备战高考英语通用版一轮复习专题01-定语从句.docx

备战2011届高考英语（通用版）一轮复习 专题01 定语从句【考纲解读】 定语从句在历年的高考全国卷及各地卷的单项填空中，都是考试热点。在今后的高考试题中，定语从句仍是考查的重点。 定语从句常被考查的知识有：（1）九个不同的关系代词或副词引导的限制性定语从句；（2）七个不同的关系代词或副词引导的非限制性定语从句；（3）对as，which，that，what代词的理解区分及运用。考查往往是通过关系代词或关系副词来实现，并考查定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句的区别。总之，对定语从句的考查主要集中在关系代词和关系副词的选择上，我们尤其要注意“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。 【知识要点】 一、定语从句的意义 形容词性从句一般称为定语从句，在句子中起定语作用，修饰一个名词或代词，有时可修饰一个句子。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。 定语从句的位置：一般置于先行词之后，由关系代词和关系副词引导。 二、关系词的用法 引导定语从句的关系代词有which，that，who，whom，whose。 关系副词有when，where，why等。 关系代词和关系副词不仅有连接先行词和从句的作用，而且在从句中担当一个句子成分。 1.关系代词的用法： 1)由who引导的定语从句 关系代词who只能指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。如： A teacher is a person who passes knowledge to the student. 教师是传授知识的人。（关系代词在从句中作主语） The man who can do this work will get 1000 dollars. 能够做此工作的人将获得1000美元。（关系代词who在从句中作主语） 2)由whom引导的定语从句 关系代词whom只能指人，是who的宾格，在从句中作宾语，在口语中常常省略。如： The man whom you met on the street is my father. 你在街上碰到的那个人是我父亲。（关系代词who在从句中作宾语，可以省略） The woman (whom)you talked with yesterday will come here the day after tomorrow. 昨天和你谈话的那位妇女后天来这儿。（关系代词whom在从句中作宾语，可以裕 3)由that引导的定语从句 关系代词that在从句中既可以作主语，又可作宾语；既可指人，又可指物。如： She is the woman that often comes here. 她就是常常来这儿的那个妇女。（关系代词that在从句中作主语，指人） The book that is on the desk was written by my grandfather. 桌子上的那本书是我祖父写的。（关系代词that在从句中作主语，指物。此句中的that可以用which替换） Is there anything that I can do for you? 我能为你做点什么呢？（关系代词that在从句中作宾语，指物。此句中的that不能用which替换） The passenger and the suitcases that were still waiting had to be transferred to another plane. 仍在等待的乘客和行李只得改乘另一架飞机。(这句的关系代词that不能用which替换，因为它在此句中既指人又指物) 4)由which引导的定语从句 关系代词which一般指物，在从句中可作主语，也可以作宾语。如： He came late，which made the teacher angry. 他来晚了，这使老师很生气。（which引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中作主语） That is the pencil which I lost yesterday. 那就是我昨天丢失的铅笔。（which引导限定性定语从句，在从句中作宾语，which可以省略）5)由whose引导的定语从句 关系代词whose是who的所有格，在从句中作定语，既可指人，又可指物。如： This is the boy whose parents died last year. 这是那个父母去年去世的男孩。 （whose作定语，指人） 注：“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语，又能作宾语。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”。如： They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.(= the back wall of which)他们来到后墙已经倒塌的一个房子。 Hes written a book the name of which Ive completely forgotten.(= whose name)他写了本书，书的名字我彻底忘了。 2.使用关系代词引导定语从句时应注意的几点 1)当先行词指人时，许多情况下既可以用that也可以用who，但在下列情况下，宜用who而不用that。 先行词是one，ones，anyone时，宜用who。如： Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 任何触犯法律的人都应该受到头！ 先行词为those时，宜用who。如： Those who want to see the film sign up here. 想看电影的人在这儿签名。 一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用that，另一个用who。 The boy that you met at the school gate yesterday morning is our monitor who studies very hard. 昨天早上你在校门口遇到的那个男孩是我们班学习很用功的班长。 2)当先行词指物时，许多情况下，既可以用关系代词which，也可用关系代词that，但在下列情况中，只能用关系代词that，而不用which。 在there+be 的句型中，句子的主语是先行词，而且又是物。如： There are two novels that I want to read.我要读的有两本小说。 There is no work that can be done now. 没有什么工作现在能做的了。 当先行词为主句的表语或者关系代词为从句的表语时。如： This is the book that was bought yesterday.这就是昨天买的书。 Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.我们的学校不再是以前的学校了。 以Here is (are)开头的句子时。如： Here is a film that will move anyone.这是一部将使任何人受感动的电影。 Here are two books that I will buy.这是我要买的两本书。 It is (high)time+定语从句中。如： It is time that we should have a rest.我们应该休息了。 It is high time that they started out.他们该动身了。 当先行词是way等词时，关系代词用that或者in which在定语从句中作方式状语时，在口语中，常可省略。如： This is the way that my father did this work.这就是我父亲做此工作的方式。 She admired the way in which I answered the questions.她羡慕我回答问题的方式。 在双重限定性定语从句中，如果一个从句用who或者which引导时，那么另一个从句用that引导。如： He is the student that I have ever see who can jump highest. 他是我曾经看到过跳的最高的学生。 My brother studies in the school which is the most beautiful in our city that isnt far from here. 我的弟弟在我们的城市最美丽的学校读书，并且离这儿不远。 当先行词被the last ，the very 和the only修饰时。如： This is the very pen that I am looking for.这正是我找的钢笔。 The only book I want to read is missing.我惟一想看的书不见了。 在强调句子中，并且以who，which，what开头时。如： Who was it that was lost ?究竟是谁迷路了？（此句中，最好不用who来代替that，避免重复）What was it that you did last week?你上周究竟做什么了？ 当先行词前有序数词时。如： You are the first person that I want to ask for. 你是我要见的第一个人。 This is the second book that I have ever written.这是我写的第二本书。 当先行词被all，every，no，some，few，little，much，both等修饰时，如： This is all that I want to say at the meeting.这就是我在会上要说的。 Have you any books that are worth reading? 你有值得看的书吗？ 当先行词既指人又指物时。如： The professor and his achievement that I heard about are admired by them. 我听说的那位教授和他的成就得到他们的赞美。 Lets talk about the persons and the things that we can remember. 让我们谈论能够想起的人和事。 当先行词为anything，everything，nothing时，关系代词用that,不用which；但用something时，用which或者that均可。如： Everything we have seen in China is moving.我们在中国看见的东西件件感人。 I have nothing that is worth reading.我没有什么值得一读的东西。 当先行词是疑问代词who时。如： Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess? 你曾见过谁能在棋艺上打败他？ 3)that，which，whom在定语从句中作宾语可以省略。如： This is the book (which)you were looking for yesterday. 这就是你昨天找的那本书。 I dont like the novel (that)you are reading.我不喜欢你看的这本小说。 4)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句的人称、数与先行词一致。如： Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon. 请那些年龄在四十几岁的人于今天下午去进行体检。 （先行词those是复数，关系代词who也就看作是复数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了复数形式are了） This is the magazine which was sent to me by post.这是通过邮局寄给我的杂志。 （先行词the magazine是单数，关系代词which也就看作是单数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了单数形式was sent） 5)定语从句的时态不要求与主句时态一致。如： The story which I read last night is very interesting. 我昨天晚上看的那则故事非常有趣。 3.关系副词的用法 1)when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有time，day，morning，night，week，year 等。如： I still remember the time when I first became a college student. 我仍然记得我成为大学生的那个时刻。 Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 你知道林肯出生的日期吗？ 注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如： Each time he came，he did his best to help us.每次他来，都尽他所能帮我们。 2)where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有place，spot，street，house，room，city，town，country等。如： This is the hotel where they are staying.这是他们住的旅馆。 I forget the house where the Smiths lived.我不记得史密斯先生住过的房子了。 注：where有时也可以省略。如： This is the place (where)we met yesterday. 这是我们昨天见面的地方。 3)why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如： That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.那就是他为什么要离开的原因。 注：why时常也可以省略。如： That is the real reason he did it.那就是他做此事的真正原因。 4.使用关系副词应注意下列几点： 1)这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构： when = on (in，at，during.)+which; where = in (at，on.)+which; why = for which.如： I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which)he arrived. 他到的时候，当时我正在北京。 The office where (=in which)he works is on the third floor. 他工作的办公室在楼。 This is the chief reason why (=for which)we did it.这是我们做这件事的主要原因。 2)当先行词是表时间的time，day等和表地点的place，house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较： Ill never forget the day when my hometown was liberated. 我将永远不会忘记我的家乡被解放的那一天。 Ill never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer. 我将永远不会忘记去年夏天我们共同度过的那段时光。 3)when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。 三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 在这种结构中，关系代词若是表示人时，就只能用whom；关系代词若是表示事物时，就只能用which。 1.当介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词宾语只能用which (指物)或whom 关系代词不能省略。如： He has found a good job for which he is qualified. 他找到了一份他能胜任的工作。 （qualify + 名词+for意为“使具有资格”） The man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow. 你刚才与他谈话的那个人明天主持那个会议。（ talk to+名词意为“与某人谈话”） He is bargaining with the landlord over the monthly price at which the apartment rents. 他在与房东就那套公寓出租的月租金进行磋商。（名词+rent at+表示价格的词意为“某物以某价格出租”） 2.当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which(指物)，that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。如： This is the hero (that/who/whom)we are proud of.这就是我们引以为豪的英雄。 This is the pen ( that/which)I wrote the letter with.这就是我用来写信的那枝笔。 3.“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。 He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall tree. 他住在一所大房子里，房前有一棵大高树。 The monkey crossed the river，in the middle of which he was almost killed. 那只猴子过了河，在河中央它差点淹死。 注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如： This is the pen which Im looking for.这正是我在寻找的那枝笔。 The boys he is looking after are very healthy. 他照看的那些小男孩都很健康。 4.介词+关系代词=关系副词 1）这就是我们去年住过的房间。 This is the room which we lived in last year. This is the room in which we lived last year. This is the room where we lived last year. 2)我仍然记得我入党的那一天。 I still remember the day on which I joined the Party. I still remember the day when I joined the Party. 通过对上述知识的掌握，对于一个句子我们可用不同的表达方法来表达。如： 那就是他工作的大学。 四、定语从句的种类以及区别 1.定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，现将它们之间的用法及区别列表如下 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 和先行词的关系密切（删去后，影响整个句子意义的表达） 和先行词的关系不密切（是一种补充说明，删去后不影响整个句子意义的表达） 不用逗号分开 一般使用逗号分开 可用关系代词that引导 不可用关系代词that引导 可以省略（that，who，which在从句中担当宾语时可以省略） 不可以省略 可以替代（whom作宾语时，可用who或that替代） 不能替代 只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分 修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，此时定语从句前有逗号分开，只能用which或as引导。 请看下面例句的不同含义： 限制性：她有两个当解放军的儿子。 She has two sons who are P.L.A.men. (Maybe she has other sons who are not P.L.A.men.) 非限制性：她有两个儿子，他们都是解放军。 She has two sons，who are P.L.A.men. (She has only two sons.They are both P.L.A.men.) 体会下列非限制性定语从句 Yesterday I met Li Ping，who seemed to be busy. 昨天我遇到了李平，他看起来苊 We will put off the meeting until next week，when we wont be so busy. 我们将把会议推迟到下周举行，到那时我们就不会这么忙了。 2.关系代词which与as引导定语从句的区别 which与as都可以引导定语从句，但它们有许多用法上的区别，现就此简要分析如下： 1)which与as引导非限定性定语从句的区别： which只能放在主句后面，而as引导的从句位置相对较灵活，可在前，可在后。如： As he realized，I was very useful to him. （在前）正像他所意识到的那样，我对他非常有用。 Air，as we know，is a gas.（在中）空气，众所周知，是一种气体。 He was a foreigner，as I know from his accent. (在后)他是个外国人，正像我从他的口音判断的那样。 He came late again，which made his boss angry. （在后）他又来晚了，这一点使得老板很生气。 在which引导的定语从句中，谓语动词若是am，is，are，则这些系动词不能省略，而as后面若是这种情况，则可以省略。如： He is a teacher，as (is)clear from his manner.(is可以省略)他是个老师，这从他的言谈举止可看清楚。 He said he had never seen her before，which was not true. （was 不可省略）他说他从来没见过她，这一点不对。 当which引导的从句在意义上近乎并列关系时，可以用and this，and that代替，意思是“这件事”。如： He changed his mind，which (and this，and that)made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。 She has married again，which (and this，and that)was unexpected. 出乎意料的是，她又结婚了。 而as主要起与上下文连接的作用，表达说话人的看法、观点，并指出主句内容的出处或根据等。如： Einstein，as we know，is a famous scientist.爱因斯坦，众所周知，是位伟大的科学家。 As is announced in todays newspaper，we must improve our style of work. 今天的报纸上说，我们必须改进工作作风。 作主语时，which既可以作系动词be的主语，也可以作实义动词的主语，而as只可以作系动词be的主语。如: He married her，which was natural. （可用as代替which）他和她结婚，这是很自然的事。 He won a/the Nobel Prize in chemistry，which made him illustrious. (不可用as代替which)他获得了诺贝尔化学奖，这使他名扬天下。 当定语从句位于主句之后，纯粹表示主句所述的内容，不带有“如那样”的意思时，往往用which，而不用as。如： They were invited to the state banquet，which was a great honor to them. 他们被邀请参加国宴，这对他们来说是莫大的荣幸。 We had to sleep in our wet clothes，which was most uncomfortable. 我们不得不穿着湿衣服睡觉，这简直太不舒服了。 Mummy always treats me just like a baby，which I cant bear. 妈妈老把我当成小孩子对待，这让我无法忍受。 当定语从句有“如同那样”的意思时，用as比用which更常见，而这些从句几乎成为固定说法。如： Things will turn out contrary to ones wishes，as is often the case. 事与愿违，这是常有的事。 As was natural， this inordinate hope was followed by an excessive depression. 这种过分希望之后，接着是极度的沮丧，是很自然的事。 Chaucer is buried in “Poets Corner”，as might have been expected. 正如人们已经预料的，乔叟被葬在“诗人角”。 The material is elastic，as is show in the figure.这种材料有弹性，如图所示。 as we know众所周知 as has been said above/before正如前文所述 as has been pointed out正如已经指出的 as might be imagined可以想像得到 当定语从句的关系代词指的是先行词本身时，只能用which。如： These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit. 这些苹果树是我三年前种下的，没结出任何果实。 The Thames，which is now clean enough to swim in，was polluted for over a hundred years. 泰晤士河，现在已经很干净，可以在里面游泳，它曾被污染了一百多年。 带介词的典型的定语从句，必须用which，不能用as。如： There is a great deal of oxygen around us，without which we could not live.我们周围有许多氧气，没有它我们就无法生存。 The shed in our garden，in which we often played，has lasted for a long time. 我们经常玩耍的花园里的那个棚子，已经有很长时间了。 2)引导限制性定语从句时which与as的区别： 先行词如为表示物的名词或代词，在从句中又作介词的宾语时，只能用which。如： This is the pan in which I boiled the milk. 这就是我煮牛奶的锅。 前面有as时,引导定语从句的关系代词用as，不用which。如： There are as many dictionaries as are needed.所需要的字典都有了。 前面有such时，引导定语从句的关系代词用as,不用which。如： Such women as know Tom thought he was charming. 认识汤姆的女人都认为他很匀恕 I have never heard such stories as he tells.他讲的那些故事我从没听过。 He is not such a man as I expected.他不是我期望的那种人。 前面有the same时，引导定语从句的关系代词用as而不用which。如： We are facing the same problems as we did years ago. 我们正面临着和多年以前同样的困难。 This is the same wallet as I lost.这只钱包与我丢失的那只相同。 I have the same trouble as you have.我和你有着同样的困难。 总之，which与as引导定语从句的区别要在实践中多体会，体会多了，才能正确运用。 五、定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致的问题 1.one of+复数名词+关系代词+复数形动词。如： Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood.泰坦尼克号是在好莱坞拍的最好的电影之一。 2.the (only)one of+复数名词+关系代词+单数形动词。如： The Great Wall is the (only)one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon. 长城是地球上惟一一个从月球上能够看到的建筑。 3.当关系代词as或which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as或which作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如： Great changes have taken place in China，as is known to all. 中国发生了巨大的变化，众所周知。 4.其他情况 I，who am your teacher，will try my best to help you.我，你的老师，要尽全力帮助你。 To own a colour TV set in each family，which we thought was impossible twenty years ago，now becomes true. 每家拥有一台彩电，这在20年前我们认为不可能的事情，现在变成了现实。 Have you heard of the persons and things that are being talked about? 你听说了他们谈论的人和事了吗？ 【考点诠释】 定语从句 考点1 “介词+关系代词which/whom”中介词和关系代词的选择 介词后作宾语的关系代词为历年高考考查的重点，一般来讲有两个：指人时只能用whom，指物时只能用which。当然关系代词作定语时也可用whose。如： The pen with which he wrote was made in China他写字用的钢笔是中国制造的。 The train on which Tom travelled to Canada was very fast汤姆到加拿大去时乘坐的火车速度非常快。 The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students那位老师对他的学生非常有耐心，他家的房子前面有一棵大树。考点2 as与which引导的非限制性定语从句的判定 1as引导的从句表示说话人对话语的看法、态度、解释或评论。 (1)此时的as意为“正如，正像”。翻译时有时可不必译出。如： You are clever，as all those who know you can see你很聪明，所有认识你的人都能看出来。 (2)在句法上，as常用作一些实义动词(如see，know，hear，watch，remember，say，tell，show，expect，guess等)的宾语，这类动词与as几乎成了一种固定搭配。如： As we all know，China is becoming stronger and stronger众所周知，中国正变得越来越强大。 (3)as引导的从句可以前置(而which引导的从句则不可)。如： As is a fact，Mike is expected to make a top student这是一个事实，迈克有望成为一名顶尖的学生。 特别提示 主句中出现the same，such，so修饰先行词时，要选择as作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，此时as引导的是限制性定语从句。另外要注意： (1)the samethat与the sameas引导的定语从句在意义上的区别：前者修饰的名词与原物是同一个东西；而后者修饰的是与先行词同类型的另一样东西。试比较： This is the same bag that I lost yesterday这正是我昨天丢失的那个书包。(同一个书包) This is the same bag as I lost yesterday这个书包和我昨天丢失的那个一样。(同类型的另一个) (2)such/soas和such /sothat结构不同，as引导定语从句，而that引导状语从句。如： They talked in such simple English as children could understand他们用孩子们能听懂的简单的英语交谈。(定语从句，as代替先行词simple English作understand的宾语) He shut the window with such a force that the glass broke他如此用力地关窗，结果玻璃碎了。(结果状语从句，that引导的从句表示用力关窗导致的结果) 2which引导的此类从句对主句所叙述的事情进行补充说明，表明事物的状态或结果。 (1)which此时指前面主句所提到的，常译为“这一点，这件事”等。主句与从句通常要用逗号隔开，且从句只能位于被修饰句子的后面。如： He works very well，which makes his boss satisfied他工作干得不错，这使得他的老板很满意。 (2)which在句法上一般用作实义动词的主语，这时它所引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列、因果关系。如： She succeeded in the competition，which satisfied her parents她在比赛中取得成功，这使得她的父母很满意。 (3)在从句中作定语或介词的宾语时，要用which。如：He often works