备战高考英语通用版一轮复习专题01-定语从句.docx

备战2011届高考英语（通用版）一轮复习 专题01 定语从句
【考纲解读】 定语从句在历年的高考全国卷及各地卷的单项填空中，都是考试热点。在今后的高考试题中，定语从句仍是考查的重点。 定语从句常被考查的知识有：（1）九个不同的关系代词或副词引导的限制性定语从句；（2）七个不同的关系代词或副词引导的非限制性定语从句；（3）对as，which，that，what代词的理解区分及运用。考查往往是通过关系代词或关系副词来实现，并考查定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句的区别。总之，对定语从句的考查主要集中在关系代词和关系副词的选择上，我们尤其要注意“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。 【知识要点】 一、定语从句的意义�� 形容词性从句一般称为定语从句，在句子中起定语作用，修饰一个名词或代词，有时可修饰一个句子。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。�� 定语从句的位置：一般置于先行词之后，由关系代词和关系副词引导。�お� 二、关系词的用法�� 引导定语从句的关系代词有which，that，who，whom，whose。�� 关系副词有when，where，why等。�� 关系代词和关系副词不仅有连接先行词和从句的作用，而且在从句中担当一个句子成分。 1.关系代词的用法：�� 1)由who引导的定语从句�� 关系代词who只能指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。如：�� A teacher is a person who passes knowledge to the student.�� 教师是传授知识的人。（关系代词在从句中作主语）�� The man who can do this work will get 1000 dollars.�� 能够做此工作的人将获得1000美元。（关系代词who在从句中作主语）�� 2)由whom引导的定语从句�� 关系代词whom只能指人，是who的宾格，在从句中作宾语，在口语中常常省略。如：�� The man whom you met on the street is my father.�� 你在街上碰到的那个人是我父亲。（关系代词who在从句中作宾语，可以省略）�� The woman (whom)you talked with yesterday will come here the day after tomorrow.�� 昨天和你谈话的那位妇女后天来这儿。（关系代词whom在从句中作宾语，可以�┦÷裕┆��� 3)由that引导的定语从句�� 关系代词that在从句中既可以作主语，又可作宾语；既可指人，又可指物。如：�� She is the woman that often comes here.�� 她就是常常来这儿的那个妇女。（关系代词that在从句中作主语，指人）�� The book that is on the desk was written by my grandfather.�� 桌子上的那本书是我祖父写的。（关系代词that在从句中作主语，指物。此句中的that可以用which替换）�� Is there anything that I can do for you? 我能为你做点什么呢？（关系代词that在从句中作宾语，指物。此句中的that不能用which替换）�� The passenger and the suitcases that were still waiting had to be transferred to another plane. 仍在等待的乘客和行李只得改乘另一架飞机。(这句的关系代词that不能用which替换，因为它在此句中既指人又指物)�� 4)由which引导的定语从句�� 关系代词which一般指物，在从句中可作主语，也可以作宾语。如：�� He came late，which made the teacher angry.�� 他来晚了，这使老师很生气。（which引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中作主语）�� That is the pencil which I lost yesterday.�� 那就是我昨天丢失的铅笔。（which引导限定性定语从句，在从句中作宾语，which可以省略）5)由whose引导的定语从句�� 关系代词whose是who的所有格，在从句中作定语，既可指人，又可指物。如：�� This is the boy whose parents died last year. 这是那个父母去年去世的男孩。 （whose作定语，指人）�� 注：“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语，又能作宾语。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”。如：�� They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.(= the back wall of which)他们来到后墙已经倒塌的一个房子。�� He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.(= whose name)他写了本书，书的名字我彻底忘了。 2.使用关系代词引导定语从句时应注意的几点�� 1)当先行词指人时，许多情况下既可以用that也可以用who，但在下列情况下，宜用who而不用that。�� 先行词是one，ones，anyone时，宜用who。如：�� Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.�� 任何触犯法律的人都应该受到�┏头！＊��� 先行词为those时，宜用who。如：�� Those who want to see the film sign up here. 想看电影的人在这儿签名。�� 一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用that，另一个用who。�� The boy that you met at the school gate yesterday morning is our monitor who studies very hard. 昨天早上你在校门口遇到的那个男孩是我们班学习很用功的班长。�� 2)当先行词指物时，许多情况下，既可以用关系代词which，也可用关系代词that，但在下列情况中，只能用关系代词that，而不用which。�� 在there+be 的句型中，句子的主语是先行词，而且又是物。如：�� There are two novels that I want to read.我要读的有两本小说。�� There is no work that can be done now. 没有什么工作现在能做的了。�� 当先行词为主句的表语或者关系代词为从句的表语时。如：�� This is the book that was bought yesterday.这就是昨天买的书。�� Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.我们的学校不再是以前的学校了。 以Here is (are)开头的句子时。如：�� Here is a film that will move anyone.这是一部将使任何人受感动的电影。�� Here are two books that I will buy.这是我要买的两本书。�� It is (high)time+定语从句中。如：�� It is time that we should have a rest.我们应该休息了。�� It is high time that they started out.他们该动身了。�� 当先行词是way等词时，关系代词用that或者in which在定语从句中作方式状语时，在口语中，常可省略。如：�� This is the way that my father did this work.这就是我父亲做此工作的方式。�� She admired the way in which I answered the questions.她羡慕我回答问题的方式。�� 在双重限定性定语从句中，如果一个从句用who或者which引导时，那么另一个从句用that引导。如：�� He is the student that I have ever see who can jump highest.�� 他是我曾经看到过跳的最高的学生。�� My brother studies in the school which is the most beautiful in our city that isn’t far from here.�� 我的弟弟在我们的城市最美丽的学校读书，并且离这儿不远。�� 当先行词被the last ，the very 和the only修饰时。如：�� This is the very pen that I am looking for.这正是我找的钢笔。�� The only book I want to read is missing.我惟一想看的书不见了。�� 在强调句子中，并且以who，which，what开头时。如：�� Who was it that was lost ?究竟是谁迷路了？（此句中，最好不用who来代替that，避免重复）What was it that you did last week?你上周究竟做什么了？�� 当先行词前有序数词时。如：�� You are the first person that I want to ask for. 你是我要见的第一个人。�� This is the second book that I have ever written.这是我写的第二本书。�� 当先行词被all，every，no，some，few，little，much，both等修饰时，如：�� This is all that I want to say at the meeting.这就是我在会上要说的。�� Have you any books that are worth reading? 你有值得看的书吗？�� 当先行词既指人又指物时。如：�� The professor and his achievement that I heard about are admired by them.�� 我听说的那位教授和他的成就得到他们的赞美。�� Let’s talk about the persons and the things that we can remember.�� 让我们谈论能够想起的人和事。�� 当先行词为anything，everything，nothing时，关系代词用that,不用which；但用something时，用which或者that均可。如：�� Everything we have seen in China is moving.我们在中国看见的东西件件感人。�� I have nothing that is worth reading.我没有什么值得一读的东西。�� 当先行词是疑问代词who时。如：�� Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess? 你曾见过谁能在棋艺上打败他？�� 3)that，which，whom在定语从句中作宾语可以省略。如：�� This is the book (which)you were looking for yesterday. 这就是你昨天找的那本书。�� I don’t like the novel (that)you are reading.我不喜欢你看的这本小说。�� 4)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句的人称、数与先行词一致。如：�� Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon.�� 请那些年龄在四十几岁的人于今天下午去进行体检。�� （先行词those是复数，关系代词who也就看作是复数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了复数形式are了）�� This is the magazine which was sent to me by post.这是通过邮局寄给我的杂志。�� （先行词the magazine是单数，关系代词which也就看作是单数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了单数形式was sent）�� 5)定语从句的时态不要求与主句时态一致。如：�� The story which I read last night is very interesting.�� 我昨天晚上看的那则故事非常有趣。 3.关系副词的用法�� 1)when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有time，day，morning，night，week，year 等。如：�� I still remember the time when I first became a college student.�� 我仍然记得我成为大学生的那个时刻。�� Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 你知道林肯出生的日期吗？�� 注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如：�� Each time he came，he did his best to help us.每次他来，都尽他所能帮我们。�� 2)where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有place，spot，street，house，room，city，town，country等。如：�� This is the hotel where they are staying.这是他们住的旅馆。�� I forget the house where the Smiths lived.我不记得史密斯先生住过的房子了。�� 注：where有时也可以省略。如：�� This is the place (where)we met yesterday. 这是我们昨天见面的地方。�� 3)why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如：�� That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.那就是他为什么要离开的原因。�� 注：why时常也可以省略。如：�� That is the real reason he did it.那就是他做此事的真正原因。 4.使用关系副词应注意下列几点：�� 1)这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：�� when = on (in，at，during...)+which;�� where = in (at，on...)+which;�� why = for which.如：�� I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which)he arrived.�� 他到的时候，当时我正在北京。�� The office where (=in which)he works is on the third floor.�� 他工作的办公室在�┤�楼。���� This is the chief reason why (=for which)we did it.这是我们做这件事的主要原因。�� 2)当先行词是表时间的time，day等和表地点的place，house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：�� I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.�� 我将永远不会忘记我的家乡被解放的那一天。�� I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.�� 我将永远不会忘记去年夏天我们共同度过的那段时光。�� 3)when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。�お� 三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句�� 在这种结构中，关系代词若是表示人时，就只能用whom；关系代词若是表示事物时，就只能用which。 1.当介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词宾语只能用which (指物)或whom 关系代词不能省略。如： He has found a good job for which he is qualified.�� 他找到了一份他能胜任的工作。�� （qualify + 名词+for意为“使……具有……资格”）�� The man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow.�� 你刚才与他谈话的那个人明天主持那个会议。（ talk to+名词意为“与某人谈话”）�� He is bargaining with the landlord over the monthly price at which the apartment rents. 他在与房东就那套公寓出租的月租金进行磋商。（名词+rent at+表示价格的词意为“某物以某价格出租”） 2.当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which(指物)，that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。如：�� This is the hero (that/who/whom)we are proud of.这就是我们引以为豪的英雄。�� This is the pen ( that/which)I wrote the letter with.这就是我用来写信的那枝笔。 3.“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。�� He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall tree.�� 他住在一所大房子里，房前有一棵大高树。�� The monkey crossed the river，in the middle of which he was almost killed.�� 那只猴子过了河，在河中央它差点淹死。�� 注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如：�� This is the pen which I’m looking for.这正是我在寻找的那枝笔。�� The boys he is looking after are very healthy. 他照看的那些小男孩都很健康。 4.介词+关系代词=关系副词�� 1）这就是我们去年住过的房间。�� This is the room which we lived in last year.�� This is the room in which we lived last year.�� This is the room where we lived last year.�� 2)我仍然记得我入党的那一天。�� I still remember the day on which I joined the Party.�� I still remember the day when I joined the Party.�� 通过对上述知识的掌握，对于一个句子我们可用不同的表达方法来表达。如：�� 那就是他工作的大学。�� 四、定语从句的种类以及区别 1.定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，现将它们之间的用法及区别列表如下 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 和先行词的关系密切（删去后，影响整个句子意义的表达） 和先行词的关系不密切（是一种补充说明，删去后不影响整个句子意义的表达） 不用逗号分开 一般使用逗号分开 可用关系代词that引导 不可用关系代词that引导 可以省略（that，who，which在从句中担当宾语时可以省略） 不可以省略 可以替代（whom作宾语时，可用who或that替代） 不能替代 只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分 修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，此时定语从句前有逗号分开，只能用which或as引导。 请看下面例句的不同含义：�� 限制性：她有两个当解放军的儿子。�� She has two sons who are P.L.A.men.�� (Maybe she has other sons who are not P.L.A.men.)�� 非限制性：她有两个儿子，他们都是解放军。�� She has two sons，who are P.L.A.men.�� (She has only two sons.They are both P.L.A.men.)�� 体会下列非限制性定语从句�� Yesterday I met Li Ping，who seemed to be busy.�� 昨天我遇到了李平，他看起来�┖苊Α＊��� We will put off the meeting until next week，when we won’t be so busy.�� 我们将把会议推迟到下周举行，到那时我们就不会这么忙了。 2.关系代词which与as引导定语从句的区别�� which与as都可以引导定语从句，但它们有许多用法上的区别，现就此简要分析如下：���� 1)which与as引导非限定性定语从句的区别：�� which只能放在主句后面，而as引导的从句位置相对较灵活，可在前，可在后。如：�� As he realized，I was very useful to him.�� （在前）正像他所意识到的那样，我对他非常有用。�� Air，as we know，is a gas.（在中）空气，众所周知，是一种气体。�� He was a foreigner，as I know from his accent.�� (在后)他是个外国人，正像我从他的口音判断的那样。�� He came late again，which made his boss angry.�� （在后）他又来晚了，这一点使得老板很生气。�� 在which引导的定语从句中，谓语动词若是am，is，are，则这些系动词不能省略，而as后面若是这种情况，则可以省略。如：�� He is a teacher，as (is)clear from his manner.(is可以省略)他是个老师，这从他的言谈举止可看清楚。�� He said he had never seen her before，which was not true.�� （was 不可省略）他说他从来没见过她，这一点不对。�� 当which引导的从句在意义上近乎并列关系时，可以用and this，and that代替，意思是“这件事”。如：�� He changed his mind，which (and this，and that)made me very angry.�� 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。�� She has married again，which (and this，and that)was unexpected.�� 出乎意料的是，她又结婚了。�� 而as主要起与上下文连接的作用，表达说话人的看法、观点，并指出主句内容的出处或根据等。如：�� Einstein，as we know，is a famous scientist.爱因斯坦，众所周知，是位伟大的科学家。�� As is announced in today’s newspaper，we must improve our style of work.�� 今天的报纸上说，我们必须改进工作作风。�� 作主语时，which既可以作系动词be的主语，也可以作实义动词的主语，而as只可以作系动词be的主语。如:�� He married her，which was natural.�� （可用as代替which）他和她结婚，这是很自然的事。���� He won a/the Nobel Prize in chemistry，which made him illustrious.�� (不可用as代替which)他获得了诺贝尔化学奖，这使他名扬天下。�� 当定语从句位于主句之后，纯粹表示主句所述的内容，不带有“如……那样”的意思时，往往用which，而不用as。如：�� They were invited to the state banquet，which was a great honor to them.�� 他们被邀请参加国宴，这对他们来说是莫大的荣幸。�� We had to sleep in our wet clothes，which was most uncomfortable.�� 我们不得不穿着湿衣服睡觉，这简直太不舒服了。�� Mummy always treats me just like a baby，which I can’t bear.�� 妈妈老把我当成小孩子对待，这让我无法忍受。�� 当定语从句有“如同……那样”的意思时，用as比用which更常见，而这些从句几乎成为固定说法。如： Things will turn out contrary to one’s wishes，as is often the case.�� 事与愿违，这是常有的事。�� As was natural， this inordinate hope was followed by an excessive depression.�� 这种过分希望之后，接着是极度的沮丧，是很自然的事。�� Chaucer is buried in “Poet’s Corner”，as might have been expected.�� 正如人们已经预料的，乔叟被葬在“诗人角”。�� The material is elastic，as is show in the figure.这种材料有弹性，如图所示。�� as we know众所周知�� as has been said above/before正如前文所述�� as has been pointed out正如已经指出的�� as might be imagined可以想像得到�� 当定语从句的关系代词指的是先行词本身时，只能用which。如：�� These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit.�� 这些苹果树是我三年前种下的，没结出任何果实。�� The Thames，which is now clean enough to swim in，was polluted for over a hundred years.�� 泰晤士河，现在已经很干净，可以在里面游泳，它曾被污染了一百多年。�� 带介词的典型的定语从句，必须用which，不能用as。如：�� There is a great deal of oxygen around us，without which we could not live.我们周围有许多氧气，没有它我们就无法生存。�� The shed in our garden，in which we often played，has lasted for a long time.�� 我们经常玩耍的花园里的那个棚子，已经有很长时间了。�� 2)引导限制性定语从句时which与as的区别：�� 先行词如为表示物的名词或代词，在从句中又作介词的宾语时，只能用which。如：�� This is the pan in which I boiled the milk. 这就是我煮牛奶的锅。�� 前面有as时,引导定语从句的关系代词用as，不用which。如：�� There are as many dictionaries as are needed.所需要的字典都有了。�� 前面有such时，引导定语从句的关系代词用as,不用which。如：�� Such women as know Tom thought he was charming.�� 认识汤姆的女人都认为他很�┟匀恕＊��� I have never heard such stories as he tells.他讲的那些故事我从没听过。�� He is not such a man as I expected.他不是我期望的那种人。�� 前面有the same时，引导定语从句的关系代词用as而不用which。如：�� We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.�� 我们正面临着和多年以前同样的困难。�� This is the same wallet as I lost.这只钱包与我丢失的那只相同。�� I have the same trouble as you have.我和你有着同样的困难。�� 总之，which与as引导定语从句的区别要在实践中多体会，体会多了，才能正确运用。���お� 五、定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致的问题 1.one of+复数名词+关系代词+复数形动词。如：�� Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood.《泰坦尼克号》是在好莱坞拍的最好的电影之一。�� 2.the (only)one of+复数名词+关系代词+单数形动词。如：�� The Great Wall is the (only)one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.�� 长城是地球上惟一一个从月球上能够看到的建筑。�� 3.当关系代词as或which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as或which作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如：�� Great changes have taken place in China，as is known to all.�� 中国发生了巨大的变化，众所周知。�� 4.其他情况�� I，who am your teacher，will try my best to help you.我，你的老师，要尽全力帮助你。�� To own a colour TV set in each family，which we thought was impossible twenty years ago，now becomes true.�� 每家拥有一台彩电，这在20年前我们认为不可能的事情，现在变成了现实。�� Have you heard of the persons and things that are being talked about?�� 你听说了他们谈论的人和事了吗？�オ� 【考点诠释】 定语从句 考点1 “介词+关系代词which/whom”中介词和关系代词的选择 介词后作宾语的关系代词为历年高考考查的重点，一般来讲有两个：指人时只能用whom，指物时只能用which。当然关系代词作定语时也可用whose。如： ①The pen with which he wrote was made in China．他写字用的钢笔是中国制造的。 ②The train on which Tom travelled to Canada was very fast．汤姆到加拿大去时乘坐的火车速度非常快。 ③The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students．那位老师对他的学生非常有耐心，他家的房子前面有一棵大树。
考点2 as与which引导的非限制性定语从句的判定 1．as引导的从句表示说话人对话语的看法、态度、解释或评论。 (1)此时的as意为“正如……，正像……”。翻译时有时可不必译出。如： You are clever，as all those who know you can see．你很聪明，所有认识你的人都能看出来。 (2)在句法上，as常用作一些实义动词(如see，know，hear，watch，remember，say，tell，show，expect，guess等)的宾语，这类动词与as几乎成了一种固定搭配。如： As we all know，China is becoming stronger and stronger．众所周知，中国正变得越来越强大。 (3)as引导的从句可以前置(而which引导的从句则不可)。如： As is a fact，Mike is expected to make a top student．这是一个事实，迈克有望成为一名顶尖的学生。 特别提示 主句中出现the same，such，so修饰先行词时，要选择as作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，此时as引导的是限制性定语从句。另外要注意： (1)the same…that与the same…as引导的定语从句在意义上的区别：前者修饰的名词与原物是同一个东西；而后者修饰的是与先行词同类型的另一样东西。试比较： ①This is the same bag that I lost yesterday．这正是我昨天丢失的那个书包。(同一个书包) ②This is the same bag as I lost yesterday．这个书包和我昨天丢失的那个一样。(同类型的另一个) (2)such/so…as…和such /so…that…结构不同，as引导定语从句，而that引导状语从句。如： ①They talked in such simple English as children could understand．他们用孩子们能听懂的简单的英语交谈。(定语从句，as代替先行词simple English作understand的宾语) ②He shut the window with such a force that the glass broke．他如此用力地关窗，结果玻璃碎了。(结果状语从句，that引导的从句表示用力关窗导致的结果) 2．which引导的此类从句对主句所叙述的事情进行补充说明，表明事物的状态或结果。 (1)which此时指前面主句所提到的，常译为“这一点，这件事”等。主句与从句通常要用逗号隔开，且从句只能位于被修饰句子的后面。如： He works very well，which makes his boss satisfied．他工作干得不错．，这使得他的老板很满意。 (2)which在句法上一般用作实义动词的主语，这时它所引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列、因果关系。如： She succeeded in the competition，which satisfied her parents．她在比赛中取得成功，这使得她的父母很满意。 (3)在从句中作定语或介词的宾语时，要用which。如：He often works