语用学级期末复习思考题.doc
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1、(完整版)语用学级期末复习思考题I。 Put the following English terms into Chinese. (11010)所指对象referent所指论Referential theory专有名词 proper name普通名词 common nouns固定的指称记号 rigid designators指称词语deixical items确定性描述语definite descriptions编码时间 codingtime变异性variability表示反复的词语 iterative表述句 constative补救策略redressive strategies 不可分离性
2、nondetachability不确定性indeterminacy不使用补救策略,赤裸裸地公开施行面子威胁行bald on record without redressive actions阐述类言语行为 representatives承诺类言语行为 commissives指令类言语行为directives表达类言语行为expressives, 宣告类言语行为declarations诚意条件 sincerity condition次要言外行为 secondary illocutionary act等级含义 scalar implicature等级划分法 rating scales副语言特征 p
3、aralinguistic features非公开施行面子威胁行为 off record非规约性nonconventionality非规约性意义 non-conventional implicature非论证性的 nondemonstrative非自然意义nonnatural meaning (meaningnn)否定测试法negation test符号学 semiotics构成性规则 constitutive rules古典格莱斯会话含义理论 Classical Gricean theory of conversational implicature关联论Relevance Theory关联
4、原则Principle of Relevance归属性用法 attributive use规约性含义conventional implicature人际修辞 interpersonal rhetoric篇章修辞textual rhetoric含蓄动词 implicative verbs合适条件 felicity conditions呼语 vocatives互相显映 mutually manifest会话含义 conversational implicature话语层次策略 utterance-level strategy积极面子positive face间接言语行为 indirect spee
5、ch acts 间接指令 indirect directives结语 upshots交际意图communicative intention可撤销性 cancellability可废弃性 defeasibility可推导性 calculability跨文化语用失误crosscultural pragmatic failure跨文化语用学crosscultural pragmatics命题内容条件 propositional content condition面子保全论 Face-saving Theory面子论 Face Theory面子威胁行为 Face Threatening Acts (F
6、TAs)蔑视 flouting明示 ostensive明示推理模式ostensiveinferential model摹状词理论Descriptions粘合程度 scale of cohesion篇章指示 discourse deixis前提 presupposition 前提语 presupposition trigger强加的绝对级别absolute ranking of imposition确定谈话目的 establishing the purpose of the interaction确定言语事件的性质 establishing the nature of the speech ev
7、ent确定性描述语 definite descriptions认知语用学 cognitive pragmatics上下文 cotext社会语用迁移sociopragmatic transfer社交语用失误 sociopragmatic failure 施为句 performative省力原则 the principle of least effort实情动词 factive verbs适从向 direction of fit手势型用法 gestural usage首要言外行为 primary illocutionary act双重或数重语义模糊 pragmatic bivalence/ plu
8、rivalence顺应的动态性 dynamics of adaptability顺应性adaptability语境关系的顺应(contextual correlates of adaptability)、语言结构的顺应(structural objects of adaptability)、顺应的动态性(dynamics of adaptability)和顺应过程的意识程度(salience of the adaptation processes)。 说话人经济原则speakers economy损惠等级costbenefit scale所表达的心理状态 expressed psycholog
9、ical state所指 reference所指对象 referent特殊性会话含义particularized conversational implicature条件性的双重言外行为 conditional bivalent illocutionary act调节性规则 regulative rules投射问题projection problem推理论 inference theory推理模式 inferential model文学语用学 literary pragmatics问卷调查 questionnaire习语论 idiom theory 显性施为句 explicit perform
10、atives 显映 manifest 限定语篇长度策略 spacemaking strategies相对权势 relative power相邻对 adjacency pair象征型用法 symbolic usage小句含义 clausal implicature协商性negotiability新格莱斯会话含义理论Neo-Gricean pragmatic theories of conversational implicature新格莱斯语用学机制 NeoGricean pragmatic apparatus心理表征mental representation信息意图 informative i
11、ntention行事动词 performative verb 宣告类言语行为 declarations 言后行为 perlocutionary act言内行为 locutionary act言外行为 illocutionary act言外之的 illocutionary point言外之力 illocutionary force言外之力显示手段 illocutionary force indicating devices (IFIDs)言语事件 speech events言语行为 speech act一般性会话含义 generalized conversational implicature意
12、义 sense因果的、历史的所指论 Causal or Historical Chains Theory隐性施为句 implicit performatives优先结构 preference structure语际语语用学 interlanguage pragmatics 语境 context语境关系的顺应contextual correlates of adaptability语码模式 code model语篇标示 discoursal indicator语篇性语用模糊 discoursal ambivalence语言顺应论 Adaptation Theory 语言结构的顺应structur
13、al objects of adaptability语言能力 linguistic competence语义学semantics 语用模糊 pragmatic ambivalence语用能力 pragmatic competence 语用迁移 pragmatic transfer 语用失误pragmatic failure语用语言迁移 pragmalinguistic transfer语用语言失误 pragmalinguistic failure语用语言学 pragmalinguistics与事实相反的条件句counterfactual conditionals蕴涵、推涵、衍推 entailm
14、ent期待的第二部分preferred second part预先的元语用评论语 prospective MPCs再表述 reformulations指号 designator指令类言语行为 directives追溯性的元语用评论 retrospective MPCs指示投射 deictic projection指示语/指示性词语 deictic expressions指示性用法 referential use指示中心 deictic center准备条件 preparatory condition着重受话人的元语用评论addressee-oriented metapragmatic comm
15、ents ( AMPCs)着重说话人的元语用评论 speakeroriented metapragmatic comments (SMPCs)自然意义 natural meaning自我中心性 egocentricity最大关联 maximal relevance最佳关联 optimal relevance配对比较paired comparison卡片分类card sorting等级划分rating scales开放性面谈open interview引发法elicitationII。 Fill in the blanks with a proper word or words。 (21020)
16、1. How did Morris distinguish three aspects of semiotic inquiry?The use of the term is usually attributed to two American philosophers C. Morris and R。 Carnap, who first introduced the term pragmatics in their study of semiotics in the 1930s。 Morris distinguished three aspects of semiotic inquiry, i
17、。e。 syntactics (or syntax), being the study of the formal relation of signs to one another, semantics, the study of the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable, and pragmatics, the study of the relation of signs to interpreters.2。 What are the two most important notions in
18、 Pragmatics? 3。 How does P. Grice distinguish meanings?The American philosopher P。 Grice distinguishes between what he calls natural meaning (meaningn) and non-natural meaning (meaning-nn). The two terms parallel sentence meaning and speaker meaning。4. What distinction did Frege make in 1952?The Ger
19、man philosopher Frege (1952) is generally credited with the distinction between the reference of a linguistic expression, that to which the sign refers, and its sense, an interpretation of the sign, provided by the grammar of the language.5. What are the two major philosophical theories about refere
20、nce?referential theory of names and causalhistorical theory6. What are the 2 distinct uses of definite descriptions?K。S. Donnellan (1966:285-286) called attention to what he called the referential use, as opposed to the attributive use, of a definite description. 7. How many types of deictic express
21、ions are there? What are they? Deictic expressions in English are usually classified into five main types: person deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis.8. What are the two different uses of deictic expressions?There are basically two different uses of deictic e
22、xpressions. They are called gestural usage and symbolic usage respectively。12. What are the two categories of utterances did Austin distinguish? Austin distinguished two categories of utterances, which he referred to respectively as constatives and performatives.9. Who made the greatest contribution
23、 to Speech Act Theory in the postAustinian age?Most of the contributions to Speech Act Theory in the postAustinian age are ascribed to the American philosopher-linguist John Searle。 10. What distinction did Searle make about an utterance?Searle made the distinction between the illocutionary act and
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