its vitality
(2) Political effect
The influence of Thatcher's tough policy against trade union on the Conservative Party's mainly manifested in terms of significant ruling performance of the Conservative
Party (won the longest continuous post-war period of administration).
(3)Social effects
Poverty and unemployment () the wealth gap between employers and employees
Institutions and actor choices
。 institutions are important variables for comparative employment relations' research
。 Actor choices could shape Industrial relations structures, processes and outcomes
Characteristics of British labor relations after World War II
The tradition of voluntarism
Weakness of legal system
The growing role of government (mainly limited trade unions)
Labor Relations under the Reform of Labor Party after 1998
corporatism
labor relations reform plan
achieve the partnership between employers and employees

a third road: transcending social democracy and neoliberalism
Its core is to emphasize change and innovation to seek the balance between development any justice, rights and obligations
This stage of the British trade unions, actively explore the road to revival

Trade union membership in the UK reached a peak of 13 million in 1979 and then declined steadily until the end of the twentieth century. The numbers stabilized at
around 7.3 million between 2000 and 2012, and have been increasing again, particularly among private sector workers
Trade unions still remain among the biggest membership organizations in the country.
According to Fulton, in 2011, over a quarter(27%)of all UK employees were members of a trade union, though union density was much higher in the public sector (57%)than
in the private sector(15%)

The origin of the union (Swedish)
The swedish trade union is the most powerful union among all Western trade union organizations
The Swedish Confederation of Trade Unions(LO)was established in 1898.
The Swedish Employers Confederation(SAF) was established in 1902.
conclusion
At the end of 1960s, Sweden had the widest range of social welfare programs in the Western countries, the largest public sector and the most powerful state intervention.
As a result, trade unions and governments which represented the alienation forces of market economics had began to play a role.

Strategies of employers, unions, and workers
Market forces, institutional imperatives, and state policies are either reflected by or implemented through employer strategies
Both to safeguard the interests of workers and the overall interests of the country, both representing workers and representatives of the party and government
Although union dependence on the party may grant unions certain olitical power, this may fundamentally affect their representative role in the long run

3.Changes in the internal environment of the union
Changes
1. Unions have experienced a gradual decline during the past 15years, followed by a sharp drop from 2007 and onwards
2. The transfer of workers from public to private sector has simultaneously implied a transfer from industry to the service
reasons
1.changes of workforce composition
2. young people show critical attitudes to union
3. the Liberal-Conservative government put pressure on the union
CHANGE
Background
1 mass unemploymen
2 industrial conflict
3 new economic theories, state intervention
4 measures against unemployment
employment
I strong interests in keeping wage down
2 pushed strongly for centralization of collective bargaining

Result
The unions and employers concluded the Basic Agreement of 1938. also called the Sotcherbaden Agreement
Changes in the external environment of trade unions
Condition：The party-union relationship remained close at the top level
Reason：electoral platforms

1970s
economy crisis
Conditions: Rising unemployment,political radicalization within the labor market, the possibility of bargaining for higher wages became restricted
Measures: Unions turned to Social Democratic government for political reforms. Several laws on employment protect were introduce
The characteristics of trade union organizations
1.low density and high coverage of the Nordic model
2.LO and SAF signed the"Sotcherba Borg Agreement" in 1938, formally established the principle of"consultation and cooperation, the two sides are free to negotiate and refuse the government intervention in any case.
3.United state and United Kingdom: low density,low courage
Background
1.economic growth
2.rapid and sustained GDP growth
3.Workers'income has significantly increased
4.the share of wages in GDP has steadily declined
5.the share of labor remuneration in GDP also declined
6.The growth of income inequality
7.Workers' rights are frequently violated
8.quitting their jobs and labour conflicts has skyrocketed

New "Swedish model" from 1980
The third way: between tightening and expansion
Changes in the external environment of trade unions
1. the changes of domestic political conditions
Conditions:
The unions had to reconsider their strong links to the Social Democrats and be open for talks also with other parties.
In 1980s. a looser party-union relationship emerged.

2. the influences of EU
EU legislation on minimum wages threatened to interfere in domestic labour legislation and make collective agreements obsolete
Reasons
(1).The Social Democrats lost their hegemonic position
(2).The open and strong links between the party and the blue-collar unions and LO, the union confederation were increasingly criticized
(3).a growing urge for individual freedom among important parts of the electorate and discontent with the "Strong Society"
(4).There was strong opposition from industry to socialist reforms initiated by the union

ANALYSIS PERSPECTIVES
Market
Institutions: redistribution-based
State: the most powerful actor
The first is decentralized accumulation to liberalize local economies
The second is legalistic legitimation of authoritarian rule to rule the country by law without political control
Relationship between DP and union
1.Strategic trade unionism: a principle of decision-making, take full account of their own policies in line with the policies of ruling Social Democratic Party,and their overall responsibility for the national economy and the relevance of policies
2.This is a strategic cooperation challenge and reformism
Discussion
1. Please evaluate the Swedish model
Adjust the contradiction between capital and equality
Have so many blocks, such as high taxes on labor and consumption, then it's hard to continue welfare policies
Erosion of social work motivation and ethics
2. Were the Changes in trade unions of Sweden radical and revolutionary, or a continuous adjustment
You can use the comparison methods to explain the ideas

Discussion 1

Discussion 2
Comparison of Chinese and American Trade Unions
Administration vs. many types
Responsibilities of the ruling party and the laborers
The relationship between party and US unions, both cooperation and competition.
Participants in US labor relation include employers, unions and government. Vs, not clear three subjects.
Discussion 3
Discussion the persona of Chinese Differences in and British trade union
First, the difference in income sources
Second, the difference in the right to strike
Third, the difference in the tripartite coordination mechanism
Fourth, the n