语用学级期末复习思考题.doc

(完整版)语用学级期末复习思考题
I。 Put the following English terms into Chinese. (1'×10＝10’)
所指对象referent
所指论Referential theory
专有名词 proper name
普通名词 common nouns
固定的指称记号 rigid designators
指称词语deixical items
确定性描述语definite descriptions
编码时间 coding—time
变异性variability
表示反复的词语 iterative
表述句 constative
补救策略redressive strategies
不可分离性 non—detachability
不确定性indeterminacy
不使用补救策略，赤裸裸地公开施行面子威胁行bald on record without redressive actions
阐述类言语行为 representatives
承诺类言语行为 commissives
指令类言语行为directives
表达类言语行为expressives，
宣告类言语行为declarations
诚意条件 sincerity condition
次要言外行为 secondary illocutionary act
等级含义 scalar implicature
等级划分法 rating scales
副语言特征 paralinguistic features
非公开施行面子威胁行为 off record
非规约性non—conventionality
非规约性意义 non-conventional implicature
非论证性的 non—demonstrative
非自然意义non—natural meaning (meaning—nn)
否定测试法negation test
符号学 semiotics
构成性规则 constitutive rules
古典格莱斯会话含义理论 Classical Gricean theory of conversational implicature
关联论Relevance Theory
关联原则Principle of Relevance
归属性用法 attributive use
规约性含义conventional implicature　
人际修辞 interpersonal rhetoric
篇章修辞textual rhetoric
含蓄动词 implicative verbs
合适条件 felicity conditions
呼语 vocatives
互相显映 mutually manifest
会话含义 conversational implicature
话语层次策略 utterance-level strategy
积极面子positive face
间接言语行为 indirect speech acts
间接指令 indirect directives
结语 upshots
交际意图communicative intention
可撤销性 cancellability
可废弃性 defeasibility
可推导性 calculability
跨文化语用失误cross—cultural pragmatic failure
跨文化语用学cross—cultural pragmatics
命题内容条件 propositional content condition
面子保全论 Face-saving Theory
面子论 Face Theory
面子威胁行为 Face Threatening Acts （FTAs）
蔑视 flouting
明示 ostensive
明示－推理模式ostensive—inferential model　　
摹状词理论Descriptions
粘合程度 scale of cohesion
篇章指示 discourse deixis
前提 presupposition 　　
前提语 presupposition trigger
强加的绝对级别absolute ranking of imposition
确定谈话目的 establishing the purpose of the interaction
确定言语事件的性质 establishing the nature of the speech event
确定性描述语 definite descriptions
认知语用学 cognitive pragmatics
上下文 co—text
社会语用迁移sociopragmatic transfer
社交语用失误 sociopragmatic failure
施为句 performative
省力原则 the principle of least effort
实情动词 factive verbs
适从向 direction of fit
手势型用法 gestural usage
首要言外行为 primary illocutionary act
双重或数重语义模糊 pragmatic bivalence/ plurivalence
顺应的动态性 dynamics of adaptability
顺应性adaptability
语境关系的顺应(contextual correlates of adaptability)、
语言结构的顺应(structural objects of adaptability)、
顺应的动态性（dynamics of adaptability)和
顺应过程的意识程度（salience of the adaptation processes）。
说话人经济原则speaker’s economy　
损－惠等级cost—benefit scale
所表达的心理状态 expressed psychological state
所指 reference
所指对象 referent
特殊性会话含义particularized conversational implicature　
条件性的双重言外行为 conditional bivalent illocutionary act
调节性规则 regulative rules
投射问题projection problem　　　　
推理论 inference theory
推理模式 inferential model
文学语用学 literary pragmatics
问卷调查 questionnaire
习语论 idiom theory
显性施为句 explicit performatives
显映 manifest
限定语篇长度策略 space—making strategies
相对权势 relative power
相邻对 adjacency pair
象征型用法 symbolic usage
小句含义 clausal implicature
协商性negotiability
新格莱斯会话含义理论Neo-Gricean pragmatic theories of conversational implicature
新格莱斯语用学机制 Neo—Gricean pragmatic apparatus
心理表征mental representation
信息意图 informative intention　　　　
行事动词 performative verb
宣告类言语行为 declarations
言后行为 perlocutionary act
言内行为 locutionary act
言外行为 illocutionary act
言外之的 illocutionary point
言外之力 illocutionary force
言外之力显示手段 illocutionary force indicating devices (IFIDs）
言语事件 speech events
言语行为 speech act
一般性会话含义 generalized conversational implicature
意义 sense
因果的、历史的所指论 Causal or Historical Chains Theory
隐性施为句 implicit performatives
优先结构 preference structure
语际语语用学 interlanguage pragmatics
语境 context
语境关系的顺应contextual correlates of adaptability
语码模式 code model
语篇标示 discoursal indicator
语篇性语用模糊 discoursal ambivalence
语言顺应论 Adaptation Theory
语言结构的顺应structural objects of adaptability
语言能力 linguistic competence
语义学semantics
语用模糊 pragmatic ambivalence
语用能力 pragmatic competence
语用迁移 pragmatic transfer
语用失误pragmatic failure
语用语言迁移 pragmalinguistic transfer
语用语言失误 pragmalinguistic failure
语用语言学 pragmalinguistics
与事实相反的条件句counterfactual conditionals　　　　
蕴涵、推涵、衍推 entailment
期待的第二部分preferred second part
预先的元语用评论语 prospective MPCs
再表述 reformulations
指号 designator
指令类言语行为 directives
追溯性的元语用评论 retrospective MPCs
指示投射 deictic projection
指示语/指示性词语 deictic expressions
指示性用法 referential use
指示中心 deictic center
准备条件 preparatory condition
着重受话人的元语用评论addressee-oriented metapragmatic comments （ A—MPCs）
着重说话人的元语用评论 speaker—oriented metapragmatic comments （S—MPCs)
自然意义 natural meaning
自我中心性 egocentricity
最大关联 maximal relevance
最佳关联 optimal relevance
配对比较paired comparison
卡片分类card sorting
等级划分rating scales
开放性面谈open interview
引发法elicitation

II。 Fill in the blanks with a proper word or words。 (2'×10＝20'）
1. How did Morris distinguish three aspects of semiotic inquiry?
The use of the term is usually attributed to two American philosophers C. Morris and R。 Carnap, who first introduced the term ‘pragmatics’ in their study of semiotics in the 1930s。 Morris distinguished three aspects of semiotic inquiry, i。e。 syntactics （or syntax）, being the study of the ‘formal relation of signs to one another’, semantics, the study of the ‘relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable， and pragmatics, the study of ‘the relation of signs to interpreters.’
2。 What are the two most important notions in Pragmatics？
3。 How does P. Grice distinguish meanings？
The American philosopher P。 Grice distinguishes between what he calls natural meaning （meaning—n) and non-natural meaning （meaning-nn）. The two terms parallel ‘sentence meaning' and ‘speaker meaning’。
4. What distinction did Frege make in 1952？
The German philosopher Frege （1952) is generally credited with the distinction between the reference of a linguistic expression, ‘that to which the sign refers', and its sense, an interpretation of the sign， provided by the grammar of the language.
5. What are the two major philosophical theories about reference?
referential theory of names and causal—historical theory
6. What are the 2 distinct uses of definite descriptions？
K。S. Donnellan (1966：285-286） called attention to what he called the ‘referential use，’ as opposed to the ‘attributive use，’ of a definite description.
7. How many types of deictic expressions are there? What are they?
Deictic expressions in English are usually classified into five main types: person deixis， spatial deixis， temporal deixis， social deixis， and discourse deixis.
8. What are the two different uses of deictic expressions？
There are basically two different uses of deictic expressions. They are called gestural usage and symbolic usage respectively。
12. What are the two categories of utterances did Austin distinguish？
Austin distinguished two categories of utterances, which he referred to respectively as ‘constatives’ and ‘performatives.'
9. Who made the greatest contribution to Speech Act Theory in the post—Austinian age?
Most of the contributions to Speech Act Theory in the post—Austinian age are ascribed to the American philosopher-linguist John Searle。
10. What distinction did Searle make about an utterance?
Searle made the distinction between the illocutionary act and the propositional content of an utterance。
11. What did IFID stand for?
According to Searle, IFID stood for illocutionary force indicating devices。
12。 What are the two types of rules that govern the linguistic communication according to Searle?
Searle distinguishes two basic types of rules， i.e。 regulative rules and constitutive rules.
13. What are the three most important dimensions of variation in which illocutionary acts differ from one another?
Based on his criticism of Austin's classification, Searle presented his taxonomy of illocutionary acts. He first of all specified 12 dimensions of variation in which illocutionary acts differ from one another。 The most important of them are the following three: illocutionary point， direction of fit， and expressed psychological state。
14. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts that identified Searle’s taxonomy?
It is mainly based on these three dimensions of difference that Searle builds his taxonomy, which identifies five types of illocutionary speech acts： （1) assertives/representatives,(2） directives，(3) commissives，（4) expressives，(5） declarations.
15。 What did Jenny Thomas think of indirect language as？
Compared with direct language， indirect language is ‘costly and risky.’
16。 Searle believed that in performing indirect speech acts， there exist two speech acts。 What are they?
In performing indirect speech acts, two speech acts instead of one are involved， i。e。 primary illocutionary act and secondary illocutionary act.
17. What is the implied meaning termed in Grice's theory。
The implied meaning is termed conversational implicature in Grice's theory。
18. What are the most important properties of conversational implicature？
Calculability， cancellability or defeasibility, nondetachability， non-conventionality, indeterminacy
19。 What do Sperber and Wison apply to language understanding？
Sperber and Wison apply cognitive psychology and monetary economics to language understanding，
20. What are the two models that Ostensive—Inferential Model base on?
语码模式（Code Model）和推理模式（Inferential Model)
21。 What is relevance defined in terms of?
Relevance is defined in terms of contextual effect and processing effort.
22. What are the most important notions that Relevance Theory focus on?
cognition and communication
23. What are the most influential ones in the pragmatic studies of politeness?
In the pragmatic studies of politeness, the most influential are Leech’s Politeness Principle and Brown ＆ Levinson's politeness strategies.
24. What are the factors that measure the weightiness of a face-threatening act?
The weightiness of a face—threatening act is measured by three factors： social distance， relative power and absolute ranking of impositions.
25. What are the two aspects of face according to Brown ＆ Levinson？
Brown ＆ Levinson define face as the public self-image of an individual， which has two aspects： first positive face， which represents an individual's desire to be accepted and liked by others; second, there is negative face， which refers to an individual’s right to freedom of action and his/her need not to be imposed upon by others。
26. What are the five sets of politeness strategies put forth by Brown & Levinson？
P. 230 bald on record without redressive actions, positive politeness， negative politeness， off record， and Don't do the FTA。
27. What are the three types of meaning in the course of communication？
The meaning that is conveyed in the course of communication falls roughly into three types： the asserted meaning, the implied meaning， and the presupposed meaning.
28. What’s the way to tell presupposition from entailment?
To tell presuppositions from entailments, semanticists proposed the so—called ‘negation test'。
29。 The study of Cross—cultural pragmatics mainly consists of pragmalinguistics, sociopragmatics and interlanguage pragmatics.
30。 What is pragmatics parameters？
Pragmatics parameters refer to those factors that affect the choice of pragmatic strategies, including social distance， power, size of imposition， and rights and obligations。 （P。 253）
31. The studies of Interlinguage pragmatics include four aspects: pragmatic understanding, language expression， pragmatic transfer and pragmatic failure.
32。 What cause negative pragmatic transfer?
Interlingual interference， Intralingual interference, influence of L1 literacy
33. What are the categories of discourse roles？
Thomas has distinguished five different categories of producer of talk: Speaker, Author, Reporter, Spokesperson， Mouthpiece； four categories of receivers of talk： Addressee, Audience， Bystander， Eavesdropper.
34。 What are the types of pragmatic ambivalence?
Thomas and Yu Dongming divided pragmatic ambivalence into four major types： 1) Pragmatic multivalence, 2） Pragmatic bivalence/plurivalence, 3) Conditional bivalent illocutionary act， and 4) Discoursal ambivalence.
35。 Presupposition is associated with some lexical items or certain syntactic structures， which are thus given the name of presupposition triggers。 What do you know about them?
A large variety of presupposition triggers in English have been identified。 They can be found at the lexical， syntactic, and phonological level.
Presupposition triggers at the lexical level:
1) Definite descriptions, 2) Factive verbs 3） Implicative verbs 4) Change of state verbs 5） Iteratives 6）Verbs of judging
Presupposition triggers at the syntactic level:
7)Adverbial clauses and expressions of time 8）Cleft sentences 9)Structures and expressions indicating comparison 10） Non—restrictive attributive clauses 11) Counterfactual conditionals 12) Questions
Presupposition can also be triggered off by some phonological means such as the shift of the normal sentence stress。
36。 According to Adaptation Theory, communicative context consists of language users, the mental world, the social world， the physical world， etc.
37。 According to Adaptation Theory, the reason why people make choices constantly is that language has variability， negotiability and adaptability。
38。 GU Yueguo thought that in Chinese culture, politeness included four basic elements: repectfulness， modesty, attitudinal warmth， and refinement.
39。 Generally speaking， pragmatic research includes theoretical exposition and empirical study。
40. In empirical study， people usually adopt observational method which is usually divided into two broad categories： quantitative and qualitative。

III。 Put the following passages into Chinese。 （10'×1＝10'） 分值分布根据两段的长短可能比例有变化，但总分不变。后面的页码是译文在课本相应页码。
1. Leech summarizes three points about trivalent meaning as illustrated in the second case：
（1） It involves the speaker’s intention to convey a certain meaning which may or may not be evident from the message itself。
（2) Consequently, interpretation by the hearer of this meaning is likely to depend on the context。
（3) Meaning， in this sense, is something which is performed, rather than something that exists in a static way。 It involves action （the speaker producing an effect on the hearer) and interaction (the meaning being negotiated between speaker and hearer on the basis of their mutual knowledge。)
(Leech, 1981：320) （P. 12）

2. The following four outward criteria are specified by Leech to judge whether a particular discussion of meaning takes us into the realm of pragmatics:
（1) Is reference made to speakers or hearers？
（2） Is reference made to the intention of the speaker?
（3) Is reference made to context？
（4) Is reference made to the kind of